RESUMO
Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Constitutive overexpression of 11ß-HSD1 in adipose tissue in mice leads to metabolic syndrome. In the process of generating transgenic mice overexpressing 11ß-HSD1 in an inducible manner, we found a metabolic syndrome phenotype in control, transgenic mice, expressing the reverse tetracycline-transactivator (rtTA) in adipose tissue. The control mice exhibited all four sequelae of metabolic syndrome (visceral obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension), a pro-inflammatory state and marked hepatic steatosis. Gene expression profiling of the adipose tissue, muscle and liver of these mice revealed changes in expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Transient transfection of rtTA, but not tTS, into 3T3-L1 cells resulted in lipid accumulation. We conclude that expression of rtTA in adipose tissue causes metabolic syndrome in mice.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Síndrome Metabólica/genética , Transativadores/metabolismo , Ativação Transcricional , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/genética , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/metabolismo , Células 3T3-L1 , Tecido Adiposo/patologia , Animais , Pressão Sanguínea , Cromossomos de Mamíferos/genética , Cromossomos de Mamíferos/metabolismo , Fragmentação do DNA , Fígado Gorduroso/genética , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Fígado Gorduroso/patologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Resistência à Insulina , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/metabolismo , Síndrome Metabólica/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Músculos/metabolismo , Músculos/patologia , Fenótipo , Tetraciclina/metabolismo , Transativadores/genética , Transfecção , TransgenesRESUMO
Following the discovery of a metabolic 'soft-spot' on a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyltriazole lead, an extensive effort was undertaken to block the oxidative metabolism and improve PK of this potent HSD1 lead. In this communication, SAR survey focusing on various alkyl chain replacements will be detailed. This effort culminated in the discovery of a potent ethyl sulfone inhibitor with an improved PK profile across species and improved physical properties.
Assuntos
11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológico , Triazóis/química , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/metabolismo , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 2/antagonistas & inibidores , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 2/metabolismo , Animais , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Camundongos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triazóis/farmacocinética , Triazóis/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
3-(Phenylcyclobutyl)-1,2,4-triazoles were identified as inhibitors of 11ß-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (HSD1). They were shown to be active in the mouse in vivo pharmacodynamic model (PD) for HSD1 but exhibited a potent off-target activation of the Pregnane X Receptor (PXR). SAR studies and synthesis of analogs that led to the discovery of a selective HSD1 inhibitor are described in detail.
Assuntos
11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Triazóis/química , Triazóis/farmacologia , Modelos MolecularesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Our main objective was to compare the regulation of cortisol production within omental (Om) and abdominal subcutaneous (Abd sc) human adipose tissue. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Om and Abd sc adipose tissue were obtained at surgery from subjects with a wide range of BMI. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity ((3)H-cortisone and (3)H-cortisol interconversion) and expression were measured before and after organ culture with insulin and/or dexamethasone. RESULTS: Type 1 HSD (HSD1) mRNA and reductase activity were mainly expressed within adipocytes and tightly correlated with adipocyte size within both depots. There was no depot difference in HSD1 expression or reductase activity, while cortisol inactivation and HSD2 mRNA expression (expressed in stromal cells) were higher in Om suggesting higher cortisol turnover in this depot. Culture with insulin decreased HSD reductase activity in both depots. Culture with dexamethasone plus insulin compared to insulin alone increased HSD reductase activity only in the Om depot. This depot-specific increase in reductase activity could not be explained by an alteration in HSD1 mRNA or protein, which was paradoxically decreased. However, in Om only, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) mRNA levels were increased by culture with dexamethasone plus insulin compared to insulin alone, suggesting that higher nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH) production within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contributed to the higher HSD reductase activity. DISCUSSION: We conclude that in the presence of insulin, glucocorticoids cause a depot-specific increase in the activation of cortisone within Om adipose tissue, and that this mechanism may contribute to adipocyte hypertrophy and visceral obesity.
Assuntos
Cortisona/metabolismo , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Omento/metabolismo , Gordura Subcutânea/metabolismo , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/metabolismo , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 2/metabolismo , Adipócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Adulto , Dexametasona/farmacologia , Feminino , Glucocorticoides/farmacologia , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Insulina/farmacologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Omento/citologia , Oxirredutases/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Gordura Subcutânea/citologiaRESUMO
3-Aryl-5-phenyl-(1,2,4)-triazoles were identified as selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1). They are active in both in vitro and an in vivo mouse pharmacodynamic (PD) model. The synthesis and structure activity relationships are presented.
Assuntos
11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos , Hipoglicemiantes , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológico , Triazóis , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos/síntese química , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos/farmacologia , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos/uso terapêutico , Hipoglicemiantes/síntese química , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacocinética , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Modelos Químicos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triazóis/síntese química , Triazóis/farmacologia , Triazóis/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 (11beta-HSD1) is a potential target for the treatment of diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. This enzyme is mainly responsible for reactivating glucocorticoid hormone inside cells such as adipose cells and liver cells by converting the inactive cortisone to active cortisol. Enzyme assays for 11beta-HSD1 involve either a thin-layer chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography step to separate cortisol from the substrate cortisone. This additional step is labor intensive and increases the assay time, which limits assay throughput. A homogenous scintillation proximity assay-based method has been recently developed that enables high-throughput screening of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors. We have applied this novel 11beta-HSD1 assay to screening a large-size compound collection and identified several structural classes of lead compounds that selectively inhibit the activity of 11beta-HSD1.
Assuntos
11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Contagem de Cintilação/métodos , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Células CHO , Técnicas de Química Combinatória , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Inibidores Enzimáticos/análise , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/análise , Hidrocortisona/imunologia , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Microssomos/enzimologia , Transfecção , TrítioRESUMO
Replacement of the pentyl chain on our original bicyclo[2.2.2]octyltriazole leads 1 and 2 has led to the discovery that heteroaryl substituted bicyclo[2.2.2]octyltriazoles are potent and selective 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11beta-HSD1) inhibitors with excellent pharmacokinetic profiles.
Assuntos
11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológico , Triazóis/química , Triazóis/uso terapêutico , Animais , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Camundongos , Triazóis/síntese químicaRESUMO
The enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) type 1 converts inactive cortisone into active cortisol in cells, thereby raising the effective glucocorticoid (GC) tone above serum levels. We report that pharmacologic inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 has a therapeutic effect in mouse models of metabolic syndrome. Administration of a selective, potent 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor lowered body weight, insulin, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol in diet-induced obese mice and lowered fasting glucose, insulin, glucagon, triglycerides, and free fatty acids, as well as improved glucose tolerance, in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Most importantly, inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 slowed plaque progression in a murine model of atherosclerosis, the key clinical sequela of metabolic syndrome. Mice with a targeted deletion of apolipoprotein E exhibited 84% less accumulation of aortic total cholesterol, as well as lower serum cholesterol and triglycerides, when treated with an 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor. These data provide the first evidence that pharmacologic inhibition of intracellular GC activation can effectively treat atherosclerosis, the key clinical consequence of metabolic syndrome, in addition to its salutary effect on multiple aspects of the metabolic syndrome itself.
Assuntos
11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Adamantano/análogos & derivados , Arteriosclerose/tratamento farmacológico , Azepinas/administração & dosagem , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/administração & dosagem , Resistência à Insulina , Triazóis/administração & dosagem , 11-beta-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenase Tipo 1/metabolismo , Adamantano/administração & dosagem , Animais , Aorta/metabolismo , Arteriosclerose/complicações , Arteriosclerose/enzimologia , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Cortisona/metabolismo , Dieta Aterogênica , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Hidrocortisona , Insulina/sangue , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Camundongos Knockout , Síndrome , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Adamantyl triazoles were identified as selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1). They are active both in in vitro and in in vivo pharmacodynamic models. The synthesis and structure-activity relationships of these inhibitors are presented.