Sphingobacterium oryzagri sp. nov., isolated from rice paddy soil.

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative and short rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated M6-31T, was isolated from rice paddy soil sampled in Miryang, Republic of Korea. Growth was observed at 4-35 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and in the presence of 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 % w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences grouped strain M6-31T with Sphingobacterium bambusae IBFC2009T, Sphingobacterium griseoflavum SCU-B140T and Sphingobacterium solani MLS-26-JM13-11T in the same clade, with the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities ranging from 95.8 to 96.6 %. A genome-based phylogenetic tree reconstructed by using all publicly available Sphingobacterium genomes placed strain M6-31T with S. bambusae KACC 22910T, 'Sphingobacterium deserti' ACCC 05744T, S. griseoflavum CGMCC 1.12966T and Sphingobacterium paludis CGMCC 1.12801T. Orthologous average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain M6-31T and its closely related strains were lower than 74.6 and 22.0 %, respectively. The respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7, and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were C15 : 0 iso, C17 : 0 iso 3OH and summed feature 3. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data obtained in this study showed that strain M6-31T represents a novel species of the genus Sphingobacterium, for which the name Sphingobacterium oryzagri sp. nov. (type strain M6-31T=KACC 22765T=JCM 35893T) is proposed.

Bacterial community structure analysis of sludge from Taozi lake and isolation of an efficient 17ß-Estradiol (E2) degrading strain Sphingobacterium sp. GEMB-CSS-01.

Environmental challenges arising from organic pollutants pose a significant problem for modern societies. Efficient microbial resources for the degradation of these pollutants are highly valuable. In this study, the bacterial community structure of sludge samples from Taozi Lake (polluted by urban sewage) was studied using 16S rRNA sequencing. The bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi, which are potentially important in organic matter degradation by previous studies, were identified as the predominant phyla in our samples, with relative abundances of 48.5%, 8.3%, and 6.6%, respectively. Additionally, the FAPROTAX and co-occurrence network analysis suggested that the core microbial populations in the samples may be closely associated with organic matter metabolism. Subsequently, sludge samples from Taozi Lake were subjected to enrichment cultivation to isolate organic pollutant-degrading microorganisms. The strain Sphingobacterium sp. GEMB-CSS-01, tolerant to sulfanilamide, was successfully isolated. Subsequent investigations demonstrated that Sphingobacterium sp. GEMB-CSS-01 efficiently degraded the endocrine-disrupting compound 17ß-Estradiol (E2). It achieved degradation efficiencies of 80.0% and 53.5% for E2 concentrations of 10 mg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively, within 10 days. Notably, despite a reduction in degradation efficiency, Sphingobacterium sp. GEMB-CSS-01 retained its ability to degrade E2 even in the presence of sulfanilamide concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 mg/L. The findings of this research identify potential microbial resources for environmental bioremediation, and concurrently provide valuable information about the microbial community structure and patterns within Taozi Lake.

Biodegradation of penicillin G sodium by Sphingobacterium sp. SQW1: Performance, degradation mechanism, and key enzymes.

Biodegradation is an efficient and cost-effective approach to remove residual penicillin G sodium (PGNa) from the environment. In this study, the effective PGNa-degrading strain SQW1 (Sphingobacterium sp.) was screened from contaminated soil using enrichment technique. The effects of critical operational parameters on PGNa degradation by strain SQW1 were systematically investigated, and these parameters were optimized by response surface methodology to maximize PGNa degradation. Comparative experiments found the extracellular enzyme to completely degrade PGNa within 60 min. Combined with whole genome sequencing of strain SQW1 and LC-MS analysis of degradation products, penicillin acylase and ß-lactamase were identified as critical enzymes for PGNa biodegradation. Moreover, three degradation pathways were postulated, including ß-lactam hydrolysis, penicillin acylase hydrolysis, decarboxylation, desulfurization, demethylation, oxidative dehydrogenation, hydroxyl reduction, and demethylation reactions. The toxicity of PGNa biodegradation intermediates was assessed using paper diffusion method, ECOSAR, and TEST software, which showed that the biodegradation products had low toxicity. This study is the first to describe PGNa-degrading bacteria and detailed degradation mechanisms, which will provide new insights into the PGNa biodegradation.

Comparative genomic analysis provides insight into the phylogeny and potential mechanisms of adaptive evolution of Sphingobacterium sp. CZ-2.

Sphingobacterium is a class of Gram-negative, non-fermentative bacilli that have received widespread attention due to their broad ecological distribution and oil degradation ability, but are rarely involved in infections. In this manuscript, a novel Sphingobacterium strain isolated from wildfire-infected tobacco leaves was named Sphingobacterium sp. CZ-2. NGS and TGS sequencing results showed a whole genome of 3.92 Mb with 40.68 mol% GC content and containing 3,462 protein-coding genes, 9 rRNA-coding genes and 50 tRNA-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis, ANI and dDDH calculations all supported that Sphingobacterium sp. CZ-2 represented a novel species of the genus Sphingobacterium. Analysis of the specific genes of Sphingobacterium sp. CZ-2 by comparative genomics revealed that metal transport proteins encoded by the troD and cusA genes could maintain the balance of heavy metal ion concentrations in the internal environment of bacteria and avoid heavy metal toxicity while meeting the needs of growth and reproduction, and transport proteins encoded by the malG gene could keep nutrients required for the survival of bacteria. Synteny and genome evolutionary analyses of Sphingobacterium strains implicated that the gene family contraction as a major process in genome evolution, with insertional sequences leading to mutations, deletions and reversals of genes that help bacteria to withstand complex environmental changes. Complete genome sequencing and systematic comparative genomic analysis will contribute new insights into the adaptive evolution of this novel species and the genus Sphingobacterium.

Identification and characterization of a deaminoneuraminic acid (Kdn)-specific aldolase from Sphingobacterium species.

Sialic acid (Sia) is a group of acidic sugars with a 9-carbon backbone, and classified into 3 species based on the substituent group at C5 position: N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), and deaminoneuraminic acid (Kdn). In Escherichia coli, the sialate aldolase or N-acetylneuraminate aldolase (NanA) is known to catabolize these Sia species into pyruvate and the corresponding 6-carbon mannose derivatives. However, in bacteria, very little is known about the catabolism of Kdn, compared with Neu5Ac. In this study, we found a novel Kdn-specific aldolase (Kdn-aldolase), which can exclusively degrade Kdn, but not Neu5Ac or Neu5Gc, from Sphingobacterium sp., which was previously isolated from a Kdn-assimilating bacterium. Kdn-aldolase had the optimal pH and temperature at 7.0-8.0 and 50 °C, respectively. It also had the synthetic activity of Kdn from pyruvate and mannose. Site-specific mutagenesis revealed that N50 residue was important for the Kdn-specific reaction. Existence of the Kdn-aldolase suggests that Kdn-specific metabolism may play a specialized role in some bacteria.

Cryo-EM structure of an active bacterial TIR-STING filament complex.

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an antiviral signalling protein that is broadly conserved in both innate immunity in animals and phage defence in prokaryotes1-4. Activation of STING requires its assembly into an oligomeric filament structure through binding of a cyclic dinucleotide4-13, but the molecular basis of STING filament assembly and extension remains unknown. Here we use cryogenic electron microscopy to determine the structure of the active Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-STING filament complex from a Sphingobacterium faecium cyclic-oligonucleotide-based antiphage signalling system (CBASS) defence operon. Bacterial TIR-STING filament formation is driven by STING interfaces that become exposed on high-affinity recognition of the cognate cyclic dinucleotide signal c-di-GMP. Repeating dimeric STING units stack laterally head-to-head through surface interfaces, which are also essential for human STING tetramer formation and downstream immune signalling in mammals5. The active bacterial TIR-STING structure reveals further cross-filament contacts that brace the assembly and coordinate packing of the associated TIR NADase effector domains at the base of the filament to drive NAD+ hydrolysis. STING interface and cross-filament contacts are essential for cell growth arrest in vivo and reveal a stepwise mechanism of activation whereby STING filament assembly is required for subsequent effector activation. Our results define the structural basis of STING filament formation in prokaryotic antiviral signalling.

Cholangitis with Sphingobacterium multivorum and Acinetobacter junii bacteremia in a patient with gastric cancer: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Sphingobacterium is an aerobic, glucose non-fermenting, Gram-negative rod bacterium that has been isolated from soil, plants, food, and water sources, including in hospitals. Reports of systemic infections caused by Sphingobacterium multivorum (S. multivorum) are rare, and their clinical and microbiological characteristics remain unclear. Moreover, conventional microbiological methods have limited ability to identify S. multivorum. We report the first case of obstructive cholangitis with bacteremia caused by S. multivorum in a patient with gastric cancer. CASE REPORT: A 68-year-old woman with advanced gastric cancer, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia was admitted with obstructive jaundice, and subsequently developed obstructive cholangitis during the hospital stay. S. multivorum were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing of the patient's blood samples. Based on the antibiotic susceptibility results of the isolates, cefepime was administered intravenously for 14 days, with good therapeutic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: S. multivorum infection is rare, and its microbiology and pathogenicity in humans is mostly unknown. Therefore, multiple diagnostic approaches should be used to identify S. multivorum, and antimicrobial therapy should be selected based on the in vitro susceptibility. This report provides clinicians with novel information on the clinical manifestations and diagnostic methods for an accurate diagnosis of S. multivorum.

Sphingobacterium bovistauri sp. nov., Isolated from the Faeces of Bos Taurus.

A novel bacterium designated WQ 366 T was isolated from the faeces of Bos taurus, foraging on the slopes of the Baima Snow Mountain in Yunnan, China. The isolate grew optimally at 30 â„ƒ and pH 7.0-8.0 without NaCl. The cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-gliding, catalase-positive, and produced yellow color colonies on Columbia Agar. A polyphasic study was applied to clarify its taxonomic position through 16S rRNA gene and genome sequence analysis, and other extensive biological typing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate was affiliated to the genus Sphingobacterium and its 16S rRNA gene sequence was closely related to Sphingobacterium bovisgrunnientis YK2 T (97.3%), Sphingobacterium composti T5-12 T (96.4%), and Sphingobacterium cavernae 5.0403-2 T (96.4%). The calculated whole genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain WQ 366 T and the three related strains were 78.3, 78.6, 73.9 and 21.2, 21.2, 21.0%, respectively. The predominant fatty acids (>10%) were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, Summed Feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), and Summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1 ω9c and 10-methyl C16:0). The main polar lipids were PE, GPL, GL, and PL. MK-7 was the major menaquinone. The genome size and the G + C content of WQ 366 T was 4.1 Mb and 34.6%, respectively. All these results indicated that strain WQ 366 T represents a novel species of the Sphingobacterium genus. Therefore, the name Sphingobacterium bovistauri sp. nov. is proposed, and the type strain is WQ 366 T (= CCTCC AA 2020029 T = KCTC 82395 T).

Cyanide removal from aqueous environment by resting cells and PTFE immobilized cells of Sphingobacterium spp.

Microbial detoxification of cyanide offered an inexpensive, safe, and viable alternative to physiochemical processes for the treatment of cyanide in industrial effluents or contaminated sites. This study involved isolation of novel strain with high resistance against cyanide toxicity and able to degrade the cyanide radical. The strain was isolated from rocky area and identified as Sphingobacterium multivorium using 16S ribosomal RNA. Resting pregrown cells were used in simple reaction mixture to avoid the complication associated with the media. One-gram fresh weight of this bacteria was able to remove 98.5% from 1.5 g/L cyanide which is a unique result. Factor affecting the biochemical process such as pH, temperature, agitation, glucose concentration was examined. The optimum conditions were, pH 6-7, 30-40°C, and 100-150 rpm shaking speed and 0.25% glucose. Furthermore, the cells were used after immobilization in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer. The PTFE is very safe carrier and the cells withstand the entrapment process and were able to remove 92% (1 g/L cyanide). The immobilized cells were used for six successive cycles with about 50% removal efficiency. The storage life extended to 14 days. No previous work studied the cyanide removal by Sphingobacterium spp. The strain showed good applicable characters.

Organoarsenical tolerance in Sphingobacterium wenxiniae, a bacterium isolated from activated sludge.

Organoarsenicals enter the environment from biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Trivalent inorganic arsenite (As(III)) is microbially methylated to more toxic methylarsenite (MAs(III)) and dimethylarsenite (DMAs(III)) that oxidize in air to MAs(V) and DMAs(V). Sources include the herbicide monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA or MAs(V)), which is microbially reduced to MAs(III), and the aromatic arsenical roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxybenzenearsonic acid or Rox), an antimicrobial growth promoter for poultry and swine. Here we show that Sphingobacterium wenxiniae LQY-18T , isolated from activated sludge, is resistant to trivalent MAs(III) and Rox(III). Sphingobacterium wenxiniae detoxifies MAs(III) and Rox(III) by oxidation to MAs(V) and Rox(V). Sphingobacterium wenxiniae has a novel chromosomal gene, termed arsU1. Expressed in Escherichia coli arsU1 confers resistance to MAs(III) and Rox(III) but not As(III) or pentavalent organoarsenicals. Purified ArsU1 catalyses oxidation of trivalent methylarsenite and roxarsone. ArsU1 has six conserved cysteine residues. The DNA sequence for the three C-terminal cysteines was deleted, and the other three were mutated to serines. Only C45S and C122S lost activity, suggesting that Cys45 and Cys122 play a role in ArsU1 function. ArsU1 requires neither FMN nor FAD for activity. These results demonstrate that ArsU1 is a novel MAs(III) oxidase that contributes to S. wenxiniae tolerance to organoarsenicals.

Sphingobacterium pedocola sp. nov. a novel halotolerant bacterium isolated from agricultural soil.

A Gram-reaction-negative halotolerant bacterial strain, designated Ka21T, was isolated from agricultural soil and characterised using a polyphasic approach to determine its taxonomic position. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, highest similarity was found with Sphingobacterium alkalisoli Y3L14T (96.72%). Cells were observed to be aerobic, non-motile rods. The isolate was found to be able to grow between 0 and 10% of NaCl concentration. The assembled genome of strain Ka21T has a total length of 5.2 Mb with a G + C content of 41.0 mol%. According to the genome analysis, Ka21T encodes several glycoside hydrolases that may play a role in the degradation of accumulated plant biomass in the soil. Based on phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, it is concluded that strain Ka21T represents a novel species in the Sphingobacterium genus for which the name Sphingobacterium pedocola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is strain Ka21T (= LMG 31575T = NCAIM B.02636T).

Genome Annotation of Poly(lactic acid) Degrading Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sphingobacterium sp. and Geobacillus sp.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Sphingobacterium sp. are well known for their ability to decontaminate many environmental pollutants while Geobacillus sp. have been exploited for their thermostable enzymes. This study reports the annotation of genomes of P. aeruginosa S3, Sphingobacterium S2 and Geobacillus EC-3 that were isolated from compost, based on their ability to degrade poly(lactic acid), PLA. Draft genomes of the strains were assembled from Illumina reads, annotated and viewed with the aim of gaining insight into the genetic elements involved in degradation of PLA. The draft genome of Sphinogobacterium strain S2 (435 contigs) was estimated at 5,604,691 bp and the draft genome of P. aeruginosa strain S3 (303 contigs) was estimated at 6,631,638 bp. The draft genome of the thermophile Geobacillus strain EC-3 (111 contigs) was estimated at 3,397,712 bp. A total of 5385 (60% with annotation), 6437 (80% with annotation) and 3790 (74% with annotation) protein-coding genes were predicted for strains S2, S3 and EC-3, respectively. Catabolic genes for the biodegradation of xenobiotics, aromatic compounds and lactic acid as well as the genes attributable to the establishment and regulation of biofilm were identified in all three draft genomes. Our results reveal essential genetic elements that facilitate PLA metabolism at mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures in these three isolates.

Sphingobacterium rhinopitheci sp. Nov., isolated from the faeces of Rhinopithecus bieti in China.

A novel bacterium, WQ 047T, was isolated from the faeces of Rhinopithecus bieti, a highly endangered primate endemic to China. The cells were aerobic, oval/rod-shaped, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, catalase positive, and produced yellow pigmented colonies on Columbia Agar. The taxonomic position of WQ 047T was clarified by applying a polyphasic study based on 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogenetic analysis, extensive biological typing, and whole genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that stain WQ 047T belonged to the genus Sphingobacterium and its 16S rRNA gene sequence exhibited 96.47% pairwise similarity with that of the closest relatives Sphingobacterium nematocida M-SX103T. The calculated whole genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) value between strain WQ 047T and strain M-SX103 was 72.3%. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of strain WQ 047T and M-SX103T was 15.73%, which was obtained by calculating the genome-to-genome distance. The major fatty acids were C15:0 iso, C17:0 iso 3-OH, Summed Feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c) and Summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16:0). The predominant polar lipids were PE, PL and APL. MK-7 was the predominant menaquinone. The G + C content of WQ 047T was 34.89 mol% according to genome analysis. All these characteristics were consistent with those of the genus of Sphingobacterium. Therefore, based on these results, we propose a novel species for which the name Sphingobacterium rhinopitheci sp. Nov. is proposed, with the type strain WQ 047T (= CCTCC AA 2020026T = KCTC82393T).

Sphingobacterium phlebotomi sp. nov., a new member of family Sphingobacteriaceae isolated from sand fly rearing substrate.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming, aerobic bacterium, designated type strain SSI9T, was isolated from sand fly (Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli; Diptera: Psychodidae) rearing substrate and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Strain SSI9T contained phosphatidylethanolamine as a major polar lipid, MK-7 as the predominant quinone, and C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and C16 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acids. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that SSI9T represents a member of the genus Sphingobacterium, of the family Sphingobacteriaceae sharing 96.5-88.0 % sequence similarity with other species of the genus Sphingobacterium. The results of multilocus sequence analysis using the concatenated sequences of the housekeeping genes recA, rplC and groL indicated that SSI9T formed a separate branch in the genus Sphingobacterium. The genome of SSI9T is 5 197 142 bp with a DNA G+C content of 41.8 mol% and encodes 4395 predicted coding sequences, 49 tRNAs, and three complete rRNAs and two partial rRNAs. SSI9T could be distinguished from other species of the genus Sphingobacterium with validly published names by several phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic characteristics. On the basis of the results of this polyphasic taxonomic analysis, the bacterial isolate represents a novel species within the genus Sphingobacterium, for which the name Sphingobacterium phlebotomi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SSI9T (=ATCC TSD-210T=LMG 31664T=NRRL B-65603T).

The survival and removal mechanism of Sphingobacterium changzhouense TC931 under tetracycline stress and its' ecological safety after application.

Sphingobacterium changzhouense TC931 was isolated as a novel TC (tetracycline) removal bacterium through adsorption on extracellular polymerase substances (EPS) and cellular surface and biodegradation. TC biodegradation efficiency by strain TC931 was affected by solution initial pH and carbon source. Polysaccharides and hydrocarbons in EPS and cellular surface were responsible for TC biosorption. Eight possible biodegradation products were identified and the biodegradation pathway was proposed. Strain TC931 was rich in antibiotic resistance genes, and tetX-TC931 and antibiotics resistance genome island (GI) may be acquired via horizontal gene transfer in early evolutionary history. The GI was incomplete and may stable in strain TC931, but it could develop into an intact and transferability GI with help of other mobile genetic elements. This work offers a theoretical basis for understanding the survival and biodegradation mechanisms of S. changzhouense TC931 under TC stress, and offers an ecological safety assessment for its application in environmental bioremediation.

An alkali-tolerant phospholipase D from Sphingobacterium thalpophilum 2015: Gene cloning, overproduction and characterization.

The phospholipase pl-S.t gene of Sphingobacterium thalpophilum 2015 was cloned and the gene sequence was submitted to NCBI with Accession Number KX674735.1. The phylogenetic analysis showed that this PL-S.t was clustered to phospholipase D (PLD). As far as we know, the PL-S.t with a molecular mass of 22.5 kDa is the lowest of the currently purified bacterial PLDs, which belongs to a non-HKD PLD enzyme. This PL-S.t was resistant to a wide range of alkali pHs (7.5-9.0) after 1 h incubation, retaining more than 90% of its maximum activity. The PL-S.t activity can be enhanced by Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+. This PL-S.t has only one cysteine residue and fewer negatively-charged amino acids (AAs). The hydrogen bonds network was found around the cystein108, which may be beneficial to the stability and activity of PL-S.t in Ni2+ solution. This study has laid the foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of the catalytic characteristics of low molecular weight alkalic PLD from S. thalpophilum 2015.

Sphingobacterium chungjuense sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater lake.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, non-flagellated, chemoheterotrophic bacterium, designated strain IMCC25678T, was isolated from an artificial freshwater reservoir, Chungju Lake, in the Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain IMCC25678T belongs to the genus Sphingobacterium with ≤98.7 % sequence similarities to Sphingobacterium species. Whole genome sequencing of strain IMCC25678T revealed a 3.9 Mbp genome size with a DNA G+C content of 42.2 mol%. The IMCC25678T genome shared ≤89.7 % average nucleotide identity and ≤21.4 % digital DNA-DNA hybridization values with closely related species of the genus Sphingobacterium, indicating that the strain represents a novel species. Summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH were found to be the predominant cellular fatty acid constituents in the strain. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phosphoglycolipid, one unidentified sphingolipid and three unidentified polar lipids. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain IMCC25678T was considered to represent a novel species within the genus Sphingobacterium, for which the name Sphingobacterium chungjuense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMCC25678T (=KACC 19485T=NBRC 113130T).

Biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos by Sphingobacterium sp. C1B, a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from apple orchard in Himachal Pradesh of India.

A psychrotolerant Sphingobacterium sp. was isolated from the apple orchard situated in the Kufri region of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India using an enrichment culture technique having chlorpyrifos (CP) as the sole source of carbon and energy. Based on biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA analysis, the strain was identified as Sphingobacterium sp. C1B. The bacterium C1B was able to degrade chlorpyrifos ≥ 42 ppm and ≥ 36 ppm within 14 days at 20 °C and 15 °C, respectively. The strain was also able to degrade chlorpyrifos ≤ 35 ppm at 28 °C within 14 days. The enzyme organophosphorus hydrolase might be responsible for the initial degradation of CP by the strain C1B. Based on the HPLC and GCMS analysis, a probable degradation pathway has been proposed, which followed the path from chlorpyrifos to 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol to benzene, 1,3-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) and then entered into the TCA cycle. Our current study revealed that the bacterium C1B was found to be a useful strain for the degradation of pesticide chlorpyrifos in the cold climatic environment.

Sphingobacterium endophyticum sp. nov., a novel endophyte isolated from halophyte.

A bacterial strain designated NYYP31T was isolated from the leaves of an annual halophytes, Suaeda corniculata Bunge, collected from the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut desert, north-west China. Strain NYYP31T was Gram-staining negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile, and non-spore-forming. Growth was observed at 4-42 °C, at pH 5.0-10.0, in the presence of up to 8% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters showed that strain NYYP31T should be assigned to the genus Sphingobacterium. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis showed that strain NYYP31T was most closely related to the type strain of Sphingobacterium daejeonense (97.9%) and Sphingobacterium lactis (97.7%). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The major fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c). The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, three unidentified lipids, three unidentified amino phospholipids, and two unidentified glycolipids. The genomic DNA G + C content was 36.4 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values for strain NYYP31T to the type strains of S. daejeonense and S. lactis were 77.9 and 74.1%, respectively, which were below the cut-off level (95-96%) for species delineation. Based on the above results, strain NYYP31T represents a novel species of the genus Sphingobacterium, for which the name Sphingobacterium endophyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NYYP31T (= CGMCC 1.16979T = NBRC 114258T).