Visual field testing in glaucoma using the Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm (SITA).

The Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm (SITA) is the main measurement acquisition algorithm used on the Humphrey Field Analyser, the most commonly used instrument for visual field (VF) assessment worldwide. We compare the sensitivity outputs and reliability parameters of the three currently available SITA algorithms-SITA Standard (SS), Fast (SF), and Faster (SFR), with a focus on the newly released SFR and the 24-2C test grid. SFR displays similar sensitivity outputs to SS and SF, but may not be interchangeable with SS in eyes with more severe VF loss. The reliability metric with the greatest impact on VF reliability is the level of false positives, although the recommended 15 % false positive cut off may be inappropriate as a threshold for judging whether a test is reliable and should be included for use in SFR. Finally, the 24-2C grid may be useful in flagging the presence of a clustered central VF defect, while the 10-2 grid can be used to more comprehensively characterize central field defects. We also discuss strategies to improve testing frequency in clinical practice.

Epidemiology of Field of Vision Disorders (eFOVID) study, Western Australia, 1988-2022. Report 1: Data collection and aggregation protocol.

BACKGROUND: Computerised static visual field testing using dedicated machines such as the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) can assess and track changes in visual field sensitivity. The use of retrospective visual field databases is a novel undertaking, with no studies published utilising large scale population-level data. This study phase developed a method to extract HFA data into a large standardised population-based database including point sensitivity data with additional derived variables. METHODS: Retrospective, longitudinal, population study of visual field data from people who attended an ophthalmology service and had a HFA field test, in Western Australia, between 1988 and 2022. Raw test data included patient demographic fields, sensitivity readings and test parameters. Calculated fields included reliability scores, and a novel combined reliability score. RESULTS: There were 606 230 tests for 92 215 study individuals, from 22 ophthalmology practices in metropolitan Perth and three public hospital eye clinics, representing around 85% of the field tests performed by ophthalmologists each year. Raw sensitivity values were available for all tests, and additional descriptors were available for most tests (97.5%-100% of tests) with the exception of data variables retired by the manufacturer. CONCLUSIONS: Visual field data from 606 230 tests were collated into a single dataset, which is highly representative over a long period of time, for a defined population. This dataset has been linked to other administrative datasets to allow for epidemiological investigation of field of vision disorders.

Changes in the Visual Field Test after Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty in Advanced Glaucoma.

Background: To evaluate changes in the visual field (VF) after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) in eyes with advanced glaucoma and previous trabeculectomy. Methods: Changes in VF, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and number of glaucoma medications were analyzed before and after DSAEK in 19 eyes. The VFs were evaluated using the 10-2 program of the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) and/or Goldmann perimetry (GP). Results: In nine eyes, the MD improved from -22.24 ± 6.5 dB to -18.36 ± 5.1 dB in HFA. In five out of nine eyes, postoperative MD improved >1 dB compared to preoperative MD. In GP testing, 10 out of 15 eyes showed an improvement, that is, greater than 20° in VF enlargement by the isopter of I-4e and/or new detection of a smaller or darker isopter. Overall, improvement in VF with the HFA and/or GP test was observed in 12/19 (63.2%) eyes after DSAEK. Postoperative BCVA improved by more than two lines in logMAR VA in 18 of 19 (94.7%) eyes. There were no significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative IOP and the number of glaucoma medications. Conclusions: DSAEK may produce subjective improvement in the visual field as well as improved visual acuity, even in advanced glaucomatous eyes.

The effect of macular visual field test density on central structure-function concordance in glaucoma.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Central visual field (VF) testing often requires focussed high-density test grids. The critical number of test locations for maximising structure-function concordance in the macula is not known. PURPOSE: The aim of this work is to determine the impact of the number of test locations in the central VF on binarized structure-function concordance in glaucoma. METHODS: Humphrey Field Analyser (HFA) 10-2 test grid and Cirrus optical coherence tomography Ganglion Cell Analysis (GCA) results from one eye of 155 glaucoma patients were extracted. Following anatomical correction for retinal ganglion cell displacement, the pointwise results of the central 36 locations of the 10-2 pattern deviation map and their corresponding locations within the GCA deviation map were recorded. The number of test locations was systematically reduced from 36 (4 locations per step) and added from 1 (1 location per step) and binarized structure-function concordance (p < 0.05 for both) at each step was evaluated. Eleven test point subtraction and addition models were developed. Concordance rates (proportion) were plotted as a function of number of test locations, and were fitted using segmental nonlinear regression to identify the critical point of inflection at which concordance was maximised and discordance minimised. RESULTS: Subtractive and additive approaches returned two-way estimates of the critical number, with, on average 8-14 test locations being the range at which structure-function concordance was optimised in the present cohort across all models. A randomised approach to subtracting or adding test locations returned critical numbers that were similar to systematic and empirical models, suggesting that specific test location was not as critical in optimising structure-function concordance compared to the number of test locations. CONCLUSION: There is a potential critical number (8-14) in macular visual field testing where binarized structure-function concordance is optimised, providing a framework for guiding the development of integrated macular test locations in VF testing for glaucoma.

Frontloading visual field tests detect earlier mean deviation progression when applied to real-world-derived early-stage glaucoma data.

PURPOSE: To examine the diagnostic accuracy of performing two (frontloaded) versus one (clinical standard) visual field (VF) test per visit for detecting the progression of early glaucoma in data derived from clinical populations. METHODS: A computer simulation model was used to follow the VFs of 10,000 glaucoma patients (derived from two cohorts: Heijl et al., Swedish cohort; and Chauhan et al., Canadian Glaucoma Study [CGS]) over a 10-year period to identify patients whose mean deviation (MD) progression was detected. Core data (baseline MD and progression rates) were extracted from two studies in clinical cohorts of glaucoma, which were modulated using SITA-Faster variability characteristics from previous work. Additional variables included follow-up intervals (six-monthly or yearly) and rates of perimetric data loss for any reason (0%, 15% and 30%). The main outcome measures were the proportions of progressors detected. RESULTS: When the Swedish cohort was reviewed six-monthly, the frontloaded strategy detected more progressors compared to the non-frontloaded method up to years 8, 9 and 10 of follow-up for 0%, 15% and 30% data loss conditions. The time required to detect 50% of cases was 1.0-1.5 years less for frontloading compared to non-frontloading. At 4 years, frontloading increased detection by 26.7%, 28.7% and 32.4% for 0%, 15% and 30% data loss conditions, respectively. Where both techniques detected progression, frontloading detected progressors earlier compared to the non-frontloaded strategy (78.5%-81.5% and by 1.0-1.3 years when reviewed six-monthly; 81%-82.9% and by 1.2-2.1 years when reviewed yearly). Accordingly, these patients had less severe MD scores (six-monthly review: 0.63-1.67 dB 'saved'; yearly review: 1.10-2.87 dB). The differences increased with higher rates of data loss. Similar tendencies were noted when applied to the CGS cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Frontloaded VFs applied to clinical distributions of MD and progression led to earlier detection of early glaucoma progression.

Which glaucoma patients benefit from 10-2 visual field testing? Proposing the functional vulnerability zone framework.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A method for determining 10-2 deployment in glaucoma with the goal of detecting additional visual field sensitivity for the purpose of functional monitoring is proposed. BACKGROUND: To provide a pilot method for determining when to deploy the 10-2 visual field (VF) test grid in glaucoma by characterising the 'functional vulnerability zone'. METHODS: The cross-sectional 24-2 (central 12 locations) and 10-2 VF results from 133 eyes of 133 glaucoma subjects were used to describe the central Hill of Vision using VF sensitivity. The 'volume' (defined using arbitrary units, A.U.) under the Hill was calculated. A greater A.U. on the 10-2 indicated a functional vulnerability zone (FVZ), signifying additional clinical dynamic range for potential future monitoring. The main outcome measures were calculated A.U. and 24-2 factors which were significantly related to A.U. differences between 24-2 and 10-2. RESULTS: Over 55% of patients had an FVZ (A.U. greater using 10-2). Several 24-2 features (worse mean deviation, worse central 24-2 mean defect, and a higher proportion of defective locations) were significant in the FVZ cohort compared to non-FVZ. 24-2 mean deviation levels at which 10-2 may be favoured were low at -3.16 to -3.62 dB. Specifically, 5 or more defective central 24-2 test locations were associated with an FVZ. Subjects exhibiting a less severe defect on the 10-2 were more likely to have an FVZ, indicating its potential for future VF monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: The authors propose several clinical markers, focussing on the 24-2, which can guide clinicians on when the 10-2 may have utility in glaucoma assessment. The authors provide a pilot reference spreadsheet for clinicians to visualise the likelihood of 10-2 utility in the context of an FVZ.

Evaluation of the Consistency of Glaucomatous Visual Field Defects Using a Clustered SITA-Faster Protocol.

PURPOSE: Frontloading SITA-Faster (SFR) visual fields (2 tests per eye on the same visit) has been shown to provide repeatable perimetric data at minimal time cost. This study reports the outcomes of using frontloaded SFR in the evaluation of pointwise visual field (VF) defects in a cohort of patients with glaucoma when transitioned from SITA-Standard (SS). DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 144 eyes of 91 patients with confirmed or suspected glaucoma who had an SS test on a previous visit. METHODS: Two SFR tests (T1, T2) per eye on the same visit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Global sensitivity, reliability indices, and pointwise deviation map probability scores from the pattern deviation grid of each patient were compared across the 3 sequential tests to evaluate the consistency of VF defects. RESULTS: The mean age was 68.6 years, and 79.2% of patients had a diagnosis of glaucoma. There was no significant difference in mean deviation (MD) across the 3 tests (-5.83 decibels [dB], -5.28 dB, and -5.71 dB in SS, SFR1, and SFR2, respectively, repeated-measures analysis of variance [ANOVA], P = 0.48). The frontloaded SFR tests provided repeatable VFs that confirmed existing pointwise data on the SS in 4661 (62.3%) locations, reversed an SS defect in 614 (8.2%) locations, and demonstrated a new repeatable defect in 406 (5.4%) locations of the pattern deviation grid. A new defect of at least 3 contiguous points was identified in 20.1% of eyes. The non-repeatable points on the 2 SFR tests displayed no significant difference in the distribution of defect/nondefect points based on test order or peripheral versus central locations. There was no significant difference in the rate of obtaining at least 1 reliable test result between SS and the frontloaded SFR T1 and T2 (P = 0.77). Test duration significantly decreased from SS to SFR1/2 (379 vs. 160 vs. 158 seconds, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Frontloading SFR tests can provide repeatable data for the evaluation of the consistency of pattern deviation defects in glaucoma, with no observable decline in performance from test fatigue. This is achieved at equivalent duration and reliability as a single SS test. Frontloading SFR may be helpful in increasing testing frequency/quantity to meet recommended guidelines for progression analysis. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Frontloading SITA-Faster Can Increase Frequency and Reliability of Visual Field Testing at Minimal Time Cost.

PURPOSE: To report the outcomes of frontloaded visual field (VF) testing (2 tests per eye on the same visit) over 2 longitudinal, consecutive visits using SITA-Faster (SFR) in terms of global indices, reliability metrics, and test duration. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal study. SUBJECTS: A total of 902 eyes of 463 subjects with normal, suspect, or manifest glaucoma. METHODS: Two intravisit SFR VF tests (T1 and T2) per eye at an initial (Ti) and follow-up (Tf) visit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intra- and intervisit global indices, reliability metrics, and test durations. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 63.6 years, and 58.3% were male. Seven hundred ninety eyes (87.4%) had a diagnosis of glaucoma or glaucoma suspicion. The mean duration between visits was 265.0 (standard deviation 98.8) days. In total, 3608 VF tests were analyzed, with the correlation of mean deviation (MD) values of the frontloaded tests at each visit high (T1/T2 MD correlation at initial visit r = 0.83, root mean squared error [RMSE] = 1.26, follow-up visit r = 0.83, RMSE = 1.25, P < 0.0001) and greater than the correlation of MD between visits (Ti1/Tf1 MD correlation r = 0.72, RMSE = 1.31). There was a significant intra-visit decrease in rates of abnormally high sensitivity in the glaucoma hemifield test (3.2% vs. 1.6%, P = 0.0023) and rates of unreliable test results (15.4% vs. 9.2%, P = 0.002) from T1 to T2 in both visits, with a corresponding significant decrease in MD (-1.28 dB vs. -1.68 dB, P < 0.0001) and VF index (P = 0.03). The mean duration of each SFR test was 132.6 (SD 27.2) seconds. CONCLUSIONS: Frontloading VFs using SFR produced sets of repeatable perimetric data with significant improvement of reliability indices from the first to second test. This may help increase testing frequency at minimal time cost to meet recommended guidelines and for evaluating patients prone to high variability. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Comparative Analysis of 10-2 Test on Advanced Vision Analyzer and Humphrey Perimeter in Glaucoma.

Purpose: To evaluate diagnostic precision and prove equivalence of 2 devices, Advanced vision analyzer (AVA, Elisar Vision Technology) and Humphrey field analyzer (HFA, Zeiss) for the detection of glaucoma on 10-2 program. Design: Prospective, cross-sectional, observational study. Participants: Threshold estimates of 1 eye each of 66 patients with glaucoma, 36 control participants, and 10 glaucoma suspects were analyzed on 10-2 test with AVA and HFA. Methods: Mean sensitivity (MS) values of 68 points and central 16 test points were calculated and compared. Intraclass correlation (ICC), Bland-Altman (BA) plots, linear regression of MS, mean deviation (MD), and pattern standard deviation (PSD) were computed to assess the 10-2 threshold estimate of the devices. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated for MS and MD values, and the area under the curve (AUC) was compared with assessing diagnostic precision. Main Outcome Measures: Mean sensitivity values of 68 points and central 16 points, AUC for MS and MD values, ICC values, BA plots, and linear-regression analysis. Results: Bland-Altman plot showed significant correlation for MS, MD, and PSD values for both devices. For MS, the overall ICC value was 0.96 (P < 0.001) with a mean bias of 0.0 dB and limits of agreement range of 7.59. The difference in MS values between both devices was -0.4760 ± 1.95 (P > 0.05). The AUC for MS values for AVA was 0.89 and for HFA was 0.92 (P = 0.188); whereas it was similar at 0.88 for MD values (P = 0.799). Advanced vision analyzer and HFA identically discriminated between healthy and patients with glaucoma (P < 0.001), although HFA denoted marginally greater ability (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Statistical results denote adequate equivalence between AVA and HFA because threshold estimates of AVA strongly correlate with HFA for 10-2 program. Financial Disclosures: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Structure-Function Relationships and Glaucoma Detection with Magnification Correction of OCT Angiography.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of adjusting the ocular magnification during OCT-based angiography imaging on structure-function relationships and glaucoma detection. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: A total of 96 healthy control participants and 90 patients with open-angle glaucoma were included. Methods: One eye of each patient in the control group and the patient group was evaluated. The layers comprising the macula vascular density (VD) and circumpapillary VD were derived from swept-source OCT angiography imaging. The mean sensitivity (MS) of the standard automated perimetry was measured using the Humphrey 24-2 test. Structure-function relationships were evaluated with simple and partial correlation coefficients. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy for glaucoma using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Ocular magnification was adjusted using Littmann's formula modified by Bennett. Main Outcome Measures: The association between the axial length and VD, structure-function relationships, and glaucoma detection with and without magnification correction. Results: The superficial layer of the macular region was not significantly correlated to the axial length without magnification correction (r = 0.0011; P = 0.99); however, it was negatively correlated to the axial length with magnification correction (r = -0.22; P = 0.028). Regarding the nerve head layer in the circumpapillary region, a negative correlation to the axial length without magnification correction was observed (r = -0.22; P = 0.031); however, this significant correlation disappeared with magnification correction. The superficial layer of the macula and the nerve head layer of the circumpapillary region were significantly correlated to Humphrey 24-2 MS values without magnification correction (r = 0.22 and r = 0.32, respectively); however, these correlations did not improve after magnification correction (r = 0.20 and r = 0.33, respectively). Glaucoma diagnostic accuracy in the superficial layer (AUC, 0.63) and nerve head layer (AUC, 0.70) without magnification correction did not improve after magnification correction (AUC, 0.62 and 0.69, respectively). Conclusions: Adjustment of the ocular magnification is important for accurate VD measurements; however, it may not significantly impact structure-function relationships and glaucoma detection.

Multicenter Comparison of the Toronto Portable Perimeter with the Humphrey Field Analyzer: A Pilot Study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the agreement between glaucomatous 24-2 visual field (VF) testing performed with the Toronto Portable Perimeter (TPP; VEM Medical Technologies) and the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA; Carl Zeiss Meditec). DESIGN: Multicenter prospective cohort analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with suspected or confirmed glaucoma treated at Prism Eye Institute (Oakville, Canada), York Finch Eye Associates (North York, Canada), or the Ontario Mobile Medical Eye Care Unit (Cochrane, Canada) between March 2019 and March 2020. METHODS: Patients underwent consecutive VF tests on the same eye using the HFA Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm Standard 24-2 test and TPP Standard 24-2 test in randomized order. Bland-Altman analysis and paired t tests were used to compare VF results obtained by the TPP and the HFA. Participants completed a 5-question validated questionnaire after completing both testing methods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean difference and degree of agreement in mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), visual field index (VFI), and test duration between VF modalities. RESULTS: One hundred fifty eyes from 91 patients were included in analysis. Average MD of the overall cohort using HFA and TPP VF testing was -4.32 ± 5.47 dB and -4.53 ± 5.22 dB, respectively (P = 0.74). Bland-Altman analysis showed good agreement between HFA and TPP tests. The mean differences (95% limits of agreement) between HFA and TPP for MD, PSD, VFI, and test duration were 0.21 dB (-4.25 to 4.67 dB), -0.13 dB (-3.72 to 3.47 dB), 0.66% (-10.94% to 12.26%), and 0.65 seconds (-97.51 to 98.81 seconds), respectively. No statistically significant mean difference was found between HFA and TPP tests for MD, PSD, VFI, or test duration. Mean deviation (R2 = 0.830) and VFI (R2 = 0.866) were correlated strongly with both modalities. Questionnaire results demonstrated that patients significantly preferred the TPP over the HFA for VF testing (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Mean deviation, PSD, and VFI outcomes measured by the TPP were statistically similar to corresponding parameters obtained with the HFA. Test time duration did not differ significantly between the TPP and HFA, and patients significantly preferred the TPP to the HFA examination experience. These pilot results suggest that the TPP may offer an accessible alternative to HFA VF testing.

Long-term Outcomes of Cataract Surgery in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa.

PURPOSE: To investigate the long-term outcomes of cataract surgery in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-four patients with typical RP (22 men, 42 women; average age, 62.8 ± 10.1 years) who underwent cataract surgery at Kyushu University Hospital between May 2007 and October 2015 and were followed up for ≥3 years after the surgery. METHODS: Differences between presurgery and postsurgery visual function, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and parameters in the Humphrey field analyzer (HFA) examination using the central 10-2 program, were investigated. The presurgery conditions of the foveal ellipsoid zone (EZ) were classified into 3 grades (grade 1: invisible; grade 2: abnormal; grade 3: normal) based on OCT findings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: BCVA, the retinal sensitivity in the HFA 10-2 test. RESULTS: Cataract surgery was performed in 96 eyes, with an average follow-up period of 5.8 ± 2.4 years. The mean presurgery BCVA was 0.64 ± 0.52 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), and the final postsurgery BCVA was 0.61 ± 0.67 logMAR (P = 0.57). Significant improvement in the postsurgery BCVA was observed only in eyes with preserved foveal EZ (grade 3) (P < 0.01). In 62 eyes of 45 patients who underwent the HFA 10-2 test, the mean values of deviation, macular sensitivity, and foveal sensitivity at the final visit were significantly decreased compared with preoperative values (P < 0.01), whereas those in grade 3 eyes did not change significantly after the surgery (P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: In the long-term course after cataract surgery in patients with RP, many patients experienced vision loss with progression of the disease. The preoperative finding of preserved foveal EZ was associated with a better visual prognosis, suggesting that EZ evaluation is useful for predicting the long-term visual outcome of cataract surgery in patients with RP.

Patient and technician perspectives following the introduction of frontloaded visual field testing in glaucoma assessment.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Frontloaded visual field testing (twice per eye per session) is well-tolerated by patients and technicians, representing a viable strategy that can be implemented in routine clinical practice to capture enough clinical perimetry data for effective disease diagnosis, surveillance and management. BACKGROUND: To determine the experiences of patients and technicians following the implementation of frontloaded visual field testing (multiple tests per eye within the same session) in a glaucoma service. METHODS: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study. A written questionnaire was administered to patients (three questions) attending the glaucoma service at the Centre for Eye Health for glaucoma assessment and to their administering perimetry technicians (two questions). The questionnaire was administered after static automated perimetry (24-2 SITA-Faster on the Humphrey Field Analyzer) was performed twice for each eye (frontloaded) within the same session. Respondents were asked to provide a 1-5 Likert scale response to questions that targeted operational issues for frontloaded visual field testing. Responses were correlated against to demographic (age, gender, ethnicity) and clinical (diagnosis, refractive error, visual field indices, test duration) parameters. RESULTS: Approximately 90% of patient respondents agreed that frontloaded visual field testing was clearly explained to them, that they were comfortable during the test, and would prefer completing the tests at a single visit rather than returning to repeat the test. Most technician respondents were also able to keep their patients comfortable. 13% of technician respondents felt they ran late during the session, but on average, the total test duration for four visual field tests was 13 minutes, including breaks. There was no correlation found between demographic and clinical factors, and the responses. CONCLUSIONS: Frontloaded visual field testing was well-tolerated by patients and technicians. Strategies that may be helpful for other clinics to adopt this new paradigm are described.

[Static automated perimetry in the diagnosis of glaucoma. Part 1: Basic principles]. / Staticheskaya perimetriya v diagnostike glaukomy. Chast' 1. Bazovye printsipy.

Static automated perimetry is an indispensable tool in the diagnosis of glaucoma. It is used to study the differential light sensitivity of the retina in different points of the visual field. The most important is the central zone of the visual field, many perimetric programs and strategies have been developed for its examination. Using standard background brightness, we can vary sizes, location methods and the type of stimulus delivery. The proper use of standard achromatic perimetry is crucial for the correct management of glaucoma patients. This review analyzes literature on the basic principles of static perimetry in the examination of differential photosensitivity of the retina.

Relationship between structural and functional changes in glaucomatous eyes: a multifocal electroretinogram study.

BACKGROUND: The nasal to temporal amplitudes ratio (N/T) of multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) scans measured within 5° of the macula can be used to detect glaucomatous change. The photopic negative response (PhNR) of mfERG elicited by a circular stimulus centered on the fovea was significantly reduced in eyes with glaucoma. The PhNR to B-wave ratio (PhNR/B) is the optimal measure of the PhNR. However, clinical superiority for evaluating glaucoma patients has not been determined between N/T and PhNR/B yet. METHODS: For morphological assessments, ganglion cell complex (GCC) in six regions and the average were measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). For functional assessment, Humphrey visual fields (VF) with mean sensitivities (MT) and mfERG scans with parameters of N/T and the multifocal photopic negative response to B-wave ratio (mfPhNR/B) were measured. Sixty-nine eyes of 44 glaucoma patients were included and correlations between mfERG parameters and OCT or VF parameters were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 59.4 years. The mean deviation for all eyes obtained with the VF 30-2 and VF 10-2 was - 7.00 and - 6.31 dB, respectively. Significant correlations between GCC thickness or VF parameter and the N/T were found, especially in the inferior and inforotemporal retinal areas corresponding to superior and superonasal VF sectors (GCC vs N/T; coefficient = - 7.916 and - 7.857, and MT vs N/T; coefficient = - 4.302 and - 4.437, in the inferior and inforotemporal retinal areas, respectively, all p values < 0.05). However, similar associations were not obtained between mfPhNR/B and OCT or VF parameters. The mfPhNR/B only in the inferotemporal sector was significantly correlated with the average thickness of GCC (coefficient = 4.823, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: The N/T was correlated with GCC and VF in more numbers of measurement areas than the mfPhNR/B in the current study, however, a future study modifying the stimuli and amplitudes to obtain the spatial correspondence to OCT and VF measurement will be required to evaluate the value of mfERG.

Evaluation of postoperative visual function based on the preoperative inner layer structure in the epiretinal membrane.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the postoperative visual function using a preoperative epiretinal membrane (ERM) classification based on the status of the inner layer structure. METHODS: We assessed 62 eyes, one from each patient undergoing vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for unilateral ERM. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) the presence of idiopathic ERM based on optical coherence tomography and a healthy contralateral eye, (2) successful surgery after 25- or 27-gauge transconjunctival 3-port pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling, and (3) a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. We included patients with preoperative ERM morphology with no disruption of the inner retinal layer in group A (37 eyes) and those with disruption in group B (25 eyes) and compared the visual acuity, central visual-field sensitivity (CVFS) measured using the Humphrey field analyzer 10-2 program, and detection rate of micro-scotoma (< 10 dB) at baseline and 12 months postoperatively between the groups. RESULTS: Visual acuity at 12 months showed greater improvement in group A than in group B (P = .03). There was no significant difference in CVFS at baseline; however, that of the nasal area was substantially lower after surgery in group B than in group A (P = .02). The 12-month postoperative detection rate of micro-scotoma was significantly higher in group B than in group A (P = .002). CONCLUSION: ERM that has preoperatively disrupted the inner layer poses the risks of CVFS reduction and micro-scotoma formation after vitrectomy. Evaluating the inner layer could be an important prognostic factor in determining retinal function in ERM.

Comparison of 10-2 and 24-2C Test Grids for Identifying Central Visual Field Defects in Glaucoma and Suspect Patients.

PURPOSE: To compare the ability of 24-2C and 10-2 test grids in measuring visual field global indices, identifying central visual field defects, and facilitating macular structure-function analysis with OCT scans in glaucoma and glaucoma suspect patients. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: One eye from 131 glaucoma and 57 glaucoma suspect patients recruited from a referral-only, university-based glaucoma clinic. METHODS: Each subject underwent perimetric testing using 24-2C SITA-Faster and 10-2 SITA-Fast in random order, and Cirrus OCT macular imaging (Ganglion Cell Analysis) for structure-function correlations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual field global indices (mean deviation, pattern standard deviation, binarized "cluster" pass/fail, and central mean sensitivity), number and proportion of visual field defects, and structure-function concordance with the Cirrus OCT deviation map following visual field location displacement for correspondence with underlying retinal ganglion cell position. RESULTS: Global indices (mean deviation, pattern standard deviation, and central mean sensitivity) were similar between both grids. The 10-2 detected more defects compared with the 24-2C (P < 0.0001 for all patients, P = 0.006 for glaucoma patients). This was preserved when analyzing the proportion of defects in the central visual field for all patients (P = 0.02) but was not significantly different for glaucoma patients (P = 0.051). The 10-2 identified more central "clusters" of 2+ contiguous points of deficit (P < 0.0001). Structure-function comparisons performed at locations where visual field and OCT test locations were colocalized revealed greater concordance of structural and functional deficits using the 10-2 (P < 0.0001). The 10-2 took a median of 201 seconds, and the 24-2C took a median of 154 seconds, corresponding to the different thresholding algorithms. CONCLUSIONS: The 24-2C and 10-2 test grids return similar global indices of visual field performance and proportionally similar amounts of central visual field loss. The additional points in the 10-2 grid return more "clusters" of defects and a greater rate of structure-function concordance compared with the 24-2C test grid. Thus, the 24-2C can identify the presence of a clustered central visual field defect using similar probability criteria, whereas the 10-2 may be more useful in comprehensively characterizing the defect and predicting central visual function.

A Joint Multitask Learning Model for Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Predictions of Visual Field Using OCT.

Purpose: We constructed a multitask learning model (latent space linear regression and deep learning [LSLR-DL]) in which the 2 tasks of cross-sectional predictions (using OCT) of visual field (VF; central 10°) and longitudinal progression predictions of VF (30°) were performed jointly via sharing the deep learning (DL) component such that information from both tasks was used in an auxiliary manner (The Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining [SIGKDD] 2021). The purpose of the current study was to investigate the prediction accuracy preparing an independent validation dataset. Design: Cohort study. Participants: Cross-sectional training and testing data sets included the VF (Humphrey Field Analyzer [HFA] 10-2 test) and an OCT measurement (obtained within 6 months) from 591 eyes of 351 healthy people or patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and from 155 eyes of 131 patients with OAG, respectively. Longitudinal training and testing data sets included 7984 VF results (HFA 24-2 test) from 998 eyes of 592 patients with OAG and 1184 VF results (HFA 24-2 test) from 148 eyes of 84 patients with OAG, respectively. Each eye had 8 VF test results (HFA 24-2 test). The OCT sequences within the observation period were used. Methods: Root mean square error (RMSE) was used to evaluate the accuracy of LSLR-DL for the cross-sectional prediction of VF (HFA 10-2 test). For the longitudinal prediction, the final (eighth) VF test (HFA 24-2 test) was predicted using a shorter VF series and relevant OCT images, and the RMSE was calculated. For comparison, RMSE values were calculated by applying the DL component (cross-sectional prediction) and the ordinary pointwise linear regression (longitudinal prediction). Main Outcome Measures: Root mean square error in the cross-sectional and longitudinal predictions. Results: Using LSLR-DL, the mean RMSE in the cross-sectional prediction was 6.4 dB and was between 4.4 dB (VF tests 1 and 2) and 3.7 dB (VF tests 1-7) in the longitudinal prediction, indicating that LSLR-DL significantly outperformed other methods. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that LSLR-DL is useful for both the cross-sectional prediction of VF (HFA 10-2 test) and the longitudinal progression prediction of VF (HFA 24-2 test).

Advanced Vision Analyzer-Virtual Reality Perimeter: Device Validation, Functional Correlation and Comparison with Humphrey Field Analyzer.

Purpose: To evaluate the Advanced Vision Analyzer (AVA; Elisar Vision Technology) and to compare pointwise threshold sensitivity and functional correlation of Elisar Standard Algorithm (ESA) with the Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm (SITA) of the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc). Design: Prospective, cross-sectional, observational case series. Participants: One hundred sixty eyes (85 control participants, 75 glaucoma patients) for functional assessment, 15 eyes for test-retest variability (TRV), 107 eyes for blind spot trial (45 normal eyes, 62 glaucoma eyes) were recruited consecutively. A separate group of participants was chosen for each assessment. Methods: All participants underwent ESA and SITA Standard 24-2 testing, and 1 eye of each participant was selected randomly. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman, linear regression, mean bias (MB), and proportional bias analyses were quantified and assessed. Threshold measurements, TRV, and blind spot location accuracy were compared with those of the HFA. Main Outcome Measures: Pointwise threshold sensitivity, sectoral mean sensitivity (MS), mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), TRV, blind spot location, average test time were computed, and data were correlated. Results: The mean time required to perform a field test with the AVA was 7.08 ± 1.55 minutes and with HFA was 6.26 ± 0.54 minutes (P = 0.228). The MS difference between AVA and HFA was -2.2 ± 2.3 dB in healthy participants (P < 0.001) and -2.6 ± 3.5 dB in participants with glaucoma (P < 0.001). The correlation coefficients for pointwise threshold values were moderately to strongly correlated for both the devices (r = 0.68-0.89). For MS, the overall ICC value was 0.893 (P < 0.001) with MB of 2.48 dB and a limits of agreement (LOA) of 10.90 (range, 7.93 to -2.97). For TRV, response variability decreased with an increase in sensitivity and increased with eccentricity. Blind spot location was accurate, and global indices of testing methods correlated well. Conclusions: The AVA effectively captures threshold values for each point in the visual field. Adequate functional correlation suggests substantial equivalence between the AVA (ESA) and HFA (SITA Standard), implying that AVA may allow accurate assessment of visual field.

Comparison of the Automated Pattern-Noise (PANO) Glaucoma Test with the HFA, an FDT Stimulus, and the Fundus Area Cup-to-disk Ratio.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of a new automated glaucoma test-Pattern-Noise (PANO)-to the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer-II (HFA), the fundus area cup-to-disk ratio (CDR), and a frequency doubling technology (FDT) stimulus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study performed in the West-Region of Cameroon. Two hundred and nineteen eyes of 122 adult patients were included with a clinical suspicion of normal-tension or primary open-angle glaucoma and no other major ocular pathology. Eyes were examined with PANO, HFA (24-2 SITA standard), and FDT-stimulus in a randomized order followed by clinical assessment of the CDR. RESULTS: Parametric correlation of the mean contrast threshold of PANO with the mean contrast threshold of FDT-stimulus, total deviation of HFA, and area CDR was 0.94, -0.85, and 0.62, respectively (p < 0.001 for all values). Spatial distribution of sensitivity thresholds is highly correlated (p < 0.001) at all points in the visual field between PANO and HFA. With cut-off values of 3 ± 1 dB for HFA mean deviation and 4 ± 1 for PANO mean contrast threshold and after eliminating borderline cases, PANO's sensitivity was 95% and specificity 60%. The mean patient age was 45.2 ± 15.8 years. Mean thresholds of PANO and FDT-stimulus decreased with increasing age. Mean examination time was 7.1 ± 1.8 minutes for PANO, 5.9 ± 1.3 minutes for HFA, and 4.7 ± 1.3 minutes for FDT-stimulus. The mean percentage of false-positives per examination was 4.95% for PANO, 4.62% (p = 0.025) for FDT-stimulus, and 2.10% for HFA. CONCLUSION: The results showed that PANO was successful in suspecting the presence of glaucoma. Pattern-Noise examination led to findings that were significantly correlated to HFA, FDT stimulus, and area CDR. Some patterns of defect were also correlated. Furthermore, PANO showed a reasonable examination time and error rate. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Affordable and robust visual field devices are lacking in large parts of the developing world. Comparing them to established methods is a prerequisite to their clinical use. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Hannen T, El-Khoury S, Patel R, et al. Comparison of the Automated Pattern-Noise (PANO) Glaucoma Test with the HFA, an FDT Stimulus, and the Fundus Area Cup-to-disk Ratio. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2021;15(3):132-138.