Neurofilament light (NfL) concentrations in patients with epilepsy with recurrent isolated seizures: Insights from a clinical cohort study.

PURPOSE: To detect possible neuronal damage due to recurrent isolated seizures in patients with epilepsy in a clinical routine setting. METHODS: We measured the serum concentrations of neurofilament light chain (sNfL) in 46 outpatients with an at least monthly occurrence (self-reported) of generalized tonic-clonic seizures in the six months prior to the study and in 49 patients who had been seizure free (self-reported) for at least one year. We assigned the patients with seizure activity into groups with moderate and high seizure frequency. We measured sNfL with a highly sensitive single molecule array (Simoa). RESULTS: The majority (94 %) of all patients with epilepsy had sNfL values within the age adjusted reference ranges of our laboratory. Three patients with and three patients without seizure activity (each 3 %) showed elevated sNfL concentrations. Age adjusted sNfL concentrations did not differ significantly between patients with and without seizure activity in the total sample or in the female subgroup. In contrast, NfL concentrations were significantly higher in male patients with seizure activity and highest in the subgroup of those with high seizure activity, but were only above the reference range in two patients. sNfL concentrations did not differ between focal and generalized epilepsies and between genetic and structural etiologies. CONCLUSIONS: The sNfL concentrations in patients with epilepsy and healthy patients did not differ significantly. The finding of higher sNfL concentrations in males with self-reported seizure activity should be viewed with utmost caution because the difference was small and only two male patients showed sNfL concentrations above the reference range.

Mood disorders in adults with epilepsy: a review of unrecognized facts and common misconceptions.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic conditions. Its clinical manifestations are not restricted to seizures but often include cognitive disturbances and psychiatric disorders. Prospective population-based studies have shown that people with epilepsy have an increased risk of developing mood disorders, and people with a primary mood disorder have an increased risk of developing epilepsy. The existence of common pathogenic mechanisms in epilepsy and mood disorders may explain the bidirectional relation between these two conditions. Recognition of a personal and family psychiatric history at the time of evaluation of people for a seizure disorder is critical in the selection of antiseizure medications: those with mood-stabilizing properties (e.g., lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine) should be favoured as a first option in those with a positive history while those with negative psychotropic properties (e.g., levetiracetam, topiramate) avoided. While mood disorders may be clinically identical in people with epilepsy, they often present with atypical manifestations that do not meet ICD or DSM diagnostic criteria. Failure to treat mood disorders in epilepsy may have a negative impact, increasing suicide risk and iatrogenic effects of antiseizure medications and worsening quality of life. Treating mood disorders in epilepsy is identical to those with primary mood disorders. Yet, there is a common misconception that antidepressants have proconvulsant properties. Most antidepressants are safe when prescribed at therapeutic doses. The incidence of seizures is lower in people randomized to antidepressants than placebo in multicenter randomized placebo-controlled trials of people treated for a primary mood disorder. Thus, there is no excuse not to prescribe antidepressant medications to people with epilepsy.

Aß38 and Aß43 do not differentiate between Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

Differential diagnosis between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers is challenging. A recent study suggested that the addition of Aß38 and Aß43 to a standard AD biomarker panel (Aß40, Aß42, t-tau, p-tau) to improve the differential diagnosis. We tested this hypothesis in an independent German cohort of CAA and AD patients and controls using the same analytical techniques. We found excellent discrimination between AD and controls and between CAA and controls, but not between AD and CAA. Adding Aß38 and Aß43 to the panel did not improve the discrimination between AD and CAA.

Predictors and Pathophysiology of Axial Postural Abnormalities in Parkinsonism: A Scoping Review.

Background: Postural abnormalities involving the trunk are referred to as axial postural abnormalities and can be observed in over 20% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and in atypical parkinsonism. These symptoms are highly disabling and frequently associated with back pain and a worse quality of life in PD. Despite their frequency, little is known about the pathophysiology of these symptoms and scant data are reported about their clinical predictors, making it difficult to prompt prevention strategies. Objectives: We conducted a scoping literature review of clinical predictors and pathophysiology of axial postural abnormalities in patients with parkinsonism to identify key concepts, theories and evidence on this topic. Methods: We applied a systematic approach to identify studies, appraise quality of evidence, summarize main findings, and highlight knowledge gaps. Results: Ninety-two articles were reviewed: 25% reported on clinical predictors and 75% on pathophysiology. Most studies identified advanced disease stage and greater motor symptoms severity as independent clinical predictors in both PD and multiple system atrophy. Discrepant pathophysiology data suggested different potential central and peripheral pathogenic mechanisms. Conclusions: The recognition of clinical predictors and pathophysiology of axial postural abnormalities in parkinsonism is far from being elucidated due to literature bias, encompassing different inclusion criteria and measurement tools and heterogeneity of patient samples. Most studies identified advanced disease stage and higher burden of motor symptoms as possible clinical predictors. Pathophysiology data point toward many different (possibly non-mutually exclusive) mechanisms, including dystonia, rigidity, proprioceptive and vestibular impairment, and higher cognitive deficits.

Generalized Polyspike Pattern in EEG Due to Aseptic Meningoencephalitis.

We report the electroencephalography (EEG) showing an intermittent generalized polyspike pattern in EEG due to an aseptic meningoencephalitis in a 71-year-old soporous patient. Initially, she presented with word-finding disturbances and later with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed pleocytosis of 99 leukocytes/µL (primarily neutrophils) and an increased protein level of 1240 mg/L (CSF/serum glucose ratio and lactate unremarkable). Pathogens and autoimmune antibodies in CSF were not found. Brain imaging was unremarkable. After antibiotic, antiviral and anticonvulsive therapy, the pattern in the EEG was no longer detectable. The patient was discharged to go home due to absence of any residues.

Characterizing Camptocormia in Parkinson's Disease Using Muscle Ultrasonography.

BACKGROUND: Camptocormia (CC) is the forward-bending of the spine of more than 30 degrees that can be found in Parkinson's disease (PD) as a disabling complication. Detection of changes in paraspinal lumbar musculature in CC is of value for choosing treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether these changes can be detected using muscle ultrasonography (mUSG). METHODS: Age and sex-matched groups comprised 17 PD patients with CC (seven acute, PD-aCC; 10 chronic PD-cCC), 19 PD patients with no CC, and 18 healthy controls (HC). Lumbar paravertebral muscles (LPM) on both sides were assessed using mUSG by two different raters blinded to the group assignment. Groups were compared with regard to the linear measurements of the muscle thickness as well as semi-quantitative and quantitative (grayscale) analyses of muscle echogenicity using a univariate general linear model. RESULTS: All assessments showed substantial interrater reliability. The PD-cCC group had significantly thinner LPM compared to groups with no CC (PD and HC). Groups of PD-aCC and PD-cCC differed from the groups of no CC in quantitative and semi-quantitative analyses of LPM echogenicity, respectively. CONCLUSION: Assessment of LPM in PD patients with CC can be reliably performed using mUSG. Also, mUSG may be used as a screening tool to detect CC-related changes in thickness and echogenicity of the LPM in patients with PD.

Frequency of deep-seated cerebral microbleeds in patients with lobar hemorrhages and histopathological evidence for cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

Background: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common disease and the most common cause of lobar hemorrhages in the elderly. Usually, deep-seated microhemorrhages preclude the diagnosis of CAA. In this study, we sought to estimate the frequency of deep-seated microbleeds on MRI in patients with lobar hemorrhages and histopathological evidence for cerebral amyloid angiopathy. In addition, we describe a cohort of patients with cortical and deep-seated microbleeds on MRI and a histopathological specimen available from lobar hematoma evacuation. Methods: Retrospective database search for histopathological specimens from lobar hematoma evacuation and review of imaging findings (CT and MRI) and patient charts was performed. Results: Between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2020, 88 specimens from 88 patients were available. A total of 56 specimens were excluded (no brain tissue in the specimen n = 4, other diagnosis n = 8, no MRI n = 43, and no BOLD-based sequence n = 1). Of the remaining 32 patients, 25 patients (78%) did not harbor deep-seated lesions on MRI, of which 17 patients had histopathological features of CAA. A total of seven patients harbored deep-seated CMB. Of these seven patients, three (3/20, 15%) had histopathological features of CAA. Conclusion: Approximately 15% of patients with histopathologically diagnosed CAA harbor deep-seated microbleeds. This finding may add to the discussion on how to identify patients with CAA and deep-seated CMB.

Three-Dimensional Mesh Recovery from Common 2-Dimensional Pictures for Automated Assessment of Body Posture in Camptocormia.

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) human body estimation from common photographs is an evolving method in the field of computer vision. It has not yet been evaluated on postural disorders. We generated 3D models from 2-dimensional pictures of camptocormia patients to measure the bending angle of the trunk according to recommendations in the literature. Methods: We used the Part Attention Regressor algorithm to generate 3D models from photographs of camptocormia patients' posture and validated the resulting angles against the gold standard. A total of 2 virtual human models with camptocormia were generated to evaluate the performance depending on the camera angle. Results: The bending angle assessment using the 3D mesh correlated highly with the gold standard (R = 0.97, P < 0.05) and is robust to deviations of the camera angle. Conclusions: The generation of 3D models offers a new method for assessing postural disorders. It is automated and robust to nonperfect pictures, and the result offers a comprehensive analysis beyond the bending angle.

Patterns of acute ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage in patients with COVID-19 : Results of a retrospective multicenter neuroimaging-based study from three central European countries.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infection which can affect the central nervous system. In this study, we sought to investigate associations between neuroimaging findings with clinical, demographic, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters, pre-existing conditions and the severity of acute COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective multicenter data retrieval from 10 university medical centers in Germany, Switzerland and Austria between February 2020 and September 2021. We included patients with COVID-19, acute neurological symptoms and cranial imaging. We collected demographics, neurological symptoms, COVID-19 severity, results of cranial imaging, blood and CSF parameters during the hospital stay. RESULTS: 442 patients could be included. COVID-19 severity was mild in 124 (28.1%) patients (moderate n = 134/30.3%, severe n = 43/9.7%, critical n = 141/31.9%). 220 patients (49.8%) presented with respiratory symptoms, 167 (37.8%) presented with neurological symptoms first. Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) was detected in 70 (15.8%), intracranial hemorrhage (IH) in 48 (10.9%) patients. Typical risk factors were associated with AIS; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy and invasive ventilation with IH. No association was found between the severity of COVID-19 or blood/CSF parameters and the occurrence of AIS or IH. DISCUSSION: AIS was the most common finding on cranial imaging. IH was more prevalent than expected but a less common finding than AIS. Patients with IH had a distinct clinical profile compared to patients with AIS. There was no association between AIS or IH and the severity of COVID-19. A considerable proportion of patients presented with neurological symptoms first. Laboratory parameters have limited value as a screening tool.

Neurofilament light (NfL) as biomarker in serum and CSF in status epilepticus.

OBJECTIVE: We explored the potential of neurofilament light chain (NfL) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid as a biomarker for neurodestruction in status epilepticus. METHODS: In a retrospective analysis, we measured NfL in serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with status epilepticus using a highly sensitive single-molecule array technique (Simoa). Status epilepticus was diagnosed according to ILAE criteria. Additionally, we employed an alternative classification with more emphasis on the course of status epilepticus. We used data from three large control groups to compare NfL in status epilepticus versus neurologically healthy controls. RESULTS: We included 28 patients (mean age: 69.4 years, SD: 15 years) with a median status duration of 44 h (IQR: 80 h). Twenty-one patients (75%) suffered from convulsive status epilepticus and seven (25%) from non-convulsive status epilepticus. Six patients died (21%). Cerebrospinal fluid and serum NfL concentrations showed a high correlation (r = 0.73, p < 0.001, Pearson). The main determinant of NfL concentration was the status duration. NfL concentrations did not differ between convulsive status epilepticus and convulsive status epilepticus classified according to the ILAE or to the alternative classification without and with adjusting for status duration and time between status onset and sampling. We found no association of NfL concentration with death, treatment refractoriness, or prognostic scores. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that neurodestruction in status epilepticus measured by NfL is mainly determined by status duration, not status type nor therapy refractoriness. Therefore, our results suggest that regarding neurodestruction convulsive and non-convulsive status epilepticus are both neurological emergencies of comparable urgency.

Characterizing mixed location hemorrhages/microbleeds with CSF markers.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common cause of lobar and subarachnoid hemorrhages in the elderly. A diagnosis of CAA requires multiple lobar hemorrhagic lesions (intracerebral hemorrhage and/or cerebral microbleeds) and/or cortical superficial siderosis (cSS). In contrast, hemorrhagic lesions located in the deep structures are the hallmark of hypertensive arteriopathy (HTN-A). They are an exclusion criterion for CAA, and when present with lobar hemorrhagic lesions considered a separate entity: mixed location hemorrhages/microbleeds (MLHs). We compared clinical, radiological, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) marker data in patients with CAA, MLH, and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and healthy controls (HCs) and used it to position MLH in the disease spectrum. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with CAA (n = 31), MLH (n = 31), AD (n = 28), and HC (n = 30). Analysis of clinical, radiological, CSF biomarker (Aß42, Aß40, t-tau, and p-tau), and histopathological data in patients each group. RESULTS: cSS was significantly more common in CAA than MLH (45% vs 13%, p = 0.011), and cSS in MLH was associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (p = 0.037). Aß42 levels and the Aß42/Aß40 ratio, diagnostic groups followed the order HC > MLH > CAA > AD and the opposite order for t-tau and p-tau. No clear order was apparent forAß40. Aß40 and Aß42 levels as well as the Aß42/Aß40 ratio were lower in both CAA and MLH patients with cSS than in patients without cSS. Aß40 and Aß42 levels were higher in CAA and MLH patients with lacunar infarcts than in those without. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that MLH and CAA are mutually not exclusive diagnoses, and are part of a spectrum with variable contributions of both CAA and HTN-A.

Sustainability of large-scale implementation of shared decision making with the SHARE TO CARE program.

Introduction: SHARE TO CARE (S2C) is a comprehensive implementation program for shared decision making (SDM). It is run at the University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) in Kiel, Germany, and consists of four combined intervention modules addressing healthcare professionals and patients: (1) multimodal training of physicians (2) patient activation campaign including the ASK3 method, (3) online evidence-based patient decision aids (4) SDM support by nurses. This study examines the sustainability of the hospital wide SDM implementation by means of the Neuromedical Center comprising the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery. Methods: Between 2018 and 2020, the S2C program was applied initially within the Neuromedical Center: We implemented the patient activation campaign, trained 89% of physicians (N = 56), developed 12 patient decision aids and educated two decision coaches. Physicians adjusted the patients' pathways to facilitate the use of decision aids. To maintain the initial implementation, the departments took care that new staff members received training and decision aids were updated. The patient activation campaign was continued. To determine the sustainability of the initial intervention, the SDM level after a maintenance phase of 6-18 months was compared to the baseline level before implementation. Therefore, in- and outpatients received a questionnaire via mail after discharge. The primary endpoint was the "Patient Decision Making" subscale of the Perceived Involvement in Care Scale (PICSPDM). Secondary endpoints were an additional scale measuring SDM (CollaboRATE), and the PrepDM scale, which determines patients' perceived health literacy while preparing for decision making. Mean scale scores were compared using t-tests. Results: Patients reported a significantly increased SDM level (PICSPDM p = 0.02; Hedges' g = 0.33; CollaboRATE p = 0.05; Hedges' g = 0.26) and improved preparation for decision making (PrepDM p = 0.001; Hedges' g = 0.34) 6-18 months after initial implementation of S2C. Discussion: The S2C program demonstrated its sustainability within the Neuromedical Center at UKSH Kiel in terms of increased SDM and health literacy. Maintaining the SDM implementation required a fraction of the initial intensity. The departments took on the responsibility for maintenance. Meanwhile, an additional health insurance-based reimbursement for S2C secures the continued application of the program. Conclusion: SHARE TO CARE promises to be suitable for long-lasting implementation of SDM in hospitals.

Gait and axial postural abnormalities correlations in Parkinson's disease: A multicenter quantitative study.

INTRODUCTION: Gait and axial postural abnormalities (PA) are common and disabling symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). The interplay between them has been poorly explored. METHODS: A standardized protocol encompassing videos and photos for posture and gait analysis of PD patients with a clinically defined PA (MDS-UPDRS-III item 3.13 > 0) was used in 6 movement disorder centers. A comprehensive evaluation was performed to clarify the association between gait performance and the presence and severity of PA. RESULTS: 225 PD patients were enrolled: 57 had severe PA, 149 mild PA, and 19 did not meet criteria for PA, according to a recent consensus agreement on PA definition. PD patients with severe PA were significantly older (p:0.001), with longer disease duration (p:0.007), worse MDS-UPDRS-II and -III scores and axial sub-scores (p < 0.0005), higher LEDD (p:0.002) and HY stage (p < 0.0005), and a significantly lower velocity (p < 0.001) and cadence (p:0.021), if compared to mild PA patients. The multiple regression analysis evaluating gait parameters and degrees of trunk/neck flexion showed that higher degrees of lumbar anterior trunk flexion were correlated with lower step length (OR -0.244; p:0.014) and lower velocity (OR -0.005; p:0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight the possible impact of severe anterior trunk flection on PD patients' gait, with a specific detrimental effect on gait velocity and step length. Personalized rehabilitation strategies should be elaborated based on the different features of PA, aiming to target a combined treatment of postural and specifically related gait pattern alterations.

Task Force Consensus on Nosology and Cut-Off Values for Axial Postural Abnormalities in Parkinsonism.

Background: There is no consensus with regard to the nosology and cut-off values for postural abnormalities in parkinsonism. Objective: To reach a consensus regarding the nosology and cut-off values. Methods: Using a modified Delphi panel method, multiple rounds of questionnaires were conducted by movement disorder experts to define nosology and cut-offs of postural abnormalities. Results: After separating axial from appendicular postural deformities, a full agreement was found for the following terms and cut-offs: camptocormia, with thoracic fulcrum (>45°) or lumbar fulcrum (>30°), Pisa syndrome (>10°), and antecollis (>45°). "Anterior trunk flexion," with thoracic (≥25° to ≤45°) or lumbar fulcrum (>15° to ≤30°), "lateral trunk flexion" (≥5° to ≤10°), and "anterior neck flexion" (>35° to ≤45°) were chosen for milder postural abnormalities. Conclusions: For axial postural abnormalities, we recommend the use of proposed cut-offs and six unique terms, namely camptocormia, Pisa syndrome, antecollis, anterior trunk flexion, lateral trunk flexion, anterior neck flexion, to harmonize clinical practice and future research.

Postural abnormalities in Asian and Caucasian Parkinson's disease patients: A multicenter study.

INTRODUCTION: Postural abnormalities (PA) are disabling features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Indirect analyses suggested a higher prevalence of PA among Asian patients compared to Caucasian ones, but no direct comparisons have been performed so far. METHODS: An international, multicenter, cross-sectional study was performed in 6 European and Asian movement disorders centers with the aim to clarify differences and similarities of prevalence and characteristics of PA in Asian vs. Caucasian PD patients. Axial PA, encompassing antecollis (AC), camptocormia (CC), and Pisa syndrome (PS), and appendicular PA (appPA) were systematically searched and analysed in consecutive patients. RESULTS: 88 (27%) of 326 PD patients had PA (29.1% in Asians and 24.3% in Caucasians, p: 0.331). Prevalence of axial PA was 23.6% in Asians and 24.3% in Caucasians (p = 0.886), in spite of a longer disease duration among Caucasians, but a longer PA duration among Asians. No differences in prevalence between AC, CC, and PS were found between the two ethnicities. The prevalence of appPA was higher in Asians (p = 0.036), but the regression analysis did not confirm a significant difference related to ethnicity. Considering the whole population, male gender (OR, 4.036; 95% CI, 1.926-8.456; p < 0.005), a longer disease duration (OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.024-6.653; p = 0.044), and a higher axial score (OR, 1.242; 95% CI, 1.122-1.375; p < 0.0005) were the factors associated with axial PA. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of axial PA in PD patients is not influenced by ethnicity. However, Asian PD patients tend to develop PA earlier in the disease course, particularly AC.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: New Data and Quantitative Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in patients with probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) according to the modified Boston criteria in a retrospective multicentric cohort. METHODS: Beta-amyloid 1-40 (Aß40), beta-amyloid 1-42 (Aß42), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau 181 (p-tau181) were measured in 31 patients with probable CAA, 28 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 30 controls. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were performed for the measured parameters as well as the Aß42/40 ratio to estimate diagnostic parameters. A meta-analysis of all amenable published studies was conducted. RESULTS: In our data Aß42/40 (AUC 0.88) discriminated best between CAA and controls while Aß40 did not perform well (AUC 0.63). Differentiating between CAA and AD, p-tau181 (AUC 0.75) discriminated best in this study while Aß40 (AUC 0.58) and Aß42 (AUC 0.54) provided no discrimination. In the meta-analysis, Aß42/40 (AUC 0.90) showed the best discrimination between CAA and controls followed by t-tau (AUC 0.79), Aß40 (AUC 0.76), and p-tau181 (AUC 0.71). P-tau181 (AUC 0.76), Aß40 (AUC 0.73), and t-tau (AUC 0.71) differentiated comparably between AD and CAA while Aß42 (AUC 0.54) did not. In agreement with studies examining AD biomarkers, Aß42/40 discriminated excellently between AD and controls (AUC 0.92-0.96) in this study as well as the meta-analysis. CONCLUSION: The analyzed parameters differentiate between controls and CAA with clinically useful accuracy (AUC > ∼0.85) but not between CAA and AD. Since there is a neuropathological, clinical and diagnostic continuum between CAA and AD, other diagnostic markers, e.g., novel CSF biomarkers or other parameters might be more successful.

Delirium on stroke units: a prospective, multicentric quality-improvement project.

BACKGROUND: Post-stroke delirium (POD) in patients on stroke units (SU) is associated with an increased risk for complications and poorer clinical outcome. The objective was to reduce the severity of POD by implementing an interprofessional delirium-management. METHODS: Multicentric quality-improvement project on five SU implementing a delirium-management with pre/post-comparison. Primary outcome was severity of POD, assessed with the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC). Secondary outcome parameters were POD incidence, duration, modified Rankin Scale (mRS), length of stay in SU and hospital, mortality, and others. RESULTS: Out of a total of 799 patients, 59.4% (n = 475) could be included with 9.5% (n = 45) being delirious. Implementation of a delirium-management led to reduced POD severity; Nu-DESC median: pre: 3.5 (interquartile range 2.6-4.7) vs. post 3.0 (2.2-4.0), albeit not significant (p = 0.154). Other outcome parameters were not meaningful different. In the post-period, delirium-management could be delivered to 75% (n = 18) of delirious patients, and only 24 (53.3%) of delirious patients required pharmacological treatments. Patients with a more severe stroke and POD remained on their disability levels, compared to similar affected, non-delirious patients who improved. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of delirium-management on SU is feasible and can be delivered to most patients, but with limited effects. Nursing interventions as first choice could be delivered to the majority of patients, and only the half required pharmacological treatments. Delirium-management may lead to reduced severity of POD but had only partial effects on duration of POD or length of stay. POD hampers rehabilitation, especially in patients with more severe stroke. REGISTRY: DRKS, DRKS00021436. Registered 04/17/2020, www.drks.de/DRKS00021436 .