Inhibition of TGF-ß1/Smad3 signaling by compound 5aa: A potential treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

The incidence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has been steadily increasing each year, posing significant challenges in its treatment. In this study, we conducted the design and synthesis of 23 new inhibitors that specifically target the TGF-ß1/Smad3 pathway. Initially, we employed a cell model of TGF-ß-induced pulmonary fibrosis, using cell survival rate and HYP expression as indicators to identify the potent ingredient 5aa, which demonstrated significant anti-pulmonary fibrosis activity. Subsequently, we induced mice with bleomycin (BLM) to establish an experimental animal model of pulmonary fibrosis, and evaluated the pharmacodynamics of 5aa in vivo against pulmonary fibrosis. The alterations in HYP and collagen levels in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice were analyzed using ELISA and immunohistochemistry techniques. The results indicated that compound 5aa effectively suppressed the fibrotic response induced by TGF-ß1, inhibited the expression of the fibrotic marker α-SMA, and hindered the EMT process in NIH3T3 cells. Additionally, oral administration of 5aa demonstrated significant therapeutic effects in a mouse model of IPF, comparable to the established drug Nintedanib. Moreover, compound 5aa exhibited higher bioavailability in vivo compared to Nintedanib. These collective outcomes suggest that 5aa holds promise as a potential inhibitor of TGF-ß1/Smad3 signaling for the treatment of IPF.

The new N2, N4-diphenylpyridine-2,4-diamine deuterated derivatives as EGFR inhibitors to overcome C797S-mediated resistance.

A series of new deuterated and non-deuterated N2, N4-diphenylpyridine - 2,4-diamine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as EGFR C797S-mediated resistance inhibitors. Most of these compounds exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against Baf3-EGFR L858R/T790M/C797S and Baf3-EGFR Del19/T790M/C797S cancel cell lines, with IC50 values in the nanomolar concentration range. Among them, compound 14l represented the most active compound with IC50 values of 8-11 nM. Interestingly, metabolic stability assay with rat liver microsomes indicated that the half-life of the deuterated derivative 14o was significantly increased compared to that of 14l. In xenograft mice models, 14o inhibited tumor growth with excellent inhibitory rate of 75.1 % at the dosage of 40 mg/kg, comparing 73.2 % of the TGI with its non-deuterated compound 14l, at a dosage of 80 mg/kg. Mechanism studies revealed that 14o was a potent EGFR L858R/T790M/C797S and EGFR Del19/T790M/C797S kinase inhibitor, which could downregulate the protein phosphorylation of EGFR and m-TOR signaling pathways, arrest cell cycle at G2/M phase by affecting the expression of CDC25C, and promote cell apoptosis by regulating the expression of cleaved caspase-3. In summary, 14o could serve as a promising deuterated compound for the development of highly efficient anticancer agents.

Achieving Environmentally-Adaptive and Multifunctional Hydrodynamic Metamaterials through Active Control.

As hydrodynamic metamaterials continue to develop, the inherent limitations of passive-mode metamaterials become increasingly apparent. First, passive devices are typically designed for specific environments and lack the adaptability to environmental changes. Second, their unique functions often rely on intricate structures, or challenging material properties, or a combination of both. These limitations considerably hinder the potential applications of hydrodynamic metamaterials. In this study, an active-mode hydrodynamic metamaterial is theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated by incorporating source-and-sink flow-dipoles into the system, enabling active manipulation of the flow field with various functionalities. By adjusting the magnitude and direction of the flow-dipole moment, this device can easily achieve invisibility, flow shielding, and flow enhancing. Furthermore, it is environmentally adaptive and can maintain proper functions in different environments. It is anticipated that this design will significantly enhance tunability and adaptability of hydrodynamic metamaterials in complex and ever-changing environments.

Correlation between fragility and surface glass transition temperature of polymers.

The fragility of glass describes how rapidly its molecules slow down as it is cooled near its glass transition temperature. In nanoscale films, polymer glasses with higher fragility experience larger reductions in their Tg compared to those with lower fragility. We investigated whether this is due to the free surface of the polymers, which can cause the surface Tg (Tgsurf) to decrease relative to the bulk Tg. By measuring Tgsurf of various polymers, we found that the shift in Tgsurf relative to the bulk Tg increased with fragility. This suggests that more fragile polymers are more susceptible to the free surface effect. We explain this using the concept of energy landscape, as it is used to explain the different slowdown rates between strong and fragile glass formers at Tg.

A novel c-Met/TRK inhibitor 1D228 efficiently inhibits tumor growth by targeting angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation.

Multiple tumors are synergistically promoted by c-Met and TRK, and blocking their cross-signalling pathway may give better effects. In this study, we developed a tyrosine kinase inhibitor 1D228, which exhibited excellent anti-tumor activity by targeting c-Met and TRK. Models in vitro, 1D228 showed a significant better inhibition on cancer cell proliferation and migration than the positive drug Tepotinib. Models in vivo, 1D228 showed robust anti-tumor effect on gastric and liver tumor growth with 94.8% and 93.4% of the TGI, respectively, comparing 67.61% and 63.9% of Tepotinib. Importantly, compared with the combination of Larotrectinib and Tepotinib, 1D228 monotherapy in MKN45 xenograft tumor models showed stronger antitumor activity and lower toxicity. Mechanistic studies showed that 1D228 can largely inhibit the phosphorylation of TRKB and c-Met. Interestingly, both kinases, TRKs and c-Met, have been found to be co-expressed at high levels in patients with gastric cancer through IHC. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis has revealed that both genes are abnormally co-expressed in multiple types of cancer. Cell cycle analysis found that 1D228 induced G0/G1 arrest by inhibiting cyclin D1. Additionally, vascular endothelial cells also showed a pronounced response to 1D228 due to its expression of TRKB and c-Met. 1D228 suppressed the migration and tube formation of endothelial cells, which are the key functions of tumor angiogenesis. Taken together, compound 1D228 may be a promising candidate for the next generation of c-Met and TRK inhibitors for cancer treatment, and offers a novel potential treatment strategy for cancer patients with abnormal expressions of c-Met or NTRK, or simultaneous of them.

Discovery of potent and effective inhibitors containing sulfoxide structures targeting EML4-ALK rearrangement and EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer.

For non-small cell lung cancer patients with dual mutations in EGFR and ALK, there are currently no effective therapies. Consequently, novel EGFR/ALK dual-target inhibitors are urgently needed for the treatment of NSCLC. Here, we designed a series of highly effective small molecule dual inhibitors of ALK and EGFR. The biological evaluation highlighted that most of these new compounds could effectively inhibit both ALK and EGFR in enzymatic and cellular assays. Compound (+)-8l was investigated for its antitumor properties, and it was found that (+)-8l blocked the phosphorylation of EGFR and ALK induced by ligands and inhibited phosphorylation-ERK and phosphorylation-AKT induced by ligands. Furthermore, (+)-8l also induces apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in cancer cells and inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion. Notably, (+)-8l significantly suppressed tumor growth in the H1975 cell-inoculated xenograft model (20 mg/kg/d, TGI: 96.11%), PC9 cell-inoculated xenograft model (20 mg/kg/d, TGI: 96.61%) and EML4 ALK-Baf3 cell-inoculated xenograft model (30 mg/kg/d, TGI: 80.86%). These results highlight the differentiated potential of (+)-8l to inhibit ALK rearrangement and EGFR mutation in NSCLC.

Novel Dual-Target Kinase Inhibitors of EGFR and ALK Were Designed, Synthesized, and Induced Cell Apoptosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

ALK-positive NSCLC coexisting with EGFR mutations is a frequently occurring clinical phenomenon. Targeting ALK and EGFR simultaneously may be an effective way to treat these cancer patients. In this study, we designed and synthesized ten new dual-target EGFR/ALK inhibitors. Among them, the optimal compound 9j exhibited good activity with IC50 values of 0.07829 ± 0.03 µM and 0.08183 ± 0.02 µM against H1975 (EGFR T790M/L858R) and H2228 (EML4-ALK) cells, respectively. Immunofluorescence assays indicated that the compound could simultaneously inhibit the expression of phosphorylated EGFR and ALK proteins. A kinase assay demonstrated that compound 9j could inhibit both EGFR and ALK kinases; thus, exerting an antitumor effect. Additionally, compound 9j induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited the invasion and migration of tumor cells. All of these results indicate that 9j is worthy of further study.

Dielectric Loss and Electrical Conductivity Behaviors of Epoxy Composites Containing Semiconducting ZnO Varistor Particles.

Polymer nanodielectrics render a great material platform for exhibiting the intrinsic nature of incorporated particles, particularly semiconducting types, and their interfaces with the polymer matrix. Incorporating the oxide fillers with higher loading percentages (>40 vol%) encounters particular challenges in terms of dispersion, homogeneous distribution, and porosity from the process. This work investigated the dielectric loss and electrical conduction behaviors of composites containing semiconducting ZnO varistor particles of various concentrations using the epoxy impregnation method. The ZnO varistor particles increased the dielectric permittivity, loss, and electrical conductivity of the epoxy composites into three different regimes (0−50 vol%, 50−70 vol%, 70−100 vol%), particularly under an electric bias field or at higher temperatures. For lower loading fractions below 50 vol%, the dielectric responses are dominated by the insulating epoxy matrix. When loading fractions are between 50 and 70 vol%, the dielectric and electric responses are mostly associated with the semiconducting interfaces of ZnO varistor particles and ZnO−epoxy. At above 70 vol%, the apparent increase in the dielectric loss and conductivity is primarily associated with the conducting ZnO core forming the interconnected channels of electric conduction. The foam-agent-assisted ZnO varistor particle framework appears to be a better way of fabricating composites of filler loading above 80 vol%. A physical model using an equivalent capacitor, diode, and resistor in the epoxy composites was proposed to explain the different property behaviors.