RESUMO
N-methyl-morpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) was initially created as a plasticizer for starch to produce thermoplastic wheat starch. Subsequently, talc powder was used as a reinforcing filler to enhance the mechanical strength of thermoplastic biomass-based composite plastics. The chemical structure, crystal structure, and microscopic morphology were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, the thermal properties were explored through thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The hydrated NMMO plasticizer demonstrated an outstanding plasticizing effect on starch, resulting in a composite with remarkable mechanical properties. In fact, the pure thermoplastic wheat starch plasticized with hydrated NMMO exhibited the highest mechanical strength recorded so far, with a tensile strength of up to 9.4 MPa. In addition, talcum powder displayed a noticeable reinforcing effect. When the talcum powder content reached 30 wt%, the targeted composite achieved a tensile strength of 20.5 MPa and a Young's modulus of 177.9 MPa. These values were 118 % and 48 % higher, respectively, than those of the pure thermoplastic starch sample. This innovative plasticizing method opens up a new avenue for the development of high-mechanical-strength thermoplastic biomass-based composite plastics with promising potential applications.
Assuntos
Biomassa , Plastificantes , Plásticos , Amido , Talco , Resistência à Tração , Triticum , Amido/química , Talco/química , Triticum/química , Plásticos/química , Plastificantes/química , Pós , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Termogravimetria , Fenômenos Mecânicos , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
Streptomyces produce a broad spectrum of biologically active molecules such as oxytetracycline and rimocidin, which are widely used in human and animal treatments. microparticle-enhanced cultivation (MPEC) is one of the tools used for Streptomyces bioprocesses intensification by the control of mycelial morphology. In the present work, morphological changes of Streptomyces rimosus caused by the addition of 10 µm talc microparticles in MPEC were correlated with the biosynthetic activity of the microorganism. Comparing the runs with and without microparticles, major morphological changes were observed in MPEC, including the deformation of pellets, variation of their size, appearance of hyphae and clumps as well as the aggregation of mycelial objects. The presence of talc microparticles also influenced the levels of the studied secondary metabolites produced by S. rimosus. Comparing control and MPEC runs, the addition of talc microparticles increased the amounts of oxytetracycline (9-fold), 2-acetyl-2-decarboxamido-oxytetracycline (7-fold), milbemycin A3+4[O] (3-fold) and CE 108 (1.5-fold), while rimocidin (27-ethyl) and milbemycin ß11+4[O] production was reduced. In summary, the addition of talc microparticles to S. rimosus cultivations led to the development of smaller morphological forms like hyphae and clumps as well as to the changes in the amounts of secondary metabolites.
Assuntos
Streptomyces rimosus , Streptomyces rimosus/metabolismo , Streptomyces rimosus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Talco/química , Oxitetraciclina/biossínteseRESUMO
It has long been recognized that amphibole minerals, such as cleavage fragments of tremolite and anthophyllite, may exist in some talc deposits. We reviewed the current state of the science regarding the factors influencing mesotheliogenic potency of cleavage fragments, with emphasis on those that may co-occur in talc deposits, including dimensional and structural characteristics, animal toxicology, and the most well-studied cohort exposed to talc-associated cleavage fragments. Based on our review, multiple lines of scientific evidence demonstrate that inhaled cleavage fragments associated with talc do not pose a mesothelioma hazard.
Assuntos
Amiantos Anfibólicos , Talco , Talco/química , Humanos , Animais , Mesotelioma/induzido quimicamente , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Librarians at a university had planned to check the collection prior to the library renovations that began in 2015. They had previous knowledge of the presence of a light greyish-white powder with an unpleasant odour (hereinafter referred to as 'powder') sprinkled between the pages of antiquarian books in the library archive. The purpose of this study was to identify this powder with the help of experts from both inside and outside the university. The powder was qualitatively analysed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry after hexane extraction. The powder was examined under a polarised light microscope and a field-emission scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Benzene hexachloride (BHC) was detected in the powder. Talc was the most abundant particle in the powder. The powder also contained 0.52 wt% asbestos, which belonged to the tremolite-actinolite series. No other types of asbestos were detected. The powder was presumed to be a bulking agent for BHC, and its major constituent was talc. This is the first report on asbestos-containing insecticides.
Assuntos
Inseticidas , Pós , Talco , Inseticidas/análise , Talco/química , Talco/análise , Japão , Bibliotecas , Amianto/análise , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Odorantes/análise , Livros , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore the performance effects of fumed silica and cornstarch as alternatives to talc in cosmetic powder formulations. METHODS: FT4 Powder Rheometer from Freeman Technology was used to test the flowability and compressibility of compact powder formulation samples containing talc, fumed silica and cornstarch at varying concentrations. The colour of the samples is evaluated by physical observation. RESULTS: The results show that the concentration of these additives influences the performance of cosmetic powder formulations. Improved compressibility is assessed as an increase in the compressibility percentage, while improved flowability is assessed by reduction in the flow energy of each sample. Talc shows improved compressibility at a minimum of 10% but would require more than 20% to impart improved flow performance. Fumed Silica shows improved compressibility from as low as 5% and this performance increases as the concentration is increased up to 20%. For the flow effects, fumed silica shows a reduction in the flow energy from as little as 5% and this effect is more drastic as the concentration is increased up to 20%. Cornstarch, however, shows a reverse effect for both compressibility and flowability with increasing flow energy and decreasing compressibility with increasing cornstarch concentration. It shows improved compressibility up to a maximum of 10% and improved flow only at concentrations lower than 5%. For a mixture of cornstarch and fumed silica at a total of 5%, both compressibility and flowability are increased as the concentration of cornstarch is reduced and that of fumed silica increased. CONCLUSION: Fumed silica and cornstarch are suitable as alternatives to talc in cosmetic powder formulations. Of the two, Fumed silica showed better compressibility and flow effects. However, a mix of both powders had suitable effects on the compressibility, flow and colour of the formulation.
OBJECTIF: Explorer les effets de performance de la silice fumée et de l'amidon de maïs comme alternatives au talc dans les formulations de poudres cosmétiques. MÉTHODOLOGIES: FT4 Rhéomètre pour poudres de Freeman Technology a été utilisé pour determiner la fluidité et la compressibilité d'échantillons de formulation de poudres compactes contenant du talc, de la silice fumée et de l'amidon de maïs à des concentrations variables. La couleur des échantillons est évaluée par observation physique. RÉSULTATS: Les résultats montrent que la concentration de ces additifs influence la performance des formulations de poudres cosmétiques. L'amélioration de la compressibilité est évaluée par une augmentation du pourcentage de compressibilité alors que l'amélioration de la fluidité est évaluée par la réduction de l'énergie de flux pour chaque échantillon. Le talc présente une compressibilité améliorée à un minimum de 10 %, mais il faudrait plus de 20 % pour donner une meilleure performance de flux. La silice fumée présente une meilleure compressibilité à partir de 5% et cette performance augmente en tant que la concentration augmente jusqu'à 20%. Pour les effets de flux, la silice fumée montre une réduction de l'énergie de flux à partir de 5% et cet effet est plus radical lorsque la concentration augmente jusqu'à 20%. L'amidon de maïs, cependant, montre un effet inverse pour la compressibilité et la fluidité avec une énergie de flux augmente et une compressibilité décroissante avec la concentration d'amidon de maïs augmente. Il présente une meilleure compressibilité jusqu'à un maximum de 10 % et une meilleure fluidité seulement à des concentrations inférieures à 5 %. Pour un mélange d'amidon de maïs et de silice fumée à un total de 5%, la compressibilité et la fluidité sont augmentées en tant que la concentration d'amidon de maïs est réduite et celle de silice fumée augmentée. CONCLUSION: La silice fumée et l'amidon de maïs est suitable pour remplacer le talc dans les formulations de poudres cosmétiques. Parmi les deux, la silice fumée a montré une meilleure compressibilité et de meilleurs effets de flux. Cependant, un mélange des deux poudres a eu des effets appropriés sur la compressibilité, le flux et la couleur de la formulation.
Assuntos
Cosméticos/química , Pós/química , Dióxido de Silício/química , Amido/química , Reologia , Talco/químicaRESUMO
Schizophyllum commune is a wood-rotting filamentous fungus that secrets a homopolysaccharide called as schizophyllan. Schizophyllan has several applications such as enhanced oil recovery, pharmaceutical materials and an anti-cancer drug carrier. Biomass growth and schizophyllan production increase the viscosity of the cultivation medium, thus resulting in mass transfer limitation for the substrate. In this study, adding talc and aluminium oxide microparticles into the cultivation medium was studied to improve the fungal growth and morphology. The response surface methodology and one factor at a time were applied to find the effects of microparticles with different sizes and concentrations on the schizophyllan production. The optimum concentration and size of aluminium oxide microparticles were obtained as 20 g L-1 and < 30 µm, respectively. Aluminium oxide microparticles in shake flask culture caused to increase the schizophyllan production from 10 to 15 g L-1 and decrease the cultivation time from 10 to 7 days. The production yield also increased from 0.11 to 0.30 g of schizophyllan/g glucose. Bioreactor cultivation showed a twofold increase in schizophyllan production from 1.5 to 3 g L-1. The results of this study suggested a significant increase in the production of schizophyllan using a low-cost "microparticle-enhanced cultivation" without any further optimization of the culture medium.
Assuntos
Biomassa , Reatores Biológicos , Meios de Cultura , Schizophyllum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sizofirano/biossíntese , Óxido de Alumínio/química , Talco/químicaRESUMO
Streptomyces spp. are a rich source for natural products with recognized industrial value, explaining the high interest to improve and streamline the performance of in these microbes. Here, we studied the production of pamamycins, macrodiolide homologs with a high activity against multiresistant pathogenic microbes, using recombinant Streptomyces albus J1074/R2. Talc particles (hydrous magnesium silicate, 3MgO·4SiO2 ·H2 O) of micrometer size, added to submerged cultures of the recombinant strain, tripled pamamycin production up to 50 mg/L. Furthermore, they strongly affected morphology, reduced the size of cell pellets formed by the filamentous microbe during the process up to sixfold, and shifted the pamamycin spectrum to larger derivatives. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and precursor (CoA thioester) supply of particle-enhanced and control cultures provided detailed insights into the underlying molecular changes. The microparticles affected the expression of 3,341 genes (56% of all genes), revealing a global and fundamental impact on metabolism. Morphology-associated genes, encoding major regulators such as SsgA, RelA, EshA, Factor C, as well as chaplins and rodlins, were found massively upregulated, indicating that the particles caused a substantially accelerated morphogenesis. In line, the pamamycin cluster was strongly upregulated (up to 1,024-fold). Furthermore, the microparticles perturbed genes encoding for CoA-ester metabolism, which were mainly activated. The altered expression resulted in changes in the availability of intracellular CoA-esters, the building blocks of pamamycin. Notably, the ratio between methylmalonyl CoA and malonyl-CoA was increased fourfold. Both metabolites compete for incorporation into pamamycin so that the altered availability explained the pronounced preference for larger derivatives in the microparticle-enhanced process. The novel insights into the behavior of S. albus in response to talc appears of general relevance to further explore and upgrade the concept of microparticle enhanced cultivation, widely used for filamentous microbes.
Assuntos
Macrolídeos/metabolismo , Engenharia Metabólica , Streptomyces , Streptomyces/genética , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Talco/química , Talco/farmacologiaAssuntos
Amianto/efeitos adversos , Talco/efeitos adversos , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Feminino , Humanos , Mesotelioma/induzido quimicamente , Mesotelioma/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias Ovarianas/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Ovarianas/prevenção & controle , Pós/efeitos adversos , Pós/química , Fatores de Risco , Talco/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Talc, a hydrous magnesium silicate, often used for genital hygiene purposes, is associated with ovarian carcinoma in case-control studies. Its potential to cause inflammation, injury, and functional changes in cells has been described. A complication of such studies is that talc preparations may be contaminated with other materials. A previous study by (Beck et al. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 87:222-34, 1987) used a hamster model to study talc and granite dust exposure effects on various biochemical and cellular inflammatory markers. Our current study accessed key materials used in that 1987 study; we re-analyzed the original talc dust with contemporary scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) for contaminants. We also examined the original bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells with polarized light microscopy to quantify cell-associated birefringent particles to gain insight into the talc used. RESULTS: SEM/EDX analyses showed that asbestos fibers, quartz, and toxic metal particulates were below the limits of detection in the original talc powder. However, fibers with aspect ratios ≥3:1 accounted for 22% of instilled material, mostly as fibrous talc. Talc (based on Mg/Si atomic weight % ratio) was the most abundant chemical signature, and magnesium silicates with various other elements made up the remainder. BAL cell counts confirmed the presence of acute inflammation, which followed intratracheal instillation. Measurements of cell associated birefringent particles phagocytosis revealed significant differences among talc, granite, and control exposures with high initial uptake of talc compared to granite, but over the 14-day experiment, talc phagocytosis by lavaged cells was significantly less than that of granite. Phagocytosis of talc fibers by macrophages was observed, and birefringent particles were found in macrophages, neutrophils, and multinucleate giant cells in lavaged cells from talc-exposed animals. CONCLUSION: Our data support the contention that talc, even without asbestos and other known toxic contaminants, may elicit inflammation and contribute to lung disease. Our findings support the conclusions of (Beck et al. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 87:222-34, 1987) study. By analyzing particulate exposures with polarized light microscopy and SEM/EDX, fibrous talc was identified and a distinctive pattern of impaired particulate ingestion was demonstrated.
Assuntos
Exposição por Inalação/efeitos adversos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Silicatos de Magnésio/toxicidade , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Talco/toxicidade , Animais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/química , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Células Cultivadas , Cricetinae , Poeira , Exposição por Inalação/análise , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/patologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/ultraestrutura , Silicatos de Magnésio/química , Silicatos de Magnésio/farmacocinética , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/ultraestrutura , Tamanho da Partícula , Quartzo/química , Quartzo/farmacocinética , Quartzo/toxicidade , Dióxido de Silício/química , Dióxido de Silício/farmacocinética , Dióxido de Silício/toxicidade , Espectrometria por Raios X , Propriedades de Superfície , Talco/química , Talco/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Echinocandin B (ECB) is a key precursor of antifungal agent Anidulafungin, which has demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients with invasive candidiasis. In this study, the effects of microparticle-enhanced cultivation and methyl oleate on echinocandin B fermentation titer were investigated. The results showed that the titer was significantly influenced by the morphological type of mycelium, and mycelium pellet was beneficial to improve the titer of this secondary metabolism. First, different carbon sources were chosen for the fermentation, and methyl oleate achieved the highest echinocandin B titer of 2133 ± 50 mg/L, which was two times higher than that of the mannitol. The study further investigated the metabolic process of the fermentation, and the results showed that L-threonine concentration inside the cell could reach 275 mg/L at 168 h with methyl oleate, about 2.5 times higher than that of the mannitol. Therefore, L-threonine may be a key precursor of echinocandin B. In the end, a new method of adding microparticles for improving the mycelial morphology was used, and the addition of talcum powder (20 g/L, diameter of 45 µm) could make the maximum titer of echinocandin B reach 3148 ± 100 mg/L.
Assuntos
Equinocandinas/química , Fermentação/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Manitol/química , Ácidos Oleicos/química , Treonina/química , Aspergillus nidulans , Candidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Carbono/química , Meios de Cultura , Microesferas , Micélio/metabolismo , Talco/química , ViscosidadeRESUMO
In the present work, talc (a low-cost clay) encapsulated salts alginate (TAL) beads were synthesized by cross-linking with lanthanum ion and tested for phosphate adsorption. Multiple methods were applied for the characterization of composites. The combined effect of talc and lanthanum improved phosphate removal performance of TAL beads. Factors such as talc content, La3+ concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, co-existing ions (Cl-, NO3- and SO42-) were studied in batch experiments. The optimized TAL-7 beads exhibited satisfactory selectivity towards phosphate in the coexistence of competing anions and could remain efficient phosphate removal in the pH range of 4-6. The phosphate removal efficiency reached to 95% with a maximum uptake of 16.4 mg P/g obtained at the optimal pH 4. Further experiments suggested that Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model could well describe the phosphate adsorption process of TAL-7 beads. Moreover, TAL-7 beads exhibited superior phosphate fixation performance in the long-term experiment. The results from adsorption experiment and characterization analysis demonstrated that TAL-7 beads could be a cost-effective and promising biosorbent for phosphate adsorption and fixation in the aqueous environment.
Assuntos
Alginatos/química , Hidrogéis/química , Lantânio/química , Fosfatos/análise , Talco/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Adsorção , Ânions , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Íons/química , Cinética , Fosfatos/química , Água/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Purificação da Água/métodosRESUMO
Powder caking can dramatically affect powder handling and downstream production processes. Understanding the key factors that contribute to bulk powder caking is crucial. This article introduces the Hirschberg caking device (HCD), which is a 3D-printed device allowing for parallel testing of powder caking in a cylindrical geometry. In the HCD setup, the powder sample is stored in controlled conditions in the sample holder. On removal of the sample holder, the caked powder will remain in the shape determined by the sample geometry while the remaining powder will fall down. Caking indices can be calculated based on image analysis and weight measurement. The results obtained for the caking of lactose monohydrate with the HCD were in good agreement with the results obtained by a ring shear tester. In addition, a strain tester was used to measure the strength of the formed cakes. Using this approach, critical storage conditions and the required concentration of a given anticaking agent (talc) for lactose monohydrate could be identified. This work demonstrates the potential of rapid prototyping in powder characterization by introducing a fast and affordable approach for exploring and trouble-shooting powder caking.
Assuntos
Excipientes/química , Lactose/química , Impressão Tridimensional , Talco/química , Tecnologia Farmacêutica/instrumentação , Desenho de Equipamento , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Teste de Materiais , Pós , Fatores de Tempo , Fluxo de TrabalhoRESUMO
A pilot study was undertaken to characterize the concentration, duration and particle size distribution of the talc cloud that forms in the personal breathing zone (PBZ) during application of certain talc-containing cosmetics. Multiple direct-reading instruments were employed to simultaneously monitor PM4 concentrations (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 4 µm; mg/m3) at different distances from each of three subjects while they applied talc products. Results indicated that the purpose and method of applying the talc product, combined with behavioral and physical differences amongst subjects, all strongly influenced airborne talc concentrations and the duration of the cloud. Air concentrations of talc in the PBZ averaged around 1.0 mg/m3, and the duration of exposure varied from less than one minute to more than ten minutes. The real-time monitors captured the occasional formation of secondary clouds, likely caused by resuspension of talc particles from skin or other surfaces. Measurements of aerosolized baby powder, face powder, and two adult body powders indicated that the median aerodynamic diameter of the talc cloud ranged from 1.7 to 2.0 µm. These direct-reading approaches were valuable for providing detailed characterization of short duration exposures to airborne talc particles, and will be useful to support future exposure assessments of talc and other powders in consumer products.
Assuntos
Aerossóis/química , Poluentes Atmosféricos/química , Cosméticos/química , Tamanho da Partícula , Material Particulado/química , Pós/química , Talco/química , Canadá , Humanos , Projetos PilotoRESUMO
HIGHLIGHTS: E. faecium was more thermally resistant in dry- than in wet-inoculated almond meal. Presence of talc affected thermal resistance of E. faecium in almond meal. Use of dry inoculum carriers for thermal validation studies requires further work.
Assuntos
Enterococcus faecium , Manipulação de Alimentos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Temperatura Alta , Prunus dulcis , Talco , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Microbiologia de Alimentos/métodos , Talco/químicaRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Talc remains a common sclerosant utilized for pleurodesis. However, the use of talc has documented complications and debate has persisted regarding the safety of talc as well as the differences in talc preparations available throughout the world. We sought to describe an up-to-date review of talc preparations available and the impact these preparations may have on the safety profile of talc. RECENT FINDINGS: Within laboratory-based examinations, talc particle size available within the United States appears to be more consistent with prior reported 'safe' particle sizes. The presence of talc within protein-based solutions appears to modify the overall milieu of the solution and likely results in particle aggregation. SUMMARY: The use of talc remains well accepted for pleurodesis as evidenced by inclusion by multiple guidelines. The medical fields' current understanding of talc and its basic interactions within the pleural space remain limited. Multiple questions related to the pleural space and pleurodesis remain unanswered.
Assuntos
Derrame Pleural Maligno/terapia , Pleurodese , Talco , Humanos , Tamanho da Partícula , Pleurodese/efeitos adversos , Pleurodese/métodos , Soluções Esclerosantes/química , Soluções Esclerosantes/farmacologia , Talco/química , Talco/farmacologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Endophytic bacteria are considered to have a plethora of plant growth promoting and anti-phytopathogenic traits to live within the plants. Hence, they have immense promises for plant probiotic development. In the current study, plant probiotic endophytic Bacillus sp. CaB5 which has been previously isolated from Capsicum annuum was investigated for its performance in talc-based formulation. For this, CaB5 was made into formulation with sterile talc, calcium carbonate, and carboxymethyl cellulose. The viability analysis of the formulation by standard plate count and fluorescence methods has confirmed the stable microbial count up to 45 days. Plant probiotic performance of the prepared formulation was analyzed on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and lady's finger (Abelmoschus esculentus). The results showed the formulation treatment to have enhancement effect on seed germination as well as plant growth in both selected plants. The results highlight the potential of CaB5-based formulation for field application to enhance growth of economically important plants.
Assuntos
Abelmoschus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Inoculantes Agrícolas/química , Bacillus/química , Composição de Medicamentos/métodos , Endófitos/química , Probióticos/química , Talco/química , Vigna/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Abelmoschus/microbiologia , Inoculantes Agrícolas/isolamento & purificação , Bacillus/isolamento & purificação , Capsicum/microbiologia , Endófitos/isolamento & purificação , Viabilidade Microbiana , Probióticos/isolamento & purificação , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/microbiologia , Vigna/microbiologiaAssuntos
Cosméticos/química , Cosméticos/toxicidade , Minerais/química , Minerais/toxicidade , Talco/química , Talco/toxicidade , Humanos , Mesotelioma/induzido quimicamente , Mesotelioma/epidemiologia , Mesotelioma/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pleurais/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Pleurais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Pleurais/mortalidade , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
An attempt to apply X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis to evaluate small particle coating process as a Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) was made. The XRF analysis was used to monitor coating level in small particle coating process with at-line manner. The small particle coating process usually consists of multiple coating processes. This study was conducted by a simple coating particles prepared by first coating of a model compound (DL-methionine) and second coating by talc on spherical microcrystalline cellulose cores. The particles with two layered coating are enough to demonstrate the small particle coating process. From the result by the small particle coating process, it was found that the XRF signal played different roles, resulting that XRF signals by first coating (layering) and second coating (mask coating) could demonstrate the extent with different mechanisms for the coating process. Furthermore, the particle coating of the different particle size has also been investigated to evaluate size effect of these coating processes. From these results, it was concluded that the XRF could be used as a PAT in monitoring particle coating processes and become powerful tool in pharmaceutical manufacturing.