Transcriptomic analysis of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, Boone 1931) in response to acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by marine bacteria Vibrio Parahaemolyticus, is a huge problem in shrimp farms. The V. parahaemolyticus infecting material is contained in a plasmid which encodes for the lethal toxins PirABVp, whose primary target tissue is the hepatopancreas, causing sloughing of epithelial cells, necrosis, and massive hemocyte infiltration. To get a better understanding of the hepatopancreas response during AHPND, juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were infected by immersion with V. parahaemolyticus. We performed transcriptomic mRNA sequencing of infected shrimp hepatopancreas, at 24 hours post-infection, to identify novel differentially expressed genes a total of 174,098 transcripts were examined of which 915 transcripts were found differentially expressed after comparative transcriptomic analysis: 442 up-regulated and 473 down-regulated transcripts. Gene Ontology term enrichment analysis for up-regulated transcripts includes metabolic process, regulation of programmed cell death, carbohydrate metabolic process, and biological adhesion, whereas for down-regulated transcripts include, microtubule-based process, cell activation, and chitin metabolic process. The analysis of protein- protein network between up and down-regulated genes indicates that the first gene interactions are connected to oxidation-processes and sarcomere organization. Additionally, protein-protein networks analysis identified 20-top highly connected hub nodes. Based on their immunological or metabolic function, ten candidate transcripts were selected to measure their mRNA relative expression levels in AHPND infected shrimp hepatopancreas by RT-qPCR. Our results indicate a close connection between the immune and metabolism systems during AHPND infection. Our RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR data provide the possible immunological and physiological scenario as well as the molecular pathways that take place in the shrimp hepatopancreas in response to an infectious disease.

Perceptions of a fishing community about benefits, environmental impacts and use of resources of isla cerralvo, a protected island in the Gulf of California, Mexico / Percepciones de una comunidad pesquera acerca de beneficios, impactos ambientales y uso de recursos en Isla Cerralvo, área protegida del Golfo de California, México / Percepções de uma comunidade pesqueira sobre beneficios, impactos ambientais e uso de recursos na ilha cerralvo, área protegida do Golfo de California, México

Perceptions about protected areas by local communities have a direct effect on their attitudes and can influence collective strategies of resource use. This study examines the knowledge of La Ventana fishing community about the protection status, perceived benefits and environmental impacts of Isla Cerralvo, a protected island in the Gulf of California, Mexico. It focuses on the reasons for hunting feral goats and reactions toward the hunting management policy, and evaluates the relationship between these concerns and the community’s demographic and socio-economic variables. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey. The findings indicate that a substantial number of inhabitants do not know that the island had a protected status; therefore, reinforcement of environmental education programs is needed and alternatives are proposed. Perceived economic and non-economic benefits for the island were influenced by gender, and they can be used to encourage the local fishing community to support conservation. The main perceived environmental impact on Isla Cerralvo was the presence of garbage, and this was influenced by gender, age, and education level. A new management scheme about feral goat hunting is needed since the main use of goat meat was family consumption; inhabitants with low income actively hunted goats more frequently than those with higher incomes, reflecting a subsistence economy; and most inhabitants believe that goat hunting should be allowed.

La percepción hacia las áreas protegidas de las comunidades locales afecta directamente sus actitudes y puede influenciar las estrategias colectivas del uso de los recursos. Este estudio evalúa el conocimiento de la comunidad pesquera local de La Ventana respecto al estatus de protección, beneficios e impactos ambientales percibidos de la Isla Cerralvo, área protegida del Golfo de California, México; las razones para cazar cabras ferales; y la opinión respecto a las políticas de manejo de esta práctica. La relación entre dichas percepciones y algunas variables demográficas y socio-económicas de la comunidad fue evaluada. Los datos fueron obtenidos a través de entrevistas aplicadas a los residentes de la comunidad. Los resultados indican que gran número de habitantes desconocen el estatus de protección de la isla, evidenciando la necesidad de reforzar los programas de educación ambiental, por lo que se proponen alternativas. Los beneficios económicos y no económicos percibidos variaron según el género y pueden ser usados para motivar a la comunidad a apoyar la conservación de la isla. El principal impacto ambiental percibido en la isla fue la presencia de basura, siendo esta percepción influida por género, edad y nivel educativo. Un nuevo esquema de manejo de cacería de cabras es necesario, considerando que el principal uso de la carne de cabra fue el consumo familiar; los habitantes con bajos ingresos activamente cazan cabras más frecuentemente que aquellos con un mayor ingreso, lo cual refleja una necesidad económica; y la mayoría opina que la cacería de cabras debería ser permitida.

A percepção para as áreas protegidas das comunidades locais afeta diretamente suas atitudes e pode influenciar as estratégias coletivas do uso dos recursos. Este estudo avalia o conhecimento da comunidade pesqueira local de "La Ventana" em relação ao status de proteção, benefícios e impactos ambientais percebidos da Ilha Cerralvo, área protegida do Golfo de Califórnia, México; as razões para caçar cabras (Capra hircus); e a opinião em relação às políticas de manipulação desta prática. A relação entre ditas percepções e algumas variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas da comunidade foi avaliada. Os dados foram obtidos a través de entrevistas aplicadas aos residentes da comunidade. Os resultados indicam que grande número de habitantes desconhece o status de proteção da ilha, evidenciando a necessidade de reforçar os programas de educação ambiental, pelo que se propõem alternativas. Os benefícios econômicos e não econômicos percebidos variaram segundo o gênero e podem ser usados para motivar a comunidade a apoiar a conservação da ilha. O principal impacto ambiental percebido na ilha foi a presença de lixo, sendo esta percepção influída por gênero, idade e nível educativo. Um novo esquema de manejo de caçaria de cabras é necessário, considerando que o principal uso da carne de cabra foi o consumo familiar; os habitantes com baixos ingressos ativamente caçam cabras mais frequentemente que aqueles com um maior ingresso, o qual reflete uma necessidade econômica; e a maioria opina que a caçaria de cabras deveria ser permitida.

Vitellogenin mRNA expression in Cherax quadricarinatus during secondary vitellogenic at first maturation females.

PCR products of 1.1 and 0.9 kb were generated using Cherax quadricarinatus genomic DNA in the first case, and hepatopancreas and ovary cDNAs in the second case. These PCR products were cloned and analyzed for nucleotide sequences. The 1.1 kb fragment was used as a probe for Northern hybridization, revealing a transcript of approximately 8 kb in both tissues. Results from both Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that the mRNA enconding the 3' end of the vitellogenin cDNA was present simultaneously in both hepatopancreas and ovary tissues in secondary vitellogenic at first maturation females, but was not detected in male hepatopancreas. The deduced amino acid sequences of Vitellogenin (Vg) cDNAs from ovary and hepatopancreas confirmed the existence at least two different Vg genes, and two different sites of synthesis.

Efecto del nivel proteico de la dieta sobre el desarrollo de juveniles de la langosta australiana Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda: Parastacidae) / Effect of diet protein on the development of young Australian lobsters, Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda: Parastacidae)

An experimental study was conducted from October to December, 1999, in the aquaculture facilities of CIBNOR SC, at La Paz, BCS. To evaluate the effect of diet protein level on the productive response, in juveniles of the australian lobster, Cherax quadricarinatus, diets with four levels of crude protein (20.45, 28.25, 37.33 y 45.44), were formulated and probed. Growth, grow rate, survival, biomass and food conversion rate were greater in juveniles fed with diets of 37.33 and 45.44 of crude protein. It is concluded that diet protein level affects the productive response of redclaw and a level of 37 of crude protein in the diet is enough to obtain acceptable results.

Yolk proteins during ovary and egg development of mature female freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus).

Vitellins from ovaries and eggs at different stages of development in freshwater crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) were examined by chromatography, PAGE and SDS-PAGE. With these methods, two forms of vitellin (Vt1 and Vt2) were observed in ovaries and eggs (stages I and V). In ovaries in secondary vitellogenesis, native molecular mass was 470 (Vt1) and 440 (Vt2) kDa. The electrophoretic pattern of the eggs proved to be more complex. The protein molecular mass depend on the development stage of the egg: stage I, 650 kDa (Vt1) and 440 kDa (Vt2); stage V, 390 kDa (Vt1) and 340 kDa (Vt2). The identified vitellins appear to be lipo-glycocarotenoprotein. A similar vitellin polypeptide composition was observed in the two forms of vitellin from ovaries and eggs in stage V. In ovaries the SDS-PAGE analysis showed four subunits with molecular weights of approximately 180, 120, 95 and 80 kDa (Vt1 and Vt2). The polypeptide composition in the two forms of vitellins in stage I and stage III eggs were different at 195, 190, 130 and 110 kDa (Vt1) and 116 and 107 kDa (Vt2). On the other hand, in stage V eggs, 110, 95, 87 and 75 kDa (Vt1 and Vt2) were identified. Two antibodies (Ab1 and Ab2) were prepared against the purified proteins of stage V eggs and their specificity was demonstrated by radial immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting analysis. Two forms of vitellins were also found in stage V eggs after chromatography on Sepharose CL-2B column and hydroxylapatite and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

[Effect of the protein level in the diet on the development of young Australian lobsters, Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda: Parastacidae)]. / Efecto del nivel proteico de la dieta sobre el desarrollo de juveniles de la langosta australiana Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda: Parastacidae).

An experimental study was conducted from October to December, 1999, in the aquaculture facilities of CIBNOR SC, at La Paz, BCS. To evaluate the effect of diet protein level on the productive response, in juveniles of the australian lobster, Cherax quadricarinatus, diets with four levels of crude protein (20.45, 28.25, 37.33 y 45.44%), were formulated and probed. Growth, grow rate, survival, biomass and food conversion rate were greater in juveniles fed with diets of 37.33 and 45.44% of crude protein. It is concluded that diet protein level affects the productive response of redclaw and a level of 37% of crude protein in the diet is enough to obtain acceptable results.