Brazilian Group of Gastrointestinal Tumours' consensus guidelines for the management of oesophageal cancer.

Oesophageal cancer is among the ten most common types of cancer worldwide. More than 80% of the cases and deaths related to the disease occur in developing countries. Local socio-economic, epidemiologic and healthcare particularities led us to create a Brazilian guideline for the management of oesophageal and oesophagogastric junction (OGJ) carcinomas. The Brazilian Group of Gastrointestinal Tumours invited 50 physicians with different backgrounds, including radiology, pathology, endoscopy, nuclear medicine, genetics, oncological surgery, radiotherapy and clinical oncology, to collaborate. This document was prepared based on an extensive review of topics related to heredity, diagnosis, staging, pathology, endoscopy, surgery, radiation, systemic therapy (including checkpoint inhibitors) and follow-up, which was followed by presentation, discussion and voting by the panel members. It provides updated evidence-based recommendations to guide clinical management of oesophageal and OGJ carcinomas in several scenarios and clinical settings.

Brazilian Group of Gastrointestinal Tumours' consensus guidelines for the management of gastric cancer.

Gastric cancer is among the ten most common types of cancer worldwide. Most cases and deaths related to the disease occur in developing countries. Local socio-economic, epidemiologic and healthcare particularities led us to create a Brazilian guideline for the management of gastric carcinomas. The Brazilian Group of Gastrointestinal Tumors (GTG) invited 50 physicians with different backgrounds, including radiology, pathology, endoscopy, nuclear medicine, genetics, oncological surgery, radiotherapy and clinical oncology, to collaborate. This document was prepared based on an extensive review of topics related to heredity, diagnosis, staging, pathology, endoscopy, surgery, radiation, systemic therapy and follow-up, which was followed by presentation, discussion, and voting by the panel members. It provides updated evidence-based recommendations to guide clinical management of gastric carcinomas in several scenarios and clinical settings.

Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair After Esophagectomy: Technical Report and Lessons After a Series of Cases.

Introduction: Diaphragmatic hernia (DH) repair after esophagectomy is infrequent and technically challenging. Such hernias are mostly asymptomatic and have an estimated incidence of around 2.5%. Controversy continues over suture versus mesh cruroplasty. This article reports a series of cases and a description of the technique, showing this type of procedure being performed in the medical literature and its results. Methods: A DH was diagnosed, and repair was performed in eight out of 328 esophagectomies. All of them were performed through the following steps: (1) Pulling the hernia content down properly without handling the intestinal segment directly to not promote serosal lesions; (2) Lysis of adhesions-this should be done close to the diaphragmatic pillar, with precaution toward the vessels running in the epiplon and near the greater gastric curvature; and (3) Closure of the diaphragmatic hiatus achieved with anterior and posterior sutures. Mesh repair was performed across the DH defects that measured more than 5.5 cm. Results: The patients constituted five men (62.5%) with a mean age of 61.6 years. The main DH-related symptom was abdominal pain, reported by four patients (50%). The other symptoms mentioned were dyspnea (37.5%), thoracic pain (25%), and dysphagia (25%). The mean hospitalization period was 17.5 days and was related to the restoration of the respiratory function. Most of the DH repairs were performed by adopting a laparoscopic approach. Conclusions: DH is a rare complication following esophagectomy with most of the symptomatic manifestations. However, its repair is feasible and safe, with low morbidity (only respiratory complications) and no mortality.

Surgical treatment of esophageal cancer in the era of multimodality management.

Over the last decades, the treatment of resectable esophageal cancer has evolved into a multidisciplinary process in which all players are essential for treatment to be successful. Medical oncologists and radiation oncologists have been increasingly involved since the implementation of neoadjuvant therapy, which has been shown to improve survival. Although esophagectomy is still considered the cornerstone of curative treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer, it remains associated with considerable postoperative morbidity, despite promising results of minimally invasive techniques. In this light, both physical status and response to neoadjuvant therapy may be important factors for selecting patients who will benefit from surgery. Furthermore, it is important to optimize the entire perioperative trajectory: from the initial outpatient clinic visit to postoperative discharge. Enhanced recovery after surgery is increasingly recognized for esophagectomy and emphasizes perioperative aspects, such as nutrition, physiotherapy, and pain management. To date, several facets of esophageal cancer treatment remain topics of debate, such as the preferred neoadjuvant treatment, anastomotic technique, extent of lymphadenectomy, organization of postoperative care, and the role of surgery beyond locally advanced disease. Here, we describe the current and future perspectives in the surgical treatment of patients with esophageal cancer in the context of the available literature.

Initial results on the use of mechanical devices for proximal saphenous vein graft anastomoses: a clinical and angiographic evaluation

OBJETIVO: Relatar nossa experiência inicial com utilização do dispositivo mecânico para realização de anastomose aorta-safena. MÉTODO: Entre junho/2002 e maio/2003, 17 pacientes (pts) foram selecionados para emprego de anastomose mecânica, sendo 13 homens, com idade média de 64,4ñ9,4 anos, portadores de doença arterial coronariana. Foram realizadas 2,9ñ0,5 anastomoses/paciente, totalizando 49, sendo 19 com utilização de enxertos arteriais e 30 com veia safena. Dentre as pontes de veia safena, 11 (36,7 por cento) foram convencionais e 19 (63,3 por cento) utilizaram sutura mecânica (SM) aorto-safena. No período pós-operatório, foram analisados evolução clínica, alteraçäes enzimáticas e eletrocardiográficas, bem como estudo angiográfico das anastomoses. RESULTADOS: Dos 17 pts, a SM foi empregada em 16 (94,1 por cento). Utilizou-se circulação extracorpórea em 6 (37,5 por cento) dos 16 pts que receberam SM, com tempo médio de 102,9 ñ 16,9 minutos. A evolução pós-operatória foi satisfatória em todos os pts. No pós-operatório, não foram observadas alteraçäes isquêmicas ou IAM em nenhum paciente. O estudo angiográfico das anastomoses foi realizado em 9 (52,9 por cento) pts. As anastomoses da artéria torácica interna esquerda para ramo interventricular anterior apresentavam-se pérvias em 100 por cento dos casos. Das 15 anastomoses de veia safena estudadas, 11 (73,3 por cento) eram de SM e 9 (81,8 por cento) apresentavam-se pérvias. Todas anastomoses convencionais de veia safena estavam pérvias. Não se observou óbito hospitalar. No seguimento tardio, 88,2 por cento dos pacientes apresentam-se livres de eventos cardiovasculares. CONCLUSåES: A SM mostrou-se factível, mas é necessária uma análise mais ampla dos benefícios de sua utilização em relação ao tempo operatório, agressão ao paciente, perviabilidade do enxerto e custo final.