Waterless Dyeing and In Vitro Toxicological Properties of Biocolorants from Cortinarius sanguineus.

As a part of an ongoing interest in identifying environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic dyes and in using liquid CO2 as a waterless medium for applying the resulting colorants to textiles, our attention turned to yellow-to-red biocolorants produced by Cortinarius sanguineus fungus. The three principal target anthraquinone colorants (emodin, dermocybin, and dermorubin) were isolated from the fungal bodies using a liquid-liquid separation method and characterized using 700 MHz NMR and high-resolution mass spectral analyses. Following structure confirmations, the three colorants were examined for dyeing synthetic polyester (PET) textile fibers in supercritical CO2. We found that all three biocolorants were suitable for dyeing PET fibers using this technology, and our attention then turned to determining their toxicological properties. As emodin has shown mutagenic potential in previous studies, we concentrated our present toxicity studies on dermocybin and dermorubin. Both colorants were non-mutagenic, presented low cellular toxicity, and did not induce skin sensitization. Taken together, our results indicate that dermocybin and dermorubin possess the technical and toxicological properties needed for consideration as synthetic dye alternatives under conditions that are free of wastewater production.

Optimization of in situ derivatization SPME by experimental design for GC-MS multi-residue analysis of pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater.

This paper presents the development of a procedure, which enables the analysis of nine pharmaceutical drugs in wastewater using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) associated with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the sample preparation. Experimental design was applied to optimize the in situ derivatization and the SPME extraction conditions. Ethyl chloroformate (ECF) was employed as derivatizing agent and polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB) as the SPME fiber coating. A fractional factorial design was used to evaluate the main factors for the in situ derivatization and SPME extraction. Thereafter, a Doehlert matrix design was applied to find out the best experimental conditions. The method presented a linear range from 0.5 to 10 µg/L, and the intraday and interday precision were lower than 16%. Applicability of the method was verified from real influent and effluent samples of a wastewater treatment plant, as well as from samples of an industry wastewater and a river.

Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons derivatives and mutagenicitys study in extracts of PM10 collected in São Paulo, Brazil / Ocorrência de derivados de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos e estudo da sua mutagenicidade em extratos de PM10 coletado em São Paulo, Brasil

As frações nitro-HPA e oxi-HPA de extratos orgânicos de MP10 coletados na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, (inverno, 2004) foram quimicamente e toxicologicamente analisadas. Alguns nitro-HPA emitidos por exaustão veicular foram quantificados. O 3-nitrofluoranteno, provavelmente co-eluido com o 2-nitrofluoranteno, um poluente secundário, apresentou níveis mais elevados (média: 0,16 ng m-3; concentração máxima: 0,26 ng m-3) que o 1-nitropireno (média: 0,031 ng m-3; concentração máxima: 0,054 ng m-3). O 6-nitrocriseno não foi encontrado em níveis detectáveis. Oxi-HPA não foram detectados provavelmente porque esses compostos estavam presentes em concentrações muito baixas. Ambas as frações, nitro-HPA e oxi-HPA apresentaram respostas mutagênicas semelhantes, do tipo deslocamento no quadro de leitura, com potencial maior na ausência de S9 quando comparado com a resposta na presença de S9, indicando a prevalência de mutágenos diretos para o teste Salmonella/microssoma...

Nitro-PAH and oxy-PAH fractions in organic extracts of PM10 collected in São Paulo City, Brazil (winter, 2004) were chemically and toxicologically analyzed. Some nitro-PAH compounds that are emitted from vehicular motor exhaust were quantified. The 3-nitrofluoranthene, which probably coeluted with the 2-nitrofluoranthene, a secondary pollutant, presented higher levels (average: 0.16 ng m-3; maximum concentration: 0.26 ng m-3) than 1-nitropyrene (average: 0.031 ng m-3; maximum concentration: 0.054 ngm-3). No detectable amount of 6-nitrocrysene was found. Oxy-PAH compounds were not detected probably because they were present at concentrations much low. Both nitro and oxy-PAH fractions have showed a similar frameshift mutagenic response with a higher potency in the absence of S9 compared to that in the presence of S9, indicating the prevalence of direct-acting compounds for the Salmonella/ microsome assay...