A Targeted and an Untargeted Metabolomics Approach to Study the Phytochemicals of Tomato Cultivars Grown Under Different Salinity Conditions.

In this study, we evaluated the effect of increasing the salinity of irrigation water on the metabolic content and profiles of two tomato cultivars ('Jaune Flamme' (JF) and 'Red Pear' (RP)) using targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches. Irrigation of tomato plants was performed with four different salt concentrations provided by chloride (treatment 1) and sulfate (treatment 2) salts. Targeted analysis of the methanolic extract resulted in the identification of nine major polyphenols. Among them, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and naringenin were the prominent compounds in both cultivars. In addition, the quantification of 18 free amino acids from both tomato cultivars showed that different salinity treatments significantly enhanced the levels of glutamine, glutamic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Using the untargeted metabolomic approach, we identified 129 putative metabolites encompassing a diverse array of phytochemicals including polyphenols, organic acids, lipids, sugars, and amino acids. Principal component analysis (PCA) of mass spectral data acquired under positive and negative ionization modes showed a clear separation between the two cultivars. However, only positive ionization showed separation among different salinity treatments. Unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms were applied to mine the generated data and to pinpoint metabolites different from the two cultivars. These findings suggest that different salinity conditions significantly influenced the accumulation of phytochemicals in tomato cultivars. This study will help tomato breeding programs to develop value-added tomato cultivars under varying environmental conditions.

Effects of Blanching, Freezing and Canning on the Carbohydrates in Sweet Corn.

Sweet corn is frequently consumed in the US and contains carbohydrates as major macronutrients. This study examined the effects of blanching, freezing, and canning on carbohydrates in sweet corn. Fresh bi-color sweet corn was picked in the field and processed immediately into frozen and canned samples. Simple sugars, starch, and dietary fiber (DF) (including total DF (TDF), insoluble DF (IDF) and two fractions of soluble DF (SDF)) were measured according to the AOAC methods. Additional glycomic analysis including oligosaccharides, monosaccharide composition of total polysaccharides (MCTP) and glycosidic linkage of total polysaccharides (GLTP) were analyzed using UHPLC-MS. Sucrose is the major simple sugar, and IDF is the main contributor to TDF. Sucrose and total simple sugar concentrations were not altered after blanching or freezing but were significantly reduced in canned samples. Kestose was the only oligosaccharide identified in sweet corn and decreased in all heat-treated or frozen samples. Starch content decreased in frozen samples but increased in canned samples. While two SDF fractions did not differ across all samples, blanching, freezing and canning resulted in increases in TDF and IDF. Six monosaccharides were identified as major building blocks of the total polysaccharides from MCTP analysis. Glucose and total monosaccharide concentrations increased in two canned samples. GLTP was also profoundly altered by different food processing methods. This study provided insights into the changes in the content and quality of carbohydrates in sweet corn after food processing. The data are important for accurate assessment of the carbohydrate intake from different sweet corn products.

An Untargeted Metabolomics Approach to Study the Variation between Wild and Cultivated Soybeans.

The differential metabolite profiles of four wild and ten cultivated soybeans genotypes were explored using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Ground soybean seed samples were extracted with methanol and water, and metabolic features were obtained using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) in both positive and negative ion modes. The UHPLC-HRMS analysis of the two different extracts resulted in the putative identification of 98 metabolites belonging to several classes of phytochemicals, including isoflavones, organic acids, lipids, sugars, amino acids, saponins, and other compounds. The metabolic profile was significantly impacted by the polarity of the extraction solvent. Multivariate analysis showed a clear difference between wild and cultivated soybean cultivars. Unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms were applied to mine the generated data and to pinpoint metabolites differentiating wild and cultivated soybeans. The key identified metabolites differentiating wild and cultivated soybeans were isoflavonoids, free amino acids, and fatty acids. Catechin analogs, cynaroside, hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acid derivatives, amino acid, and uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine were upregulated in the methanol extract of wild soybeans. In contrast, isoflavonoids and other minor compounds were downregulated in the same soybean extract. This metabolic information will benefit breeders and biotechnology professionals to develop value-added soybeans with improved quality traits.

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants-A Critical Review on In Vitro Antioxidant Assays.

Antioxidants have been widely studied in the fields of biology, medicine, food, and nutrition sciences. There has been extensive work on developing assays for foods and biological systems. The scientific communities have well-accepted the effectiveness of endogenous antioxidants generated in the body. However, the health efficacy and the possible action of exogenous dietary antioxidants are still questionable. This may be attributed to several factors, including a lack of basic understanding of the interaction of exogenous antioxidants in the body, the lack of agreement of the different antioxidant assays, and the lack of specificity of the assays, which leads to an inability to relate specific dietary antioxidants to health outcomes. Hence, there is significant doubt regarding the relationship between dietary antioxidants to human health. In this review, we documented the variations in the current methodologies, their mechanisms, and the highly varying values for six common food substrates (fruits, vegetables, processed foods, grains, legumes, milk, and dairy-related products). Finally, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the antioxidant assays and examine the challenges in correlating the antioxidant activity of foods to human health.

Multi-Glycomic Characterization of Fiber from AOAC Methods Defines the Carbohydrate Structures.

Dietary fiber has long been known to be an essential component of a healthy diet, and recent investigations into the gut microbiome-health paradigm have identified fiber as a prime determinant in this interaction. Further, fiber is now known to impact the gut microbiome in a structure-specific manner, conferring differential bioactivities to these specific structures. However, current analytical methods for food carbohydrate analysis do not capture this important structural information. To address this need, we utilized rapid-throughput LC-MS methods to develop a novel analytical pipeline to determine the structural composition of soluble and insoluble fiber fractions from two AOAC methods (991.43 and 2017.16) at the total monosaccharide, glycosidic linkage, and free saccharide level. Two foods were chosen for this proof-of-concept study: oats and potato starch. For oats, both AOAC methods gave similar results. Insoluble fiber was found to be comprised of linkages corresponding to ß-glucan, arabinoxylan, xyloglucan, and mannan, while soluble fiber was found to be mostly ß-glucan, with small amounts of arabinogalactan. For raw potato starch, each AOAC method gave markedly different results in the soluble fiber fractions. These observed differences are attributable to the resistant starch content of potato starch and the different starch digestion conditions used in each method. Together, these tools are a means to obtain the complex structures present within dietary fiber while retaining "classical" determinations such as soluble and insoluble fiber. These efforts will provide an analytical framework to connect gravimetric fiber determinations with their constituent structures to better inform gut microbiome and clinical nutrition studies.

Extractability of Curcuminoids Is Enhanced with Milk and Aqueous-Alcohol Mixtures.

In this study, we evaluated the extractability of three curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin) from turmeric powder in several solvents using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the diode-array detection method. These solvents include water, milk (homogenized, 2% reduced fat, low fat, fat free, soy, almond, coconut, and milkadamia), and aqueous ethanols (0%, 4%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 100%). Ambient water was able to extract only 0.55 mg/g of curcuminoids, whereas warm water extracted more than four-fold higher amounts (2.42 mg/g). Almond, coconut, and milkadamia milk were able to extract only small amounts of curcuminoids at ambient temperatures (0.01-0.07 mg/g). The extractability of curcuminoids in these milk types did not improve, even in warm conditions (0.08-0.37 mg/g). Whereas dairy and soy milk extracted 6.76-9.75 mg/g of curcuminoids under ambient conditions, their extractability increased significantly in warm conditions by 30-100% higher (11.7-14.9 mg/g). The solubility of curcuminoids also varied remarkably in different proportions of aqueous-alcohol mixtures. With 4% ethanol, only 1.7 mg/g of curcuminoids were extracted, and the amounts improved with the increase in ethanol content up to 50% (32.2 mg/g), while 100% ethanol extracted a similar amount as 50% ethanol (34.2 mg/g). This study suggests that the extractability of curcuminoids from turmeric will be dependent on the type of diets consumed with the turmeric supplements.

The Phytotoxin Thaxtomin A Is the Primary Virulence Determinant for Scab Disease of Beet, Carrot, and Radish Caused by Streptomyces scabiei.

Several species of Streptomyces cause common scab, a major disease of potato, primarily through the phytotoxic effects of the phytotoxin thaxtomin A. Several phytopathogenic Streptomyces species have also been implicated as the causative agents of scab diseases of taproot crops including beet, carrot, radish, parsnip, and turnip. But the molecular mechanisms employed by Streptomyces to infect these crops is unknown. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that thaxtomin A biosynthesis is also necessary for Streptomyces-caused scab of beet, carrot, radish, and turnip. Thaxtomin A induced plant stunting and cell death of all four of these species. Streptomyces mutants in which the transcriptional regulator of thaxtomin A biosynthesis is disrupted were nonvirulent on all four crops, and complementation of the transcriptional regulator rescued thaxtomin A biosynthesis and plant pathogenicity to wild-type levels. These results demonstrate that thaxtomin A is the primary virulence determinant of scab disease of these other crops.

A Novel Species-Level Group of Streptomyces Exhibits Variation in Phytopathogenicity Despite Conservation of Virulence Loci.

The genus Streptomyces includes several phytopathogenic species that cause common scab, a devastating disease of tuber and root crops, in particular potato. The diversity of species that cause common scab is unknown. Likewise, the genomic context necessary for bacteria to incite common scab symptom development is not fully characterized. Here, we phenotyped and sequenced the genomes of five strains from a poorly studied Streptomyces lineage. These strains form a new species-level group. When genome sequences within just these five strains are compared, there are no polymorphisms of loci implicated in virulence. Each genome contains the pathogenicity island that encodes for the production of thaxtomin A, a phytotoxin necessary for common scab. Yet, not all sequenced strains produced thaxtomin A. Strains varied from nonpathogenic to highly virulent on two hosts. Unexpectedly, one strain that produced thaxtomin A and was pathogenic on radish was not aggressively pathogenic on potato. Therefore, while thaxtomin A biosynthetic genes and production of thaxtomin A are necessary, they are not sufficient for causing common scab of potato. Additionally, results show that even within a species-level group of Streptomyces strains, there can be aggressively pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains despite conservation of virulence genes.

Enhanced separation and analysis of low abundant soy proteins by dual washing extraction process.

Soybean seeds provide a rich source of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and micronutrients. Extraction and analysis of low abundant soybean seed proteins are challenging because of its complex seed composition. For characterizing various proteins, it is paramount to remove the other interfering components, primarily oils, and carbohydrates. In the present study, we used a sequential dual washing process initially with hexane to remove oil and non-polar interferences, followed by 80% ethanol washing to remove about 60% of the total soluble sugars. The extracted soluble sugars were quantified using a newly developed and validated high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD). This newly developed combined washings process significantly enhanced the separation of both low molecular weight and low abundant proteins using 1D (one dimensional)- and 2D (two dimensional) gel electrophoresis. The separated proteins were trypsinized and analyzed by using Bruker amazon speed ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an ESI source. This combined washing process allowed the identification of 18 additional low abundant soy proteins as compared to the simple hexane washed samples. This purification process will allow researchers to identify and investigate the role of low molecular weight and low abundant proteins as it relates to plant functions, nutrition, and health.

Determination of Soluble Mono, Di, and Oligosaccharide Content in 23 Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Beans provide a rich source of plant-based proteins and carbohydrates. It is well documented in the literature that the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs: raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose) is linked with flatulence issues. In this study, the soluble sugar content of 23 dry beans was investigated using a newly developed and validated analytical method with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled to an amperometric pulse detection. All seven sugars (galactose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose) showed good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.99) between 0.156 and 20 µg/mL. The limit of detection and quantification were determined as 0.01-0.11 µg/mL and 0.04-0.32 µg/mL, respectively. Significant variations in the profiles and concentrations of individual and total sugars were observed in 23 dry beans. Sucrose and stachyose were the two prominent soluble sugars combinedly representing an average of 86% of the total soluble sugars. Yellow split beans, large lima, and black eyed peas contained higher amounts of total soluble sugars (79.8-83.6 mg/g), whereas lower amounts were observed in speckled butter peas and lentils (53.6-56.6 mg/g). Garbanzo beans contained maximum levels of mono and disaccharides (MD), and yellow split beans showed the highest levels of RFOs. Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis of the total soluble sugars (TS), MD, RFOs, and MD/RFOs ratio, 23 beans can be classified into five groups. The average TS content and the MD/RFOs ratios of the five groups were determined as group 1 (TS = 55.1 mg/g and MD/RFOs = 0.30), group 2 (TS = 77.6 mg/g and MD/RFOs = 0.31), group 3 (TS = 78.3 mg/g and MD/RFOs = 0.51), group 4 (TS = 59.1 mg/g and MD/RFOs = 1.06), and group 5 (TS = 68.5 mg/g and MD/RFOs = 0.62). This information is useful for researchers, food industries, and consumers that are looking for plant-based protein source as an alternative to animal proteins with reduced flatulence problems.

Pomegranate peel extract reduced colonic damage and bacterial translocation in a mouse model of infectious colitis induced by Citrobacter rodentium.

The pomegranate fruit peel is a rich source of polyphenols including punicalins, punicalagins, and ellagic acids, but is considered an agricultural waste product. Pomegranate derived products have been reported to have a wide variety of health promoting benefits including antibacterial properties in vitro but there is limited evidence of their antibacterial properties in vivo. The purpose of this study was to test the in vivo antibacterial properties of a pomegranate peel extract (PPX) containing punicalin, punicalagin, and ellagic acid. C3H/He mice were orally pre-treated with water or PPX prior to infection with the mouse bacterial pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) that mimics many aspects of human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections. Fecal excretion of Cr was monitored and mice were euthanized on day 12 post-infection to assess Cr colonization of the colon and spleen, histological changes, and gene expression. PPX-treatment reduced Cr infection induced weight loss and mortality that was observed in water-treated infected mice. However, Cr colonization of the colon and clearance was unaffected by PPX-treatment. Consistent with this, PPX treatment did not alter the potent Th1/Th17 pro-inflammatory response elicited by Cr infection. Significant colonization of the spleen was only seen in water-treated infected mice and was inversely correlated with the dose of PPX administered. PPX treatment decreased the extent of Cr-induced colon damage that correlated with decreased mortality and reduced colonization of the spleen. Thus, a pomegranate peel extract contains bioactive compounds that mitigate the deleterious effects of an in vivo infection with the model enteropathogenic bacteria, Cr.

Compositional Analysis of Non-Polar and Polar Metabolites in 14 Soybeans Using Spectroscopy and Chromatography Tools.

There has been significant interest in soybean oil, fatty acid, and sugar composition to develop new value-added soybean products. Thus, compositional analysis is critical for developing value-added soybeans. In the present study, we showed simple screening tools (near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)) coupled with multivariate analysis for the sample classification of 14 soybeans as a proof-of-concept. We further determined major non-polar and polar metabolites responsible for differences between different soybeans using gas and ion chromatography. These differences in soybean profiles were attributed to lower levels of total oil content in wild soybeans (~9%) versus cultivated soybeans (16%-22%). In addition, higher levels of linolenic acid (~17%) and stachyose (~53%) were determined in wild type, whereas higher levels of oleic acid (~19%) and sucrose (~59%) were detected in cultivated soybeans. Interestingly, one cultivated soybean had a desirable sugar profile with a high amount of sucrose (86%) and a low abundance of stachyose (9%). The correlation studies showed a positive correlation between oil and soluble sugars (R2 = 0.80) and negative correlations between methyl linolenate and soluble sugars (R2 = -0.79), oil (R2 = -0.94), and methyl oleate (R2 = -0.94) content. Both polar and non-polar metabolites showed significant differences in wild and cultivated soybeans.

Genomic changes and biochemical alterations of seed protein and oil content in a subset of fast neutron induced soybean mutants.

BACKGROUND: Soybean is subjected to genetic manipulation by breeding, mutation, and transgenic approaches to produce value-added quality traits. Among those genetic approaches, mutagenesis through fast neutrons radiation is intriguing because it yields a variety of mutations, including single/multiple gene deletions and/or duplications. Characterizing the seed composition of the fast neutron mutants and its relationship with gene mutation is useful towards understanding oil and protein traits in soybean. RESULTS: From a large population of fast neutron mutagenized plants, we selected ten mutants based on a screening of total oil and protein content using near infra-red spectroscopy. These ten mutants were regrown, and the seeds were analyzed for oil by GC-MS, protein profiling by SDS-PAGE and gene mapping by comparative genomic hybridization. The mutant 2R29C14Cladecr233cMN15 (nicknamed in this study as L10) showed higher protein and lower oil content compared to the wild type, followed by three other lines (nicknamed in this study as L03, L05, and L06). We characterized the fatty acid methyl esters profile of the trans-esterified oil and found the presence of five major fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids) at varying proportions among the mutants. Protein profile using SDS-PAGE of the ten mutants did exhibit discernable variation between storage (glycinin and ß-conglycinin) and anti-nutritional factor (trypsin inhibitor) proteins. In addition, we physically mapped the position of the gene deletions or duplications in each mutant using comparative genomic hybridization. CONCLUSION: Characterization of oil and protein profile in soybean fast neutron mutants will assist scientist and breeders to develop new value-added soybeans with improved protein and oil quality traits.

Curcumin: Biological, Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical, and Analytical Aspects.

Turmeric is a curry spice that originated from India, which has attracted great interest in recent decades because it contains bioactive curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin). Curcumin (1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione), a lipophilic polyphenol may work as an anticancer, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging agent as suggested by several in vitro, in vivo studies and clinical trials. However, poor aqueous solubility, bioavailability, and pharmacokinetic profiles limit curcumin's therapeutic usage. To address these issues, several curcumin formulations have been developed. However, suboptimal sample preparation and analysis methodologies often hamper the accurate evaluation of bioactivities and their clinical efficacy. This review summarizes recent research on biological, pharmaceutical, and analytical aspects of the curcumin. Various formulation techniques and corresponding clinical trials and in vivo outcomes are discussed. A detailed comparison of different sample preparation (ultrasonic, pressurized liquid extraction, microwave, reflux) and analytical (FT-IR, FT-NIR, FT-Raman, UV, NMR, HPTLC, HPLC, and LC-MS/MS) methodologies used for the extraction and quantification of curcuminoids in different matrices, is presented. Application of optimal sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and detection methodologies will significantly improve the assessment of different formulations and biological activities of curcuminoids.

Pomegranate peel extract alters the microbiome in mice and dysbiosis caused by Citrobacter rodentium infection.

Treatment of mice with a pomegranate peel extract (PPX) decreased the pathogenicity of Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) infections. Here, we investigate the effects of PPX on the microbiome of uninfected or Cr-infected C3H/HeNCr mice by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Mice were treated with water or PPX for 14 days, feces were collected, and then, the mice were infected with Cr and feces collected again at day 6 postinfection. DNA was isolated from the fecal samples and subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing to determine the microbial composition. Differences in the composition of the microbiome were observed for untreated and PPX-treated mice with PPX mice having decreased diversity. PPX treatment decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio by increasing Bacteroidetes and decreasing Firmicutes levels. The decrease in Firmicutes was driven by a large reduction in Lactobacillus. PPX treatment increased the abundance of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobiae and decreased Actinobacteria. The relative abundance of Cr reached 22% in water-treated but only 5% in PPX-treated infected mice. These results suggest that consumption of pomegranate polyphenols altered the microbiome, making it more resistant to displacement by infection with Cr, indicating that pomegranate polyphenols may mitigate the pathogenic effects of food-borne bacterial pathogens.

Cultivar Resistance to Common Scab Disease of Potato Is Dependent on the Pathogen Species.

Common scab of potato is a superficial tuber disease caused by Streptomyces species that produce the phytotoxin thaxtomin. Because common scab development is highly dependent on the effects of this single toxin, the current operating paradigm in common scab pathology is that a potato cultivar resistant to one strain of the common scab pathogen is resistant to all strains. However, cultivar resistance to common scab disease identified in one breeding program is often not durable when tested in other potato breeding programs across the United States. We infected 55 potato cultivar populations with three distinct species of the common scab pathogen and identified cultivars that were resistant or susceptible to all three species and cultivars that had widely varying resistance dependent on the pathogen species. Overall lower virulence was associated with the strain that produces the least thaxtomin. This result showcases several cultivars of potato that are expected to be resistant to the majority of common scab populations but also highlights that many potato cultivars are resistant to only specific species of the pathogen. These results demonstrate that extension specialists and growers must consider their local population of the common scab pathogen when selecting which cultivars to plant for common scab resistance.

Biochemical and Anatomical Investigation of Sesbania herbacea (Mill.) McVaugh Nodules Grown under Flooded and Non-Flooded Conditions.

Sesbania herbacea, a native North American fast-growing legume, thrives in wet and waterlogged conditions. This legume enters into symbiotic association with rhizobia, resulting in the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots. A flooding-induced anaerobic environment imposes a challenge for the survival of rhizobia and negatively impacts nodulation. Very little information is available on how S. herbacea is able to thrive and efficiently fix N2 in flooded conditions. In this study, we found that Sesbania plants grown under flooded conditions were significantly taller, produced more biomass, and formed more nodules when compared to plants grown on dry land. Transmission electron microscopy of Sesbania nodules revealed bacteroids from flooded nodules contained prominent polyhydroxybutyrate crystals, which were absent in non-flooded nodules. Gas and ion chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of nodule metabolites revealed a marked decrease in asparagine and an increase in the levels of gamma aminobutyric acid in flooded nodules. 2-D gel electrophoresis of nodule bacteroid proteins revealed flooding-induced changes in their protein profiles. Several of the bacteroid proteins that were prominent in flooded nodules were identified by mass spectrometry to be members of the ABC transporter family. The activities of several key enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism was altered in Sesbania flooded nodules. Aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT), an enzyme with a vital role in the assimilation of reduced nitrogen, was dramatically elevated in flooded nodules. The results of our study highlight the potential of S. herbacea as a green manure and sheds light on the morphological, structural, and biochemical adaptations that enable S. herbacea to thrive and efficiently fix N2 in flooded conditions.

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Low Linolenic Acid Transgenic Soybean Reveals Perturbations of Fatty Acid Metabolic Pathways.

To understand the effect of fatty acid desaturase gene (GmFAD3) silencing on perturbation of fatty acid (FA) metabolic pathways, the changes are compared in protein profiling in control and low linolenic acid transgenic soybeans using tandem mass tag based mass spectrometry. Protein profiling of the transgenic line unveiled changes in several key enzymes of FA metabolism. This includes enzymes of lower abundance; fabH, fabF, and thioestrase associated with FA initiation, elongation, and desaturation processes and LOX1_5, ACOX, ACAA1, MFP2 associated with ß-oxidation of α-linolenic acids pathways. In addition, the GmFAD3 silencing results in a significant reduction in one of the major allergens, Gly m 4 (C6T3L5). These results are important for exploring how plants adjust in their biological processes when certain changes are induced in the genetic makeup. A complete understanding of these processes will aid researchers to alter genes for developing value-added soybeans.

Recent update on methodologies for extraction and analysis of soybean seed proteins.

Soybean is one of the best sources of plant protein. Development of improved soybean cultivars through classical breeding and new biotech approaches is important to meet the growing global demand for soybeans. There is a critical need to investigate changes in protein content and profiles to ensure the safety and nutritional quality of new soybean varieties and their food products. A proteomics study begins with an optimal combination of extraction, separation and detection approaches. This review attempts to provide a summary of current updates in the methodologies used for extraction, separation and detection of protein from soybean, the basic foundations for good proteomic research. This information can be effectively used to investigate modifications in protein content and profiles in new varieties of soybeans and other crops. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Swarm motility inhibitory and antioxidant activities of pomegranate peel processed under three drying conditions.

During processing of ready-to-eat fresh fruits, large amounts of peel and seeds are discarded as waste. Pomegranate (Punicagranatum) peels contain high amounts of bioactive compounds which inhibit migration of Salmonella on wet surfaces. The metabolic distribution of bioactives in pomegranate peel, inner membrane, and edible aril portion was investigated under three different drying conditions along with the anti-swarming activity against Citrobacter rodentium. Based on the multivariate analysis, 29 metabolites discriminated the pomegranate peel, inner membrane, and edible aril portion, as well as the three different drying methods. Punicalagins (∼38.6-50.3mg/g) were detected in higher quantities in all fractions as compared to ellagic acid (∼0.1-3.2mg/g) and punicalins (∼0-2.4mg/g). The bioactivity (antioxidant, anti-swarming) and phenolics content was significantly higher in peels than the edible aril portion. Natural anti-swarming agents from food waste may have promising potential for controlling food borne pathogens.