Anthropometric indices, nutrient intakes and health-related characteristics of patients with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is accompanied by many health-related issues. This study aimed to evaluate the anthropometric indices, nutrient intakes and health-related characteristics of MS patients as well as their possible correlations. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 283 MS patients in Shiraz, Iran, during 2018-2019. Body mass index (BMI) and body composition were measured for each participant. A food frequency questionnaire was used to determine the patients' nutrient intakes. The level of fatigue, disability and quality of life of the individuals were assessed by the modified fatigue impact scale (MFIS), the expanded disability status scale and the multiple sclerosis quality of life-54 questionnaires, respectively. RESULTS: The results revealed that 43.11% of the patients were overweight or obese, and their %body fat (%BF) was 35.65 ± 7.63. Besides, intakes of vitamins A, E, D, folic acid, calcium, zinc and magnesium were significantly lower than recommendations in both genders, and sodium intake was significantly higher than the tolerable upper intake level in females. A significant positive linear correlation was observed between MFIS and BMI (r = 0.12, P = 0.045). Significant positive correlations were also found between psychosocial subscale of MFIS and both of %BF (r = 0.12, P = 0.049) and visceral fat area (r = 0.14, P = 0.02). Unexpectedly, the patients' quality of life showed significant negative correlations with fat free mass and skeletal muscle mass. CONCLUSION: Being overweight, having a high %BF and poor nutrient intakes are common among MS patients. Improving the patients' lifestyle and dietary intake is recommended to reduce fatigue and increase their life quality.

The effects of macro-algae supplementation on serum lipid, glycaemic control and anthropometric indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.

INTRODUCTION: Macro-algae products have been shown to ameliorate the metabolic disorders state. Thus, highlighting their function as supplementary therapeutic agents can be a novel strategy for clinical therapies. This systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials aimed to summarize the effect of macro-algae consumption on serum lipid profile, glycaemic control and anthropometric factors. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a comprehensive search was performed for relevant studies published up to May 2023. The Cochran's Q test and I-square (I2 ) tests were used to evaluate heterogeneity across the included studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects model (DerSimonian and Laird), and weighted mean difference (WMD) was considered as the pooled effect size. RESULTS: Out of 8602 papers in the initial screening, eight clinical trials with a total of 438 participants were included into this meta-analysis. The results indicated that macro-algae supplementation significantly decreased serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) (WMD = -6.7 mg/dL; 95% CI: -12.59, -0.80; item = 0.026) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (WMD = -8.25 mg/dL; 95% CI: -15.38, -1.12; p-value = .023). There was an increase in level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (WMD = 0.48 mg/dL; 95% CI: -2.05, 3.01; p-value = .71) which was not statistically significant. Macro-algae supplementation reduced body mass index (BMI) (WMD = -0.28 kg/m2 ; 95% CI: -0.96, 0.41; p-value = .426), weight (WMD = -0.39 kg; 95% CI: -3.6, 2.83; p-value = .81), waist circumference (WC) (WMD = -0.52 cm; 95% CI: -2.71, 1.66; p-value = .64), fasting blood sugar (FBS) (WMD = -1.95 mg/dL; 95% CI: -5.19, 1.28; p-value = .24) and HbA1c (WMD = -0.02%; 95% CI: -0.14, 0.09; p-value = .66) in intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis indicated that macro-algae supplementation significantly decreased TC and LDL-c level. It can also increase HDL-c level and reduce anthropometric indices and glycaemic control factors.

Osteoprotective effects of kefir fortified with omega-3 and vitamin C in ovariectomized rats.

Nutritional interventions can be valuable for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of kefir fortified with omega-3 and vitamin C on the bone and uterus parameters of ovariectomized rats. Seventy-seven female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized or sham-operated. The ovariectomized rats were assigned to six groups and received 1 ml/day of distilled water (OVX group), milk, kefir, kefir fortified with omega-3 fatty acids (kefir+ω3), kefir fortified with vitamin C (kefir+vit-C) or kefir fortified with omega-3 and vitamin C (kefir+ω3+vit-C) for 12 weeks. The sham group also received 1ml/day of distilled water. Subsequently, bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) of various bones were assessed. Femurs and uteri were harvested for bone ash analysis and histopathological examinations, respectively. Sera were analyzed for carboxy-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen, procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide, calcium, phosphorous, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and total antioxidant capacity levels. Ovariectomy resulted in significant reduction in bone density (P<0.05). Kefir+ω3+vit-C significantly improved BMC of lumbar spine (0.699±0.027 g compared with 0.580±0.018 in the OVX group), and kefir, kefir+vit-C and kefir+ω3+vit-C significantly increased BMD of tibia (0.118±0.003 g/cm2, 0.119±0.001 and 0.120±0.004 compared with 0.102±0.005 in the OVX group). Moreover, ovariectomy markedly elevated TNF-α level, which was significantly reversed by kefir+ω3+vit-C. Significant atrophy of the uterus was observed following ovariectomy, although the uterus parameters did not change by any of the interventions. In conclusion, kefir fortified with omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin C may have protective effects against bone loss through suppressing inflammation.

Validation of the Persian version of the sarcopenia-specific quality of life questionnaire (SarQoL®-IR).

BACKGROUND: The sarcopenia quality of life (SarQoL)® questionnaire is a specific tool to measure QoL in sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to validate the SarQoL® questionnaire for evaluation of sarcopenia-related quality of life in Iranian community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: Validity (discriminative power, construct validity), reliability (internal consistency, test-retest reliability), and floor/ceiling effects of SarQoL® questionnaire were evaluated in the current study. Moreover, the SarQoL® questionnaire was compared with the Short-Form 36-item (SF-36) and the EuroQoL 5-Dimensions (EQ-5D) questionnaires. RESULTS: Among 501 community-dwelling older adults, 128 elderly participants (including 88 sarcopenic individuals) were recruited for validation. Participants with sarcopenia had lower quality of life than non-sarcopenic individuals (Total Score: 39.37 ± 7.45 vs. 65.09 ± 7.85, p < 0.001). Also, the findings demonstrated a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha of 0.881), excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.995, 95% CI 0.990-0.998), and no floor/ceiling effect of SarQoL® questionnaire. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to confirm the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the SarQoL® for the measurement of quality of life among Iranian sarcopenic older adults.

Evaluation of morphology and angiogenesis of breast cancer in BALB/c mice using trypsin inhibitor from Cucumis melo seeds. In vitro and in vivo study.

Introduction: Melon seeds, as an excellent source of protease inhibitors, may have a protective role against tumor progression and angiogenesis. However, their effects on angiogenesis and the mechanism of their action against cancer progression remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate the effect of bioactive compounds of melon seed on the expression of angiogenesis genes in BALB/c mice with breast cancer. Material and methods: Trypsin inhibitor (TI) was purified from the seed powder of Cucumis melo. Half- maximal inhibitory concentration was determined for TI, extract of melon seed powder (EXT), and tamoxifen (TAM) by the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. Also, breast tumor was induced by subcutaneous injection of MC4-L2 cells in BALB/c inbred mice breast tissue. After tumor growth, mice were treated with TI, EXT, and TAM to examine their effects on the tumor characteristics and expression of angiogenesis-related genes including MMP-2, MMP-9, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method. Results: Trypsin inhibitor, EXT, TAM, and adjuvant treatment of TI + TAM resulted a reduction in expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF. All treatments improved the breast tumor characteristics and the necrosis. The real-time polymerase chain reaction method verified the positive effects of the treatments on the breast cancer cell line and tumors. Conclusions: The results indicated that treatments with TI purified from Cucumis melo seeds and also combination therapy of TI and TAM can be considered as an alternative therapy in breast cancer patients. Further studies are warranted.

Effects of licorice root supplementation on liver enzymes, hepatic steatosis, metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized double-blind clinical trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of licorice root supplementation on liver enzymes, hepatic steatosis, metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 60 women with NAFLD were selected and randomly assigned into 2 groups to take 1,000 mg/day powder of licorice root extract or placebo for 12 weeks. In addition, all the patients were advised to follow a weight loss diet and healthy lifestyle. The plasma levels of liver enzymes, glycemic indices, lipid profile, oxidative stress parameters, as well as hepatic steatosis were measured at the beginning and end of the study. Through the 12-weeks period of supplementation, women who received powder of licorice root experienced a statistically significant improvement in alanine aminotransferase (p < .001), insulin (p = .002), insulin resistance (p = .003), malondialdehyde (p < .001) serum levels, and ultrasonographic findings of liver steatosis (p < .001), compared to the placebo group. In conclusion, licorice root supplementation in addition to gradual weight loss and lifestyle modification is superior to lifestyle modification alone for the treatment of NAFLD.

Health-Related Quality of Life and Nutritional Status Are Related to Dietary Magnesium Intake in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study.

An insufficient intake of magnesium may be associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to determine the relationship between health related quality of life (QoL), anthropometric indices and nutritional status with dietary magnesium intake in COPD patients. Sixty-one COPD patients participated in this cross-sectional study. QoL and nutritional status were assessed. Furthermore, body composition, calf circumference, and muscle strength were measured; equations were used to calculate fat-free mass index, body mass index, and muscle mass value. Dietary magnesium intake was assessed by three 24-hours recalls and magnesium intake was categorized as ≤ 188.08 mg/day (A group) and > 188.08 mg/day (B group). The χ2, independent-sample t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used for statistical analysis. The p values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Of QoL assessments the total and impact mean scores of St. George's respiratory questionnaire in the B group were significantly lower than the means of the A group (p value = 0.007 and 0.005, respectively). The instrumental activity of daily living score was significantly improved in patients with higher consumption of dietary magnesium (p = 0.02). Participants had a significantly lower mean score of patient-generated subjective global assessment in the B group compared to the A group (p = 0.003). Higher intake of dietary magnesium can lead to improve QoL and nutrition status.

Effect of protein and carbohydrate distribution among meals on quality of life, sleep quality, inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Patients with diabetes mellitus have a lower quality of life and sleep compared with healthy individuals. Nutrition therapy has an important role in the management of diabetes and can improve inflammation and quality of life in patients with diabetes. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of high-protein versus high-carbohydrate intake during evening meal on quality of life, sleep quality, inflammation, and oxidative stress in subjects with type 2 diabetes. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This is a 10-week randomized controlled trial. 96 adult patients with type 2 diabetes were assigned into one of the following three groups: standard evening meal (ST), high-carbohydrate evening meal (HC), and high-protein evening meal (HP). The effect of these diets was examined on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde, quality of life, and sleep quality. RESULTS: Sleep quality improved significantly in all groups (p < .05). The quality of life and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein improved in all groups except for the HP group (p < .05). Serum malondialdehyde level did not change significantly throughout the study (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Small manipulation of protein and carbohydrate distribution among the meals might not affect sleep quality. A diet with an even distribution of macronutrients among the meals or with a higher percentage of carbohydrates in the evenings can improve the quality of life and reduce inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes, while a diet with a higher percentage of protein in the evenings may not improve it.

Muscle mass and function are related to respiratory function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as an airway limitation condition, is accompanied by alteration of muscle mass and function. We aimed to determine the relationship between disease severity and body composition, muscle function, and nutritional status in COPD patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 129 COPD participants. Muscle strength, body composition, and calf circumference (CC) were measured using a hydraulic hand dynamometer, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and a tape measure, respectively. Furthermore, fat-free mass index (FFMI), body mass index (BMI) and muscle mass value were calculated by equations. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was assessed as well. Nutritional status was also evaluated by subjective global assessment (SGA) questionnaire. SPSS software (version 21 ) was used, chi-square, fisher's exact test, univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used for statistical analysis. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Based on FEV1 classification, 52.7% of the patients had severe conditions. The reports indicated that the prevalence of low CC was 54.2%, low muscle mass 38.7%, low FFMI 34.8%, low right handgrip strength 61.2% and low left handgrip strength 64.3%. Furthermore, there was an increasing trend based on FEV1 in low CC (p=0.032), low muscle mass (p=0.005), low FFMI (p=0.002), low right handgrip strength (p=0.004) and low left handgrip strength (p=0.014). The results of univariate analysis showed muscle mass (p=0.036), total protein (p=0.043), FFM (p=0.047), FFMI (p=0.007), SGA (p=0.029), right handgrip strength (p=0.004) and left hand grip strength (p=0.023) were associated with FEV1. In addition, the results of multivariate analysis demonstrated low values of FFMI (p=0.005) and right handgrip strength (p=0.042) were the main detrimental factors for FEV1. The results of multivariate analysis were confirmed by stepwise model. Conclusion: Low values of muscle mass and function are prevalent among COPD patients. The present study revealed that low FFMI and handgrip strength were closely related to disease severity.

Protein and carbohydrate distribution among the meals: effect on metabolic parameters of patients with type 2 diabetes: a single-blinded randomised controlled trial.

Studies have revealed that the timing of macronutrient ingestion may influence body weight and glucose tolerance. We aimed to examine the effect of high protein v. high carbohydrate intake at the evening meal on metabolic parameters of patients with type 2 diabetes. This is a single-blinded, parallel, randomised controlled trial. Ninety-six patients with type 2 diabetes, aged 32-65 years with a mean BMI of 28·5 (sd 3·4) kg/m2, were randomly assigned into one of these three groups: standard evening meal (ST), high-carbohydrate evening meal (HC) and high-protein evening meal (HP). Then, the patients were followed for 10 weeks. HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, TAG, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, body weight, body fat percentage and waist circumference decreased significantly in all three groups (P < 0·05). HbA1c showed more improvement in the ST compared with the HP group (-0·45 (sd 0·36) v. -0·26 (sd 0·36)). Reductions in BMI and body weight were significantly higher in the ST compared with the HP group (P < 0·05). Reductions in total cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and systolic blood pressure were significant in all groups, except for the HP group. Non-HDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol remained unchanged in all groups. The results of the present study revealed that even distribution of carbohydrates and protein among meals compared with reducing carbohydrates and increasing protein at dinner may have a more beneficial effect on glycaemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes.

The effects of modified anti-inflammatory diet on fatigue, quality of life, and inflammatory biomarkers in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The role of dietary interventions in improving the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has always been considered, but few studies have been conducted in this area. This study aimed to investigate the effects of modified anti-inflammatory diet on fatigue, quality of life, and inflammatory markers among patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS). METHODS: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 100 patients with RRMS. The patients were randomly divided into the diet group (anti-inflammatory diet) or the control group (healthy diet recommendations) for 12 weeks. Fatigue and quality of life were assessed by Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) and Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life (MSQoL-54), respectively. Anthropometric measures and inflammatory biomarkers, including Interleukin 17 (IL-17), Interleukin 4 (IL-4), and high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP), were assessed at baseline and end of the study. RESULTS: The results showed a significant improvement in MFIS as well as in physical and mental components of MSQoL-54 (p = 0.001, p = 0.015, and p = 0.003, respectively) in the diet group compared to the control group. The results also showed a significant increase in IL-4 level (p = 0.022). However, no significant changes were detected in IL-17 and hs-CRP levels (p = 0.091, 0.418, respectively). CONCLUSION: Modified anti-inflammatory diet could improve fatigue and quality of life and increase IL-4 level.

Fortified whey beverage for improving muscle mass in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The development of effective nutritional supports for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) is still challenging. This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of daily consumption of fortified whey on inflammation, muscle mass, functionality, and quality of life in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. METHODS: A single-blind, randomized trial study was performed on patients with COPD (n = 46). Participants in the intervention group (n = 23) daily received 250 ml of whey beverage fortified with magnesium and vitamin C for 8 weeks. Any changes in inflammatory cytokines (including interleukin- 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα)) were the primary outcomes and the secondary outcomes were fat-free mass, handgrip strength, malnutrition, glutathione and malondialdehyde serum concentrations, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Body composition and muscle strength were measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) and hydraulic hand dynamometer, respectively. Fat-free mass index (FFMI) was also calculated. RESULTS: At the end of the study, 44 patients were analyzed. There were significant decreases in IL-6 concentrations in the intervention group compared to the control group. Also, FFMI, body protein, and handgrip strength increased significantly in the intervention group with significant changes between two groups. Moreover, improvement in health-related quality of life was observed in the intervention group compared to the control group. There were no significant changes in other study variables. CONCLUSIONS: This novel nutritional intervention decreased inflammatory cytokines levels, improved indices of skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength, and ultimately, increased HRQoL in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. Thus, it is suggested to do further studies to assess the effects of nutrition intervention on COPD progression. TRIAL REGISTRATION: IR.SUMS.REC.1396.85 ( https://www.irct.ir/ ).

Effects of Zataria oxymel on obesity, insulin resistance and lipid profile: A randomized, controlled, triple-blind trial.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major public health problem and its occurrence is markedly increasing in developed and developing countries. However, few studies have investigated the use of natural products to treat obesity. The effects of taking a combination of oxymel and Zataria multiflora Boiss. (ZM), herein referred to as Zataria oxymel (ZO), on obesity, lipid profile and insulin resistance have not yet been studied. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the effects of oxymel and ZO on obesity, lipid profile and insulin resistance. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: In this randomized, controlled, triple-blind trial, overweight patients were randomly divided into three groups and received doses of study compounds twice per day for twelve weeks. Group A received 0.75 g ZM in 10 mL oxymel in each treatment; group B received 1.5 g ZM in 10 mL of oxymel in each treatment and group C (control) only received 10 mL of oxymel in each treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anthropometric parameters, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and hip circumference, were measured at the time of registration. Blood tests were carried out at the beginning and once again at end of the study. Blood parameters included fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin levels, serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase). Serum creatinine was also measured at the beginning of the project and in monthly intervals for three months. The homeostasis model assessment index was calculated as fasting insulin (µIU/mL) × FBS (mg/dL)/405. RESULTS: The results showed that patients receiving ZO experienced significant reduction in waist circumference in groups A, B and C, respectively (P < 0.001) but no significant change in BMI. Group A also experienced reduction in hip circumference (P = 0.01). Groups B and C had reduction in the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (P = 0.05 and P = 0.01, respectively), with no significant reduction in FBS. No effect on lipid profile, liver enzymes or serum creatinine was observed in the three groups. CONCLUSION: In this study, treatment with ZO and oxymel reduced insulin resistance, and waist and hip circumferences in overweight patients. Nonetheless, the traditional Persian use of ZO as a beverage to improve the anthropometric indices in overweight individuals still requires further research with a larger sample size. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials Code IRCT20171220037976N1.

Hydroalcoholic extract of Achillea millefolium improved blood glucose, liver enzymes and lipid profile compared to metformin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have reported that herbal extracts may have some protective effect against the complications of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Achillea millefolium hydroalcoholic extract in comparison to metformin on liver damage, lipid abnormality, and glycemic control in diabetic rats. METHODS: Rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups of 10 animals. Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (STZ) to 4 groups of rats. Three groups of diabetic rats were given 250 mg/kg/day metformin, 25 mg/kg/day Achillea millefolium hydroalcoholic extract, or 100 mg/kg/day of this extract. Two non-diabetic groups were also given either 25 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day Achillea millefolium extract. Normal control and diabetic control rats received 1 mL/day of normal saline. Treatments were administered through oral gavage for 28 days. At the end, rats were anesthetized with ether and their serum samples were separated in order to measure blood glucose, serum total protein, lipids, and liver enzymes. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in blood glucose, serum liver enzymes, triglycerides, and total- and LDL-cholesterol levels of the Achillea millefolium extract-treated groups compared to the other groups. In addition, there was a significant increment in body weight and HDL-cholesterol serum level in the Achillea millefolium-treated groups. CONCLUSION: Achillea millefolium extract compared to metformin reduces lipid abnormality, blood glucose and liver enzymes in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Future clinical studies are warranted to confirm our experimental findings in humans.

Protective effects of synbiotic soymilk fortified with whey protein concentrate and zinc sulfate against bile duct ligated-induced hepatic encephalopathy.

AIM: This study aimed to compare the effects of synbiotic soymilk fortified with whey protein concentrate and zinc sulfate with lactulose on bile duct ligated-induced HE. BACKGROUND: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is seriously associated with neuromuscular and cognitive alterations. METHODS: Eighty-two Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into seven groups (sham, bile duct ligation (BDL), BDL + lactulose, BDL + soymilk (SM), BDL + Synbiotic soymilk (SSM), BDL + SSM + whey protein concentrate (WPC), BDL + SSM + WPC + ZnSO4). Different SM products, lactulose, and normal saline were administered via oral gavage (2 mL/rat/day). The serum and liver markers as well as liver histopathology were assessed after 28 days. RESULTS: The SM products significantly reduced the serum alanine aminotransferase, albumin, and ammonia (P < 0.05). The levels of aspartate aminotransferase, endotoxin, and liver interleukin-6 improved significantly in all treatments, except for those receiving SM. SSM and SSM + WPC + ZnSO4 were the only effective products in reducing serum alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the liver total antioxidant capacity was greater (P<0.05) in the SSM + WPC and SSM + WPC + ZnSO4 groups. The histopathological examinations confirmed the efficiency of all SM products in reducing liver fibrosis. Liver bile duct proliferation diminished only in the SSM + WPC and SSM + WPC+ ZnSO4 groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed the positive effects of different SM products, especially SSM + WPC and SSM + WPC + ZnSO4, on HE. Further studies are required to confirm our findings.

The Healing Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Carum copticum L. on Experimental Colitis in Rats.

BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease with indefinite treatment. The present study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Carum copticum L. (CC) extract on induced colitis in rats. METHODS: Sixty male rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=10 per group). Acetic acid-induced colitis rats were orally administered with doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg CC extract, and 100 mg/kg sulfasalazine for seven consecutive days, respectively. Colonic biopsies were taken to measure histopathological parameters as well as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH). Data analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test for normally distributed data. Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's test was used for non-normally distributed data. The analysis was performed at P≤0.05 using SigmaStat software (version 10.0). RESULTS: The control colitis group had a significantly higher total colitis index (P=0.01), TNF-α (P=0.01), IL-6 (P=0.01), MPO (P=0.01), and MDA (P=0.01); and lower GSH (P=0.01) than those of the sham group. The colitis group receiving a dose of 200 mg/kg/day CC extract had a significantly lower total colitis index (P=0.01), TNF-α (P=0.01), IL-6 (P=0.01), MPO (P=0.01), and MDA (P=0.01); and higher GSH (P=0.01) than those of the control colitis group. The colitis group receiving a dose of 200 mg/kg/day CC extract had a significantly lower total colitis index (P=0.04), TNF-α (P=0.03), IL-6 (P=0.04), MPO (P=0.03), and MDA (P=0.03); and higher GSH (P=0.01) than those of the colitis group receiving sulfasalazine. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that CC extract had healing effects on colitis, possibly due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Vitamin D, Adiponectin, Oxidative Stress, Lipid Profile, and Nutrient Intakes in the Females with Acne Vulgaris: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Acne vulgaris is a dermatological disorder that is related to inflammation and oxidative stress. Recent studies have also suggested diet as a potential reason for acne. Considering the inconsistency of the few previous reports, the present study aimed to determine the levels of vitamin D, adiponectin, oxidative stress, lipid profile and nutrient intakes in females with acne. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty females with acne vulgaris and 40 age-matched healthy females were included in this study in Shiraz, Iran. Data on their sociodemographic status, acne history, and anthropometric indices were collected. Blood samples were taken to determine the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, adiponectin, malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, and lipid profile. Three 24-hour dietary recalls were also obtained from each of the individuals to evaluate nutrient intakes. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, Independent-samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test, and Logistic Regression. RESULTS: Patients with acne had a significantly higher family history of acne compared to controls (P=0.006). Serum level of malondialdehyde was significantly higher in cases (P=0.01), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly lower (P=0.02). Moreover, significantly lower fiber intake was observed in cases compared with controls (P=0.007). In the multivariate analysis, a family history of acne and increased malondialdehyde levels were risk factors for acne, whereas a higher fiber intake was protective. CONCLUSION: Family history of acne, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and lower dietary fiber intakes may play a role in acne pathogenesis. An early assessment of these parameters may be useful for planning treatment procedures.

Effects of walnuts consumption on vascular endothelial function in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACHGROUND AND AIMS: Endothelial dysfunction can promote atherosclerosis pathogenesis. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to determine the effects of walnut consumption on peripheral endothelial function (EF) in adults. METHODS: PUBMED, MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched to identify studies up to August 2017. Eligible studies conducted randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of walnut consumption compared with a control on EF. Standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported as summary statistics. Standard methods were used for assessment of heterogeneity, meta-regression, sensitivity analysis and publication bias. RESULTS: Five studies comprising a total of 323 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed a significant increase in EF after walnut consumption (SMD: 0.40%; 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.62; p < 0.001) with no evidence of heterogeneity across studies. Sensitivity analysis showed that the effect size was robust and not sensitive to any single study. Meta-regression did not indicate any significant association for an increase in EF after walnut consumption with dose of treatment, duration of treatment, or baseline EF. CONCLUSION: The available evidence from RCTs suggests there may be a clinically relevant effect of walnut consumption on EF.

The Beneficial Effects of α-Lipoic Acid in Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Critical illness is associated with oxidative stress and insulin resistance. These conditions affect the clinical outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of this study was to determine whether intervention with α-lipoic acid (ALA) influences the oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. METHOD: In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, 80 critically ill patients who were expected to stay at least seven days in the ICU and required enteral feeding were randomly allocated to two equal groups to receive either ALA (900 mg) or placebo daily for 10 days. Serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), insulin, glucose (GLC), C-reactive protein (CRP), albumin (Alb), prealbumin (preAlb), total protein (total-pr) and total lymphocyte count (TLC) as well as homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured at baseline and at the end of ALA supplement phase. Clinical outcomes (length of ICU/hospital stay, ICU/hospital mortality, and 28-day mortality and ventilator free days) were also recorded. RESULTS: TAC increased significantly in the ALA supplemented group compared to the placebo group (p < 0.001). Moreover, serum levels of GLC decreased significantly in the ALA group compared to lack of changes in the placebo group (p = 0.011). ALA supplementation also hindered an increase in HOMA-IR (p = 0.015). There were no significant differences in other biochemical markers and clinical outcomes between the two groups. CONCLUSION: ALA may be an effective supplement to improve antioxidant defense and insulin resistance in critically ill patients.

Effects of melatonin supplementation on blood lipid concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Melatonin supplementation may be associated with blood lipids improvement; however, the current evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is inconsistent. The present study aimed to systematically review and analyze RCTs assessing the effects of melatonin supplementation on blood lipids. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search in several database was performed up to January 2017. Quantitative data synthesis was performed using a fixed or random-effects model, with weight mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Standard methods were used for assessment of heterogeneity, meta-regression, sensitivity analysis and publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 8 RCTs were eligible. Meta-analysis suggested a significant association between melatonin supplementation and a reduction in triglycerides (WMD: -31.54 mg/dL, 95% CI: -50.71, -12.38, p = 0.001), and total cholesterol levels (WMD: -18.48 mg/dL, 95% CI: -35.33, -1.63, p = 0.032), while no significant effect on LDL-C (WMD: -2.37 mg/dL, 95% CI: -11.61, -6.86, p = 0.615) and HDL-C (WMD: 1.28 mg/dL, 95% CI: -0.66, 3.23, p = 0.197) was found. In sub-group analysis, a significant decrease in triglycerides was found at doses ≥8 mg/d and when trials last ≥8 weeks. In addition, a significant decrease of total cholesterol was found at doses ≥8 mg/d and when total cholesterol baseline levels were ≥200 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: Melatonin supplementation has significant effects on triglycerides and total cholesterol levels, which was more evident in higher dose and longer duration and also in a higher concentration of cholesterol levels. Further studies are required to determine the benefits of melatonin on lipid profile.