The Use of Two-Dimensional Strain Measured by Speckle Tracking in the Identification of Incipient Ventricular Dysfunction in HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy, Untreated HIV Patients and Healthy Controls / O Uso do Strain Bidimensional Obtido pelo Speckle Tracking na Identificação da Disfunção Ventricular Incipiente em Pacientes Infectados pelo HIV em Uso de Terapia Antirretroviral, Pacientes HIV não Tratados e Controles Saudáveis

Abstract Background: Most cardiovascular abnormalities in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been associated with myocardial damage directly caused by the virus. Some cases, however, may be associated with adverse effects from antiretroviral therapy (ART). New ventricular function assessment techniques are capable of detecting early changes in the cardiac function of HIV-infected patients using or not using ART. The usefulness of these techniques has been little employed in these patients. Objectives: To investigate the potential influence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the occurrence of subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction evaluated by myocardial strain rate analysis using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2-D Echo) in treated HIV patients compared to untreated patients and healthy individuals. Methods: Sixty-eight HIV-infected patients with no cardiovascular symptoms, normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (> 0.55 on 2-D Echo) were divided into three groups: 11 patients not using antiretroviral therapy (NT), 24 using protease inhibitor (PI) and 33 using non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). We also studied 30 normal non-HIV infected individuals (Ctrl). Demographic, clinical, biochemical and anthropometric data were collected. Preliminary transthoracic echocardiography included study of myocardial strain using two-dimensional speckle tracking. We studied strain and strain rate in the seventeen left ventricular (LV) myocardial segments in the longitudinal, circumferential and radial axes. Statistical analysis of the data was done with IBM SPSS - version 20 for Windows. Upon analysis of the data, namely the normality of independent variables in the different groups and the homogeneity of the variances between the groups, Kruskal-Wallis' non-parametric test was done, followed by Dunn's multiple comparison tests to test the significance of the differences between the values measured in the study groups. A significance level of 5% was adopted for decision-making on statistical tests. Results: The mean age of HIV patients was 40 ± 8.65 years and the mean age of controls was 50 ± 11.6 years (p < 0.001). Median LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) of NT patients (-17.70%), PI patients (-18.27%) and NNRTIs (-18.47%) were significantly lower than that of the Ctrl group (-20.77%; p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in mean SLG between treated patients (PI, NNRTI) and untreated (NT) patients. No significant differences were observed in mean circumferential and radial strain, nor on circumferential and radial strain rates between the NT, PI, NNRTI and Ctrl groups. Conclusion: The data suggest that HIV patients present, on myocardial strain measured by speckle tracking, signs of early LV systolic dysfunction that seem to be unrelated to the presence of ART. The prognostic significance of this condition in these patients deserves further studies.

Resumo Fundamento: A maior parte das alterações cardiovasculares dos pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) tem sido associada ao dano miocárdico causado diretamente pelo vírus. Alguns casos, porém, podem estar associados a efeitos adversos da terapia antirretroviral (TARV). Novas técnicas de avaliação da função ventricular são capazes de detectar modificações precoces na função cardíaca do paciente infectado pelo HIV em uso ou não de TARV. A utilidade dessas técnicas tem sido pouco empregada nesses pacientes. Objetivos: Investigar possível influência da terapia antirretroviral (TARV) na ocorrência de disfunção sistólica ventricular esquerda subclínica avaliada pela análise da taxa de deformação miocárdica (strain) por meio do speckle tracking ao ecocardiograma bidimensional (E2D) em pacientes portadores do HIV tratados, comparados com pacientes não tratados e indivíduos saudáveis. Métodos: Sessenta e oito pacientes infectados pelo HIV assintomáticos do ponto de vista cardiovascular, com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) normal (>0,55 pelo E2D) foram divididos em três grupos: 11 pacientes sem tratamento antirretroviral (ST), 24 em uso de inibidor de protease (IP) e 33 em uso de inibidor de transcriptase reversa não nucleosídeo (ITRNN). Foram estudados também 30 indivíduos normais não infectados pelo HIV (Ctrl). Foram coletados dados demográficos, clínicos, bioquímicos e antropométricos. A ecocardiografia transtorácica foi realizada incluindo no estudo inicial o estudo da deformação miocárdica pela técnica bidimensional (speckle tracking). Estudamos o strain e a sua taxa de deformação (strain rate) nos dezessete segmentos miocárdicos do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) nos eixos longitudinal, circunferencial e radial. A análise estatística dos dados foi feita com o programa IBM SPSS - versão 20 para Windows. Depois de analisados os dados, nomeadamente a normalidade das variáveis independentes nos diferentes grupos e a homogeneidade das variâncias entre os grupos, decidiu-se utilizar o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis seguido dos testes de comparações múltiplas pelo procedimento de Dunn, para testar a significância das diferenças entre os valores medidos nos grupos em estudo. Foi considerado o nível de significância de 5% para a tomada de decisão nos testes estatísticos realizados. Resultados: A média das idades dos pacientes com HIV foi de 40 ± 8,65 anos e a idade média dos controles foi de 50 ± 11,6 anos (p < 0,001). Os valores medianos do strain longitudinal global do VE (SLG) dos pacientes ST (-17.70%), dos pacientes IP (-18.27%) e ITRNN (-18.47%) foram significativamente menores do que o grupo Ctrl (-20,77%; p = 0,001). Não houve diferença significante nos valores médios do SLGentre os pacientes tratados (IP, ITRNN) e não tratados (ST). Não foram observadas diferenças significantes nos valores médios do strain circunferencial e radial, nem nas taxas de deformação circunferencial e radial entre os grupos ST, IP, ITRNN e Ctrl. Conclusão: Os dados sugerem que pacientes com HIV apresentam, à análise da deformação miocárdica ao speckle tracking, sinais de disfunção sistólica incipiente do VE que parece não ter relação com a presença de TARV. O significado prognóstico dessa alteração nesses pacientes merece estudos futuros.

The Use of Two-Dimensional Strain Measured by Speckle Tracking in the Identification of Incipient Ventricular Dysfunction in HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy, Untreated HIV Patients and Healthy Controls.

BACKGROUND: Most cardiovascular abnormalities in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been associated with myocardial damage directly caused by the virus. Some cases, however, may be associated with adverse effects from antiretroviral therapy (ART). New ventricular function assessment techniques are capable of detecting early changes in the cardiac function of HIV-infected patients using or not using ART. The usefulness of these techniques has been little employed in these patients. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential influence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the occurrence of subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction evaluated by myocardial strain rate analysis using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2-D Echo) in treated HIV patients compared to untreated patients and healthy individuals. METHODS: Sixty-eight HIV-infected patients with no cardiovascular symptoms, normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (> 0.55 on 2-D Echo) were divided into three groups: 11 patients not using antiretroviral therapy (NT), 24 using protease inhibitor (PI) and 33 using non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). We also studied 30 normal non-HIV infected individuals (Ctrl). Demographic, clinical, biochemical and anthropometric data were collected. Preliminary transthoracic echocardiography included study of myocardial strain using two-dimensional speckle tracking. We studied strain and strain rate in the seventeen left ventricular (LV) myocardial segments in the longitudinal, circumferential and radial axes. Statistical analysis of the data was done with IBM SPSS - version 20 for Windows. Upon analysis of the data, namely the normality of independent variables in the different groups and the homogeneity of the variances between the groups, Kruskal-Wallis' non-parametric test was done, followed by Dunn's multiple comparison tests to test the significance of the differences between the values measured in the study groups. A significance level of 5% was adopted for decision-making on statistical tests. RESULTS: The mean age of HIV patients was 40 ± 8.65 years and the mean age of controls was 50 ± 11.6 years (p < 0.001). Median LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) of NT patients (-17.70%), PI patients (-18.27%) and NNRTIs (-18.47%) were significantly lower than that of the Ctrl group (-20.77%; p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in mean SLG between treated patients (PI, NNRTI) and untreated (NT) patients. No significant differences were observed in mean circumferential and radial strain, nor on circumferential and radial strain rates between the NT, PI, NNRTI and Ctrl groups. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that HIV patients present, on myocardial strain measured by speckle tracking, signs of early LV systolic dysfunction that seem to be unrelated to the presence of ART. The prognostic significance of this condition in these patients deserves further studies.

Microbiota of periodontal pockets and root canals in induced experimental periodontal disease in dogs.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between the microbiota of periodontal pockets (PP) and root canals (RC) in dogs submitted to experimental periodontal disease (ExPD). METHODS: ExPD was induced by combining cotton and wire ligatures. After 125 days, microbiological samples were collected from PP and RC. Strains isolated from 19 teeth were submitted to DNA extraction, 16S rRNA gene amplification and gene sequencing. Pearson's χ2 - and Fisher's exact tests and McNemar's test were used when appropriate. RESULTS: The number of species in PP was greater than in RC, with prevalence of obligate anaerobes and Gram-negative bacteria. In the PP predominated Fusobacterium necrophorum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella loescheii, Campylobacter gracilis and Veillonella parvula. In the RC samples, 9 had microbial growth, with predominance of the following genera: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Neisseria. Eight genera were common to both sites in the same tooth. PP presented a greater number of species than the RC. No significant difference was observed in the species found in PP and RC in the same tooth. CONCLUSION: Microbial composition of the RC could be modulated by the presence of periodontal disease, especially in cases of severe periodontal destruction. RC microbiota was less complex and diverse than the PP.

Remodelamento reverso do átrio esquerdo após terapia com carvedilolem pacientes com ICFER / Reverse left atrial remodeling after treatment with carvedilol in patients with HFREF

Fundamentos: Metade dos pacientes com fração de ejeção reduzida tem disfunção diastólica associada e os dados relacionados ao impacto da terapia com carvedilol nesses pacientes ainda são conflitantes.Objetivo: Avaliar o comportamento dos índices ecocardiográficos, cintilográficos e do volume do átrio esquerdo(VAE) antes e após três meses de terapia com carvedilol em pacientes com ICFER, classe funcional (CF) II e III da New York Heart Association (NYHA).Métodos: Selecionados 19 pacientes com IC, CF II e III, fração de ejeção <45% (método de Simpson) e sem terapiaprévia com carvedilol. Para análise estatística, utilizados os testes de Wilcoxon e McNemar, coeficiente de Spearmane regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: Houve melhora significativa dos parâmetros de função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE): DSF,VSF, FEJ Simpson, FEVI. Não houve melhora significativa dos parâmetros de função diastólica derivados do Doppler: E’, E/E’, VP, E/VP. O comportamento da função diastólica através VAE apresentou significativa melhora:VAE (83,2±33,4mL vs. 73,7±29,8mL, p=0,009), índice de VAE (44,8±15,8mL/m² vs. 39,7±14,5mL/m², p=0,014). Conclusões: A regressão do VAE após terapia em curto prazo com carvedilol não se associou à melhora dos demais índices de função diastólica, entretanto houve associação com a melhora da função sistólica do VE. Estes achados sugerem que a redução do VAE seja secundária à melhora da performance sistólica.

Background: Half of the patients with reduced ejection fraction have diastolic dysfunction associated and the data related to the impact of carvedilol therapy in these patients are still conflicting.Objective: To evaluate the behavior of echocardiographic, scintigraphic and left atrial volume (LAV) indexes before and after three months of therapy with carvedilol in patients with HFREF, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (FC) II and III. Methods: Nineteen patients with HF, CF II and III, ejection fraction <45% (Simpson method) without previous therapy with carvedilol were selected. For statistical analysis, Wilcoxon and McNemar tests, Spearman coefficient and multiple linear regression were used. Results: There was significant improvement in the left ventricular (LV) systolic function parameters: DSF, ESV, Simpson EF,EFVI. There was no significant improvement in the diastolic function parameters derived from Doppler: E’, E/E’, VP, E/VP. Diastolic function behavior through VAE showed significant improvement: LAV (83.2±33.4 mL vs. 73.7±29.8 mL, p=0.009), LAV index(44.8±15.8mL/m2 vs. 39.7±14.5mL/m2, p=0.014). Conclusions: LAV regression after short-term therapy with carvedilol was not associated with improvement in other diastolic function indexes, but was associated with improved LV systolic function. These findings suggest that LAV reduction is secondary to improvement in systolic performance.

Detection of the F129L mutation in the cytochrome b gene in Phakopsora pachyrhizi.

BACKGROUND: Asian soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is mostly controlled by demethylation inhibitor (DMI) and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides. Mutations in the cytochrome b (CYTB) gene can lead to pathogen resistance to QoIs. The occurrence of the mutations in codons 129, 137 and 143 in the CYTB gene was investigated, and a pyrosequencing assay was developed for rapid and quantitative detection of the F129L mutation. RESULTS: Molecular analysis of the CYTB gene showed the presence of the F129L mutation in field samples and monouredinial isolates, while other mutations (G143A and G137R) were not found. The pyrosequencing was an effective method for quantitative detection of the F129L mutation, and many of the P. pachyrhizi samples showed high frequency of F129L. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of the occurrence of the F129L mutation in P. pachyrhizi. The practical relevance of this mutation for field efficacy of QoIs needs further investigation. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dispositivo de conversão de texto em voz para deficientes visuais / Text to speech device for visually impaired

OBJETIVO: este trabalho apresenta o estudo no desenvolvimento de um dispositivo que contribua com a autonomia de deficientes visuais na leitura de livros e documentos comuns. O produto deve atender as escolas públicas brasileiras com eficiência e baixo custo. MÉTODOS: o aparelho implementa o processo de OCR (Optical Character Recognition)e converte seu conteúdo textual em voz, sem o emprego de um computador desktop, desempenhando a tarefa de forma autônoma. RESULTADOS: são apresentados uma descrição do dispositivo, as dificuldades técnicas na sua implementação, e um comparativo com outras propostas em pesquisa e produtos no mercado. CONCLUSÃO: o aparelho implementa o processo de OCR com uma performance próxima a dos produtos comerciais, mas com um custo estimado menor.

OBJECTIVE: this paper presents a study on the development of a device that aims the autonomy of visually impaired in reading books and common documents. The product must assist public schools in Brazil with efficiency and low cost. METHODS: The device implements OCR (Optical Character Recognition) and text to speech processing with outa desktop computer, and perform this operation autonomously. RESULTS: this article describes the proposed device, the technical difficulties in its implementation, and the state of art point of view of research and market. CONCLUSION: the device implements the OCR process with a similar performance to the commercial products, but with a smaller estimated cost.

Heart Rate Variability Correlates to Functional Aerobic Impairment in Hemodialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND: Autonomic dysfunction (AD) is highly prevalent in hemodialysis (HD) patients and has been implicated in their increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. OBJECTIVE: To correlate heart rate variability (HRV) during exercise treadmill test (ETT) with the values obtained when measuring functional aerobic impairment (FAI) in HD patients and controls. METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving HD patients and a control group. Clinical examination, blood sampling, transthoracic echocardiogram, 24-hour Holter, and ETT were performed. A symptom-limited ramp treadmill protocol with active recovery was employed. Heart rate variability was evaluated in time domain at exercise and recovery periods. RESULTS: Forty-one HD patients and 41 controls concluded the study. HD patients had higher FAI and lower HRV than controls (p<0.001 for both). A correlation was found between exercise HRV (SDNN) and FAI in both groups. This association was independent of age, sex, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, and clonidine or beta-blocker use, but not of hemoglobin levels. CONCLUSION: No association was found between FAI and HRV on 24-hour Holter or at the recovery period of ETT. Of note, exercise HRV was inversely correlated with FAI in HD patients and controls.

Detection of autonomic dysfunction in hemodialysis patients using the exercise treadmill test: the role of the chronotropic index, heart rate recovery, and R-R variability.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of different parameters of exercise treadmill test to detect autonomic dysfunction in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving hemodialysis patients and a control group. Clinical examination, blood sampling, echocardiogram, 24-hour Holter, and exercise treadmill test were performed. A ramp treadmill protocol symptom-limited with active recovery was employed. RESULTS: Forty-one hemodialysis patients and 41 controls concluded the study. There was significant difference between hemodialysis patients and controls in autonomic function parameters in 24h-Holter and exercise treadmill test. Probability of having autonomic dysfunction in hemodialysis patients compared to controls was 29.7 at the exercise treadmill test and 13.0 in the 24-hour Holter. Chronotropic index, heart rate recovery at the 1st min, and SDNN at exercise were used to develop an autonomic dysfunction score to grade autonomic dysfunction, in which, 83% of hemodialysis patients reached a scoring ≥2 in contrast to 20% of controls. Hemodialysis was independently associated with either altered chronotropic index or autonomic dysfunction scoring ≥2 in every tested model (OR=50.1, P=0.003; and OR=270.9, P=0.002, respectively, model 5). CONCLUSION: The exercise treadmill test was feasible and useful to diagnose of the autonomic dysfunction in hemodialysis patients. Chronotropic index and autonomic dysfunction scoring ≥2 were the most effective parameters to differentiate between hemodialysis patients and controls suggesting that these variables portrays the best ability to detect autonomic dysfunction in this setting.

Heart Rate Variability Correlates to Functional Aerobic Impairment in Hemodialysis Patients / Variabilidade RR ao Esforço Correlaciona-se com Déficit Funcional Aeróbico em Pacientes em Hemodiálise

Background: Autonomic dysfunction (AD) is highly prevalent in hemodialysis (HD) patients and has been implicated in their increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Objective: To correlate heart rate variability (HRV) during exercise treadmill test (ETT) with the values obtained when measuring functional aerobic impairment (FAI) in HD patients and controls. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving HD patients and a control group. Clinical examination, blood sampling, transthoracic echocardiogram, 24-hour Holter, and ETT were performed. A symptom-limited ramp treadmill protocol with active recovery was employed. Heart rate variability was evaluated in time domain at exercise and recovery periods. Results: Forty-one HD patients and 41 controls concluded the study. HD patients had higher FAI and lower HRV than controls (p<0.001 for both). A correlation was found between exercise HRV (SDNN) and FAI in both groups. This association was independent of age, sex, smoking, body mass index, diabetes, and clonidine or beta-blocker use, but not of hemoglobin levels. Conclusion: No association was found between FAI and HRV on 24-hour Holter or at the recovery period of ETT. Of note, exercise HRV was inversely correlated with FAI in HD patients and controls. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015; [online]. ahead print, PP.0-0) .

Fundamento: A disfunção autonômica (DA) é altamente prevalente em pacientes em hemodiálise (HD) e tem sido implicada no risco aumentado de mortalidade cardiovascular. Objetivo: Correlacionar a variabilidade RR (VRR) durante o teste ergométrico (TE) com o déficit funcional aeróbico (FAI) em pacientes em HD e em um grupo controle. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal no qual as variáveis analisadas foram obtidas através de exame clínico, coleta de sangue, ecocardiograma transtorácico, Holter de 24 horas e TE. Foi realizado TE em esteira pelo protocolo de rampa, limitado por sintomas, com recuperação ativa. A VRR foi avaliada no domínio do tempo no exercício e na recuperação separadamente. Resultados: Quarenta e um pacientes em HD e 41 controles concluíram o estudo. Pacientes em HD tinham maior FAI e menor VRR do que os controles (p <0,001 para ambos). Houve correlação entre FAI e VRR no exercício (SDNN) em ambos os grupos. Esta associação foi independente de idade, sexo, tabagismo, índice de massa corporal, diabetes, clonidina, betabloqueador, mas não dos níveis de hemoglobina. Conclusão: A VRR no exercício foi inversamente correlacionada com o FAI em pacientes em HD e controles. Não foram observadas associações do FAI com VRR no Holter ou no período de recuperação do TE. .

Cardiac I123-MIBG correlates better than ejection fraction with symptoms severity in systolic heart failure.

BACKGROUND: The association of autonomic activation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and heart failure functional class is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to correlate symptom severity with cardiac sympathetic activity, through iodine-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) scintigraphy and with LVEF in systolic heart failure (HF) patients without previous beta-blocker treatment. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with systolic HF, class I to IV of the New York Heart Association (NYHA), without previous beta-blocker treatment, were enrolled and submitted to 123I-MIBG scintigraphy and to radionuclide ventriculography for LVEF determination. The early and delayed heart/mediastinum (H/M) ratio and the washout rate (WR) were performed. RESULTS: According with symptom severity, patients were divided into group A, 13 patients in NYHA class I/II, and group B, 18 patients in NYHA class III/IV. Compared with group B patients, group A had a significantly higher LVEF (25% ± 12% in group B vs. 32% ± 7% in group A, p = 0.04). Group B early and delayed H/M ratios were lower than group A ratios (early H/M 1.49 ± 0.15 vs. 1.64 ± 0.14, p = 0.02; delayed H/M 1.39 ± 0.13 vs. 1.58 ± 0.16, p = 0.001, respectively). WR was significantly higher in group B (36% ± 17% vs. 30% ± 12%, p= 0.04). The variable that showed the best correlation with NYHA class was the delayed H/M ratio (r= -0.585; p=0.001), adjusted for age and sex. CONCLUSION: This study showed that cardiac 123I-MIBG correlates better than ejection fraction with symptom severity in systolic heart failure patients without previous beta-blocker treatment.

O I123-MIBG cardíaco se correlaciona melhor do que a fração de ejeção com a gravidade dos sintomas na insuficiência cardíaca sistólica / Cardiac I123-MIBG correlates better than ejection fraction with symptoms severity in systolic heart failure

FUNDAMENTO: A associação da ativação autonômica, fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) e classe funcional da insuficiência cardíaca é mal compreendida. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi correlacionar a gravidade dos sintomas com a atividade simpática cardíaca, através do uso de iodo-123-metaiodobenzilguanidina (123I-MIBG); e com FEVE em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) sistólica sem tratamento prévio com betabloqueador. MÉTODOS: Trinta e um pacientes com IC sistólica, classe I a IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA), sem tratamento prévio com betabloqueador, foram inscritos e submetidos à cintilografia com 123I-MIBG e ventriculografia radioisotópica para determinação da FEVE. A relação precoce e tardia coração/mediastino (H/M) e a taxa de washout (WO) foram medidas. RESULTADOS: De acordo com a gravidade dos sintomas, os pacientes foram divididos em grupo A, com 13 pacientes em classe funcional NYHA I/II, e grupo B, com 18 pacientes em classe funcional NYHA III/ IV. Em comparação com os pacientes do grupo B, o grupo A apresentou uma FEVE significativamente maior (25% ± 12% para o grupo B vs. 32% ± 7% no grupo A, p = 0,04). As relações precoces e tardias H/M do Grupo B foram menores do que as do grupo A (H/M precoce 1,49 ± 0,15 vs. 1,64 ± 0,14, p = 0,02; H/M tardia 1,39 ± 0,13 vs. 1,58 ± 0,16, p = 0,001, respectivamente). A taxa de WO foi significativamente maior no grupo B (36% ± 17% vs. 30% ± 12%, p = 0,04). A variável que mostrou a melhor correlação com a NYHA foi a relação H/M tardia (r = -0,585, p = 0,001), ajustada para idade e sexo. CONCLUSÃO: Esse estudo mostrou que o 123I-MIBG cardíaco se correlaciona melhor do que a fração de ejeção com a gravidade dos sintomas em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca sistólica sem tratamento prévio com beta-bloqueador.

BACKGROUND:The association of autonomic activation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and heart failure functional class is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to correlate symptom severity with cardiac sympathetic activity, through iodine-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) scintigraphy and with LVEF in systolic heart failure (HF) patients without previous beta-blocker treatment. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with systolic HF, class I to IV of the New York Heart Association (NYHA), without previous beta-blocker treatment, were enrolled and submitted to 123I-MIBG scintigraphy and to radionuclide ventriculography for LVEF determination. The early and delayed heart/mediastinum (H/M) ratio and the washout rate (WR) were performed. RESULTS: According with symptom severity, patients were divided into group A, 13 patients in NYHA class I/II, and group B, 18 patients in NYHA class III/IV. Compared with group B patients, group A had a significantly higher LVEF (25% ± 12% in group B vs. 32% ± 7% in group A, p = 0.04). Group B early and delayed H/M ratios were lower than group A ratios (early H/M 1.49 ± 0.15 vs. 1.64 ± 0.14, p = 0.02; delayed H/M 1.39 ± 0.13 vs. 1.58 ± 0.16, p = 0.001, respectively). WR was significantly higher in group B (36% ± 17% vs. 30% ± 12%, p= 0.04). The variable that showed the best correlation with NYHA class was the delayed H/M ratio (r= -0.585; p=0.001), adjusted for age and sex. CONCLUSION: This study showed that cardiac 123I-MIBG correlates better than ejection fraction with symptom severity in systolic heart failure patients without previous beta-blocker treatment.

Interleucina 1β correlaciona-se com MIBG e parâmetros do exercício, na insuficiência cardíaca? / Do interleukin-1β levels correlate with MIBG and exercise parameters in heart failure?

FUNDAMENTO: Na insuficiência cardíaca, níveis de interleucina 1β (IL 1β) se associam a prognóstico. A atividade adrenérgica cardíaca avaliada através da cintilografia com metiodobenzilguanidina (I123 MIBG) e parâmetros do exercício são importantes preditores de prognóstico. A relação entre essas variáveis não está bem definida. OBJETIVO: Avaliar associação entre níveis de IL 1β com parâmetros do exercício e do I123 MIBG. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional transversal, com avaliação de 25 pacientes consecutivos com insuficiência cardíaca e fração de ejeção menor que 45%, através de: dosagem de IL 1β; parâmetros do I123 MIBG [relação coração/mediastino precoce e tardia, taxa de washout (WO)]; e teste ergométrico em esteira pelo protocolo de Rampa. RESULTADOS: Separados em dois grupos pelos níveis de IL 1β (normal vs. elevado), o grupo com níveis aumentados apresentava menor reserva de duplo produto (RDP), menor capacidade funcional (CF) e recuperação mais lenta da frequência cardíaca no 1º (RFC 1º) e 2º minuto (RFC 2º), e maior WO. Na análise univariada, todas as variáveis se correlacionaram com a IL 1β; RDP: r = 0,203, p = 0,024; CF: r = 0,181, p = 0,034; RFC 1º: r = 0,182, p = 0,034; RFC 2º: r = 0,204, p = 0,023; WO: r = 0,263, p = 0,009. Na multivariada, apenas a WO permaneceu com correlação significativa (r2 = 0,263, p = 0,009). CONCLUSÃO: A hipertonia adrenérgica foi o principal determinante dos níveis de IL 1β, demonstrando que a atividade simpática excessiva influencia a atividade inflamatória sistêmica. As variáveis do teste ergométrico não foram capazes de identificar pacientes com níveis elevados de IL 1β.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin 1β (IL 1β) levels are associated with prognosis in heart failure. The cardiac adrenergic activity as assessed by metaiodobenzylguanidine (I123 MIBG) scintigraphy along with exercise parameters are important predictors of prognosis. The relationship between these variables is not fully established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of IL 1β levels with exercise and I123 MIBG parameters. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study evaluating 25 consecutive patients with heart failure and ejection fraction lower than 45% by means of: determination of IL 1β levels; I123 MIBG parameters [early and late heart/mediastinum ratio, washout rate (WO)]; and treadmill exercise test using the ramp protocol. RESULTS: The patients were divided into two groups according to their IL 1β levels (normal vs. increased). The group with increased levels showed lower double-product reserve (DPR); lower functional capacity (FC); slower heart rate recovery at the first (HRR 1º) and second minute (HRR 2º); and higher WO. In the univariate analysis, all variables correlated with IL 1β; DPR: r = 0.203, p = 0.024; FC: r = 0.181, p = 0.034; HRR 1º: r = 0.182, p = 0.034; HRR 2º: r = 0.204, p = 0.023; WO: r = 0.263, p = 0.009. In the multivariate analysis, only WO maintained a significant correlation (r² = 0.263, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Adrenergic overactivity was the main determinant of IL 1β levels, thus demonstrating that an excessive sympathetic activity influences the systemic inflammatory response. Exercise test variables were not able to identify patients with high IL 1β levels.

Do interleukin-1ß levels correlate with MIBG and exercise parameters in heart failure?

BACKGROUND: Interleukin 1ß (IL 1ß) levels are associated with prognosis in heart failure. The cardiac adrenergic activity as assessed by metaiodobenzylguanidine (I123 MIBG) scintigraphy along with exercise parameters are important predictors of prognosis. The relationship between these variables is not fully established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of IL 1ß levels with exercise and I123 MIBG parameters. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study evaluating 25 consecutive patients with heart failure and ejection fraction lower than 45% by means of: determination of IL 1ß levels; I123 MIBG parameters [early and late heart/mediastinum ratio, washout rate (WO)]; and treadmill exercise test using the ramp protocol. RESULTS: The patients were divided into two groups according to their IL 1ß levels (normal vs. increased). The group with increased levels showed lower double-product reserve (DPR); lower functional capacity (FC); slower heart rate recovery at the first (HRR 1º) and second minute (HRR 2º); and higher WO. In the univariate analysis, all variables correlated with IL 1ß; DPR: r = 0.203, p = 0.024; FC: r = 0.181, p = 0.034; HRR 1º: r = 0.182, p = 0.034; HRR 2º: r = 0.204, p = 0.023; WO: r = 0.263, p = 0.009. In the multivariate analysis, only WO maintained a significant correlation (r² = 0.263, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Adrenergic overactivity was the main determinant of IL 1ß levels, thus demonstrating that an excessive sympathetic activity influences the systemic inflammatory response. Exercise test variables were not able to identify patients with high IL 1ß levels.

Relação entre diagnóstico de enfermagem e qualidade de vida em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca / Relationship between nursing diagnosis and quality of life in patients with heart failure

Fundamentos: A insuficiência cardíaca desencadeia limitações físicas e psicológicos que alteram consideravelmente a qualidade de vida do paciente. entre os sintomas físicos, destacam-se a fadiga e s dispnéia que possuem agravamento progressivo nessa ssíndrome. Objetivo: Identificar os diagnósticos de enfermagem mais frequentes encontrados em pacientes com insuficiêcia cardíaca relacionando-os com a alteração da qualidade devida apresentada. Métodos: Foram recrutados 17 pacientes consecutivos com IC sistólica (fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE)

Background: Heart failure results in physical and psycholigical constraints that downgrade the quality of life for patients to a considerable extent. Outstanding among the physical symptoms are fatigue and dyspnea, which worsen steadily with this syndrome. Objetive: To identify the nursing diagnoses found most frequently for patients with heart failure, related to changes in the presented quality of life. Methods: Seventeen consecutive patientswith systolic HF (left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)

Ativação adrenérgica alterada se associa à recuperação anormal da Frequência Cardíaca? / Is abnormal adrenergic activation associated with abnormal Heart Rate Recovery?

FUNDAMENTO: Frequência Cardíaca de Recuperação (RFC) reflete a capacidade do sistema cardiovascular de reverter a supressão vagal ocasionada pelo exercício. A cintilografia com metaiodobenzilguanidina (I¹²³ MIBG) avalia a inervação e ativação adrenérgica cardíaca. A associação entre esses dois métodos não está bem esclarecida. OBJETIVO: Avaliar associação entre RFC e Taxa de "Washout" (WO) de I¹²³ MIBG em pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC). MÉTODOS: Vinte e cinco pacientes com fração de ejeção < 45% realizaram teste ergométrico, sendo analisada a variação da RFC do 1º ao 8º minuto pós-esforço. Submetidos a I¹²³ MIBG foram separados em grupos pela WO: G1) < 27% e G2) > 27%. Para análise estatística, foi utilizado teste U de Mann Whitney e o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: G2 demonstrou uma variação mais lenta da RFC: 1º minuto: G1: 21,5 (16,12 - 26,87) vs G2: 11,00 (8,5 - 13,5) bpm, p = 0,001; 2º minuto: G1: 34 (29 - 39) vs G2: 20 (14 - 26) bpm, p = 0,001; 3º minuto: G1: 46 (37,8 - 54,1) vs G2: 30 (22 - 38) bpm, p = 0,005; 5º minuto: G1: 51,5 (42 - 61) vs G2: 39 (31,5 - 46,5) bpm, p = 0,013; e no 8º minuto: G1: 54,5 (46,5 - 62,5) vs G2: 43 (34 - 52) bpm, p = 0,037. A RFC no 1º (r = -0,555; p = 0,004), e 2º minuto (r = -0,550; p = 0,004) apresentaram correlação negativa com WO. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com IC e WO elevado apresentaram uma RFC anormal em comparação com pacientes com WO normal. Tais achados sugerem que a ativação adrenérgica pode influenciar na RFC.

BACKGROUND: Heart Rate Recovery (HRR) reflects the capacity of the cardiovascular system to reverse the vagal withdrawal caused by exercise. Scintigraphy with metaiodobenzylguanidine (I¹23 MIBG) evaluates innervation and cardiac adrenergic activation. The association of these two methods is not well established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between HRR and washout rate (WO) of I¹²³ MIBG in patients with heart failure (HF). METHODS: wenty-five patients with ejection fraction < 45% underwent exercise testing, and analysis of the variation of HRR from the 1st to the 8th minute after exertion. Submitted to I¹²³ MIBG, they were separated into groups by WO: G1) <27% and G2) > 27%. For the statistical analysis Mann-Whitney's U test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used. RESULTS: G2 showed a slower variation of HRR: 1st minute: G1: 21.5 (16.12 to 26.87) vs. G2: 11.00 (8.5 to 13.5) bpm, p = 0.001; 2nd minute: G1: 34 (29-39) vs. G2: 20 (14 - 26) bpm, p = 0.001; 3rd minute: G1: 46 (37.8 - 54.1) vs. G2: 30 (22 - 38) bpm, p = 0.005; 5th minute: G1: 51.5 (42 - 61) vs. G2: 39 (31.5 to 46.5) bpm, p = 0.013, and in the 8th minute: G1: 54.5 (46.5 - 62.5) vs. G2: 43 (34 - 52) bpm, p = 0.037. HRR in the 1st (r = -0.555, p = 0.004), and in the 2nd minute (r = -0.550, p = 0.004) were negatively correlated with WO. CONCLUSION: Patients with high HF and WO showed an abnormal HRR compared with patients with normal WO. These findings suggest that adrenergic activation may influence the HRR.

Is abnormal adrenergic activation associated with abnormal Heart Rate Recovery?

BACKGROUND: Heart Rate Recovery (HRR) reflects the capacity of the cardiovascular system to reverse the vagal withdrawal caused by exercise. Scintigraphy with metaiodobenzylguanidine (I(123) MIBG) evaluates innervation and cardiac adrenergic activation. The association of these two methods is not well established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between HRR and washout rate (WO) of I(123) MIBG in patients with heart failure (HF). METHODS: Twenty-five patients with ejection fraction < 45% underwent exercise testing, and analysis of the variation of HRR from the 1st to the 8th minute after exertion. Submitted to I(123) MIBG, they were separated into groups by WO: G1) <27% and G2) ≥ 27%. For the statistical analysis Mann-Whitney's U test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used. RESULTS: G2 showed a slower variation of HRR: 1st minute: G1: 21.5 (16.12 to 26.87) vs. G2: 11.00 (8.5 to 13.5) bpm, p = 0.001; 2nd minute: G1: 34 (29-39) vs. G2: 20 (14 - 26) bpm, p = 0.001; 3rd minute: G1: 46 (37.8 - 54.1) vs. G2: 30 (22 - 38) bpm, p = 0.005; 5th minute: G1: 51.5 (42 - 61) vs. G2: 39 (31.5 to 46.5) bpm, p = 0.013, and in the 8th minute: G1: 54.5 (46.5 - 62.5) vs. G2: 43 (34 - 52) bpm, p = 0.037. HRR in the 1st (r = -0.555, p = 0.004), and in the 2nd minute (r = -0.550, p = 0.004) were negatively correlated with WO. CONCLUSION: Patients with high HF and WO showed an abnormal HRR compared with patients with normal WO. These findings suggest that adrenergic activation may influence the HRR.

Estudo da prevalência de insuficiência cardíaca em indivíduos cadastrados noprograma médico de família - Niterói. Estudo Digitalis: desenho e método / Heart failure prevalence study among patients enrolled in the family health program, Niterói. The DIGITALIS Study: design and method

Fundamentos: A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) representa um importante problema de saúde pública, tem custoelevado e crescente prevalência nos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Dados do Sistema Único de Saúde, que responde por 80% do atendimento médico da população brasileira, mostram que as doenças cardiovasculares são a terceira causade internação, sendo a IC a causa mais frequente entre as doenças cardiovasculares após os 60 anos. Pesquisas sobre epidemiologia envolvendo prevalência da ICsão escassos no Brasil principalmente na atenção primária. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência da insuficiência cardíaca na atenção primária. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal, envolvendo 632 indivíduos selecionados de modoaleatório, com idade ≥45 anos, assistidos pelo Programa Médico de família de Niterói, RJ. O diagnóstico de IC será confirmado ou excluídoutilizando-se: exame clínico, eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma e dosagem de BNP. Todos os pacientesserão classificados em estágios que avaliam a progressão fisiopatológica da IC, de acordo com o estabelecido na III Diretriz Brasileira de IC crônica.Conclusão: O estudo pretende estabelecer a prevalência de IC em uma comunidade urbana, o que irá ajudarno planejamento da política de saúde para o cuidado da IC.

Relação entre imagem adrenérgica cardíaca e teste ergométrico na insuficiência cardíaca / Relationship between cardiac adrenergic image and exercise testing in heart failure / Relación entre imagen adrenérgica cardíaca y ergometría en la insuficiencia cardíaca

FUNDAMENTO: Na insuficiência cardíaca, o teste ergométrico (TE) avalia capacidade funcional, um determinante de prognóstico. A cintilografia com I¹²³ MIBG mostra a ativação simpática cardíaca. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre as variáveis do TE e as alterações da cintilografia com I¹²³ MIBG. MÉTODOS: Foram submetidos 23 pacientes (FEVE < 45 por cento) à cintilografia com I¹²³ MIBG e separados em: G1) taxa de Washout < 27 por cento; G2) > 27 por cento. Esses pacientes realizaram TE, onde foram analisadas: pressão arterial sistólica no pico do esforço (PASP), frequência cardíaca no pico do esforço (FCP), variação da pressão arterial sistólica intraesforço (Δ PAS), reserva cronotrópica e capacidade funcional em METs. Utilizaram-se para a análise estatística, o teste t de Student ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney, o coeficiente de Spearman e o coeficiente de regressão linear. RESULTADOS: A PASP (G1: 181,00 ± 28,01; G2: 153,27 ± 27,71, p = 0,027), a Δ PAS [G1: 64 (47,5-80,5); G2: 36 (25-47) mmHg, p = 0,015], a FCP (G1: 136,91 ± 19,66; G2: 118,45 ± 13,98 bpm, p = 0,018), a reserva cronotrópica (G1: 70,42 ± 17,94; G2: 49,47 ± 14,89 por cento, p = 0,006) e a capacidade funcional [G1: 8,37 (6,47-10,27); G2: 4,42 (2,46-6,38) METs, p = 0,003] foram menores no G2. Houve correlação negativa entre taxa de Washout com PASP (r = -0,505, p = 0,014), Δ PAS (r = -0,493, p = 0,017) e capacidade funcional (r = -0,646, p = 0,001). Após regressão linear, PASP (r = -0,422, p = 0,016) e capacidade funcional (r = -0,804, p = 0,004) foram associadas com taxa de Washout. CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca, PASP e capacidade funcional foram as varáveis mais associadas com a taxa de Washout.

BACKGROUND: The exercise treadmill test can be used in ventricular dysfunction patients for functional capacity or predicting prognosis. The cardiac image with 123I MIBG shows cardiac sympathetic activation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between exercise treadmill test variables and cardiac image changes in 123I MIBG. METHODS: 23 patients with LVEF < 45 percent performed scintigraphy cardiac with 123I MIBG and divided into two groups. G1: Washout rate < 27 percent; G2: > 27 percent. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR) and functional capacity were evaluated. It was performed Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman coefficient and linear regression. RESULTS: SBP at exercise peak (G1: 181.00 ± 28.01; G2: 153.27 ± 27.71 mmHg, p = 0.027), SBP variation [G1: 64(47.5-80.5); G2: 36(25-47) mmHg, p = 0.015], the HR at exercise peak (G1: 136.91 ± 19.66; G2: 118.45 ± 13.98 bpm, p = 0.018) and chronotropic response (G1: 70.42 ± 17.94; G2: 49.47 ± 14.89 percent, p = 0.006), and functional capacity [G1: 8.37(6.47-10.27); G2: 4.42(2.46-6.38) METs, p = 0.003] were smaller in G2 group. There was negative correlation between Washout rate and SBP at exercise peak (r = -0.505, p = 0.014), variation in SBP (r = -0.493, p = 0.017) and functional capacity (r = -0.646, p = 0.001). Nevertheless, SBP at exercise peak (r = -0.422, p = 0.016) and functional capacity (r = -0.804, p = 0.004) were the only variables associated with Washout rate, after linear regression. CONCLUSION: In heart failure patients, the SBP at exercise peak and functional capacity were the variables associated with Washout rate.

FUNDAMENTOS: En la Insuficiencia Cardíaca, la Ergometría (Test Ergométrico - TE) evalúa la capacidad funcional, un determinante de pronóstico. El centellograma con I¹²³ MIBG muestra la activación simpática cardíaca. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre las variables del TE y las alteraciones del centellograma con I¹²³ MIBG. MÉTODOS: Se sometieron 23 pacientes (FEVI < 45 por ciento) a centellograma con I¹²³ MIBG y se separaron en: G1) tasa de Washout < 27 por ciento; G2) > 27 por ciento. Estos pacientes realizaron TE, en el que se analizaron: presión arterial sistólica en el pico del esfuerzo (PAS P), frecuencia cardíaca en el pico del esfuerzo (FCP), variación de la presión arterial sistólica intraesfuerzo (Δ PAS), reserva cronotrópica y capacidad funcional en MET. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron el test t de Student o el test U de Mann-Whitney, el coeficiente de Spearman y el coeficiente de regresión lineal. RESULTADOS: La PAS P (G1: 181,00 ± 28,01; G2: 153,27 ± 27,71, p = 0,027), la Δ PAS [G1: 64 (47,5-80,5); G2: 36 (25-47) mmHg, p = 0,015], la FCP (G1: 136,91 ± 19,66; G2: 118,45 ± 13,98 lpm, p = 0,018), la reserva cronotrópica (G1: 70,42 ± 17,94; G2: 49,47 ± 14,89 por ciento, p = 0,006) y la capacidad funcional [G1: 8,37 (6,47-10,27); G2: 4,42 (2,46-6,38) MET, p=0,003] fueron menores menores en el G2. Hubo una correlación negativa entre la tasa de Washout con PASP (r = -0,505, p = 0,014), Δ PAS (r = -0,493, p = 0,017) y capacidad funcional (r = -0,646, p = 0,001). Después de la regresión lineal, PASP (r = -0,422, p = 0,016) y capacidad funcional (r = -0,804, p = 0,004) se asociaron con la tasa de Washout. CONCLUSIÓN: En pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca, la PASP y la capacidad funcional fueron las variables más asociadas con la tasa de Washout. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2011;96(5):370-376).