[Family history of mood disorders may weaken the link between adverse childhood experience and suicidality in patients with depression]. / Svyaz' semeinoi otyagoshchennosti rasstroistvami nastroeniya s neblagopriyatnym detskim opytom i suitsidal'nost'yu u patsientov s depressiei.

OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of family history of mood disorders (FHMD), comprising genetic factors associated with depression, on the association between adverse childhood experience (ACE) and suicidality in depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This multicenter cross-sectional study included 200 in- and outpatients (64% (n=128) women, mean age - (M (SD)) 36.21 (15.09) yrs.) with depression. Self-reports about FHMD and lifetime suicide attempts were obtained in clinical interview. The lifetime intensity of suicidal ideas and behavior was assessed by the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), ACE - by the Adverse Childhood Experience International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). RESULTS: FHMD did not affect the prevalence of ACE, suicide attempts and C-SSRS scores. We found that FHMD weakens the link between ACE and the risk of suicide attempt. The emotional neglect itself increased the risk of suicide attempt (p=0.001, OR=4.428, CI 95% [1.797-10.911]), but reduced it in patients with FHMD (p=0.03, OR=0.128, CI 95% [0.018-0.893]). GLM analysis revealed that FHMD significantly affected the association between suicidal ideas and domestic violence (p=0.045) and between suicidal behavior and emotional neglect (p=0.015) and abuse (p=0.044). CONCLUSION: FHMD may weaken the link between ACE and suicidality in patients with depression. Suicidality in these patients may be underlined by mechanisms not involved in the response to ACE although more studies are needed.

[Contemporary GWAS studies of depression: the critical role of phenotyping]. / Sovremennye issledovaniya po polnogenomnomu poisku assotsiatsii pri depressii: kriticheskaya rol' fenotipirovaniya.

The need to use large samples to identify the genetic risk loci of mental disorders has led us to the dilemma of phenotyping quality. Especially this problem relates to such common mental disorders as depression (lifetime prevalence 16.2%). On the one hand, there is a very resource-intensive method of capturing patient data by physicians using diagnostic criteria of mental disorders (DSM-V/ICD-10). On the other, there is a popular method of minimal phenotyping using hospital registers, self-reports of respondents on symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of depression. To date, there is no ideal method for phenotyping depression because all of them focus only on its clinical symptoms. The active usage of minimal phenotyping in Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) has led to a significant increase in both clinical and genetic heterogeneity of depression. However, an important limitation of using DSM-V/ICD-10 is the high cost of phenotyping due to the involvement of medical specialists. Thus, the most rational is to use electronic diagnostic questionnaires based on DSM-V/ICD-10 criteria. Such an approach will accelerate the increase in research capacity, but will preserve all internal contradictions inherent in official diagnostic classifications (heterogeneity of phenotypes, absence of objective diagnostic criteria, categorical approach, etc.). In this regard, the critical role of psychiatric epidemiology is growing both in the development of standardized tools for operationalized diagnostic criteria and in future GWAS by introducing new phenotypic subtypes of depression and its dimensions.

[An associations of possible genetic risk markers for Internet addiction with childhood trauma experience and personality traits in young adults : preliminary results]. / Svyaz' geneticheskikh markerov riska razvitiya internet-zavisimosti s detskim psikhotravmiruyushchim opytom i lichnostnymi osobennostyami u molodykh vzroslykh: predvaritel'nye rezul'taty.

OBJECTIVE: To study was to test an associations of the preliminary genetic risk markers for Internet addiction (IA) with clinical, psychological and personality characteristics, taking into account the childhood traumatic experience, in 44 IA persons compared with 120 healthy individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 164 participants: 44 individuals with IZ (group IZ), male and female, aged 16 to 30 years in the absence of diagnoses of mental health problems. diseases from rubrics F00-09 and F20-29 (ICD-10) and 120 healthy (control group). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We have found an associations of the preliminary IA genetic risk markers with some personality traits and behavioral characteristics (TCI-125, TIPI) and with the childhood trauma experience (ACE IQ, CTQ), both for healthy individuals and to a greater extent for IA individuals, that may suggests the possible effects of the gene-environment interaction on a risk of developing IA. The data obtained on the structure of associations between IA genetic risk markers and individual psychological characteristics under the significant influence of the childhood trauma experience allow us to proceed with the construction of models for IA risk prediction taking into account the "gene - environment" interactions.

[Family history of affective disorders, the gender factor and clinical characteristics of depression]. / Semeinaya otyagoshchennost' affektivnymi rasstroistvami, gendernyi faktor i klinicheskie kharakteristiki depressii.

OBJECTIVE: Analysis of clinical features of development and course of depression in patients with FH of mood disorders taking into account sex differences. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This multicenter cross-sectional study included patients over 18 years of age with depressive episode/recurrent depressive disorder. Clinical characteristics of depression, presence of comorbid mental illness and family history (FH) information were obtained in a structured clinical interview. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-one patients (mean age (M (SD)) 40.87 (15.86) y.o.), including 64.5% of women, were enrolled in the study. FH was revealed in 30.2% of patients. The proportion of FH did not differ in men and women (p=0.375). Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was more frequent in FH positive patients (p=0.016). Logistic regression also revealed that FH is a risk factor for concomitant GAD (p=0.019, OR=2.4). The GLM demonstrated a significant joint effect of FH and sex on the maximum duration of a depressive episode (p=0.044), as well on the number of suicide attempts (p=0.055) and the number of depressive episodes as a trend (p=0.072). CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated the specific interaction of FH of mood disorders with sex on clinical course of depression. Thus, the manifestation of a genetic influence on the clinical phenotype of depression can be significantly moderated by sex.

[GWAS-based polygenic risk scores for depression with clinical validation: methods and study design in the Russian population]. / Poligennye shkaly riska razvitiya depressii na osnove GWAS s klinicheskoi validatsiei: metodologiya i dizain issledovaniya v rossiiskoi populyatsii.

Depression is one of the leading causes of decreased quality of life and social functioning of patients. In the context of preventive medicine, the prevention of depression becomes a priority. To achieve the goals of prevention, it is necessary to identify specific population risk groups - individuals with a high genetic risk of depression. The paper describes the project aimed at developing a genetic test system based on polygenic risk scores (PRS) for depression, considering the multi-ethnicity and multicultural diversity of the Russian population. As a result of the study, data on the genetic architecture of depression (GWAS) and PRS for depression will be obtained for the first time. The emergence of a genetic test system developed in the study of the Russian population and in the conditions of a constant decrease in the cost of genetic research will allow an effective transition to preventive medicine in the area of mental health.

[Network analysis of cognitive, oculomotor and speech parameters in schizophrenia]. / Setevoi analiz kognitivnykh, glazodvigatel'nykh i rechevykh pokazatelei pri shizofrenii.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the network connections between clinical, cognitive, speech and oculographic parameters in patients with schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 104 patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 70 healthy subjects. Clinical assessment of the patients was performed using a number of scales: PANSS, CDSS, YMRS, SAS and BAS. Basic cognitive functions were assessed by BACS. Eye movements were recorded using the SMI RED-500 non-invasive eye tracking system. Several experimental paradigms were used - free viewing of animal images with subsequent description of these images, performing progressive saccades in the experimental Go/NoGo scheme, and performing anti-saccades. RESULTS: The severity of clinical symptoms, cognitive impairments, oculomotor parameters and characteristics of speech structure of written speech are largely independent, although not completely isolated from each other. Cognitive and oculomotor parameters have the largest number of connections. In this case, the results of cognitive tests are the central element of the «network¼ that connects other groups. CONCLUSION: Further development of the approach should be aimed at studying the influence of node changes on the structure of the network that would potentially allows the identification of the most effective points of application of therapeutic and rehabilitation programs.

[Clinical and psychological features of people with internet dependence: experience of a pilot study]. / Kliniko-psikhopatologicheskie osobennosti lits s internet-zavisimost'yu: opyt pilotnogo issledovaniya.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of Internet addiction (IA) is growing steadily, especially among the younger generation. The purpose of this multicenter study was to investigate the socio-demographic characteristics, clinical varieties, and profile of psychopathological symptoms of mental disorders in patients with IA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 2 groups: the main group consisted of 44 people, aged 16 to 34 years, average age 22.00±0.66 years, 33 (75%) men, 11 (25%) women; the control group included 120 people, aged 19 to 30 years, average age 23.13±0.18 years, 90 (74.3%) men, 30 (26.7%) women. Groups were identified at the testing stage based on the total score on the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS). The main group included individuals who scored CIAS 65 points or higher. The specially developed Unified Study Card, The Mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Beck Depression Questionnaire (BDI), the Prodromal Questionnaire-16 (PQ-16), the Symptom Checklist-90-Questionnaire Revised (SCL-90-R). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were more people with secondary specialized education and unemployed in the main group. The family burden of addiction and psychiatric disorders did not differ in both groups, and the heredity of somatic diseases was lower in the IA group. In the IA group, a psychiatric diagnosis was made 9 times more often. The severity of affective and anxiety disorders was higher in the IA group, while the risk of psychosis was low that allows considering the symptoms of IA outside the framework of subpsychotic mental disorders. The features of the psychopathological symptoms of IA were: total «tension¼ of the psychopathological profile; a relatively uniform and slightly specific profile of psychopathological symptoms with a certain tendency to the prevalence of personality-related stress manifestations.

[Perception of Verbal Stimuli in the Norm and in Schizophrenia].

The present study investigates the early stages of selection of meaningful and meaningless verbal-in- formation in an implicit and two explicit tasks by means of the parameters of latency and amplitude of P100 EP component in healthy subjects (n = 99) and in schizophrenia patients with the first psy- chotic episode (n = 102). The obtained results indicate the disturbance of passive perception of meaningful verbal information in psychotic patients. When the instruction is presented patients re- spond similar to norm. The decreased amplitude of P100 component during the,passive perception of words in patients may be related to the severity of hallucinatory behavior. The analysis of changes in the characteristics of the P100 wave in task with instruction as compared to passive perception in the norm revealed a shortening of the time window'of the processing of information regardless to its category and relevance. In schizophrenia patients this feature was found only when reading of the pseudo-words. The results indicate the disturbance of automated attraction of attention to the semantically significant content of the verbal stimulus in the patients' group. The study demonstrat- ed the association between P100 wave characteristics and behavioural responses.

[The Association of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Serotonin Transporter Genes with the Parameters of Early Event-Related Potentials During the Passive Perception of Words].

We explored the association of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonin transporter genes with neurophysiological characteristics of the early stages of verbal information processing in the brain in the groups of patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders and healthy people. It has been shown that Val66Met and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms are associated with P100 and N170 during the passive reading of single words written in Russian presented with different occurrence frequency. The healthy carriers of the ValVal genotype (BDN F Val66Met) allele or the SS (5-HTTLPR) genotype performed the task better compared to those with an Met or an L allele. The differences were significant in healthy people and observed as a trend in thepatients.

Long-term trajectories of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: A critical overview.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive disturbances are widely pronounced in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Whilst cognitive deficits are well established in the prodromal phase and are known to deteriorate at the onset of schizophrenia, there is a certain discrepancy of findings regarding the cognitive alterations over the course of the illness. METHODS: We bring together the results of the longitudinal studies identified through PubMed which have covered more than 3 years follow-up and to reflect on the potential factors, such as sample characteristics and stage of the illness which may contribute to the various trajectories of cognitive changes. RESULTS: A summary of recent findings comprising the changes of the cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients along the longitudinal course of the illness is provided. The potential approaches for addressing cognition in the course of schizophrenia are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Given the existing controversies on the course of cognitive changes in schizophrenia, differentiated approaches specifically focusing on the peculiarities of the clinical features and changes in specific cognitive domains could shed light on the trajectories of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and spectrum disorders.

[Dynamics of neurocognitive functioning in patients in early stages of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders].

The purpose of the study was to assess the dynamics of neurocognitive functioning in patients with the first episode of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders at baseline and in 5-year follow-up. The total number of patients was 67. The severity of symptoms was measured with the PANSS. Cognitive functioning was assessed with the Cognitive Processes Assessment Scale which is based on the methodological approaches developed by A.R. Luria. The liability of cognitive impairment with a tendency to decrease in severity was found in patients with a single psychosis or a history of few psychoses (n=25). In patients with more severe progression of disease (n=33), some labiality of cognitive impairment was observed as well, but, as opposed to the first group, its severity was increasing during the whole 5-year follow-up period. The most severely ill patients with early onset and the most progressive course of the disease (n=9) demonstrated the most severe cognitive impairment, which remained stable along the follow-up. In conclusion, the data obtained present the neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders as not an unchangeable phenomenon, with its dynamics corresponding to regularities of the disease course and its progression.

[Disturbance of monoaminooxidase activity and indices of endogenous intoxication in patients with the first episode of schizophrenia].

An aim of the paper was to study some biochemical parameters of drug-naïve patients with the first episode of schizophrenia. Activities of platelet monoaminooxidase (MAO) and semicarbazide, a sensitive blood serum aminooxidase (BSA), levels of middle-sized molecules (MSM) and malonic dialdehyde (MDA), parameters of functional state of serum albumin were assessed in 16 patients. Severity of symptoms in patients with the first episode of schizophrenia was assessed as moderate (PANSS scores 73.1+/-12.5) before the treatment. The increase of MAO by 107%, reduction of BSA by 29% and increase of MSM level by 140% was found in patients compared to controls (p<0.01). The study of other biochemical (MDA level) and biophysical (effective albumin concentration) parameters did not yield unequivocal results. It has been suggested that MAO and BSA are integral components of pathogenetic mechanisms in patients with the first episode of schizophrenia.

[Activities of the somato-psychiatric departments within the structure of multi-profile hospitals]. / O rabote somatopsikhiatricheskikh otdelenii v strukture mnogoprofil'nykh bol'nits.

Analysis of the work of the ++somato-psychiatric departments entering a multiple-discipline hospital has shown that admission to these departments of patients with concomitant mental and somatic pathologies may be viewed as an episode for such patients. The latter ones cannot be regarded as a permanent group to be treated at the above departments. The duration of the stay at hospital is largely determined by the character of somatic pathology and, in a considerable number of cases, represents a stage in the psychiatric inpatient treatment. The data indicate that the present-day bed capacities in such departments (0.65 per 10 thousand adult and adolescent population) are insufficient. It is highly advisable that the number of such departments be increased.