Management and outcome of fetal abdominal cysts in first trimester: systematic review of the literature.

OBJECTIVES: The finding of an abdominal cyst during pregnancy has an estimated prevalence of 1 in 1000 pregnancies, mostly in second and third trimester. The detection of a fetal abdominal cyst during the first trimester scan is a rare event, whose natural history and prognosis are often unknown and unpredictable as these anomalies can be related to various underlying conditions and originate from different structures. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcome of fetal abdominal cysts detected in the first trimester in order to understand their possible clinical significance and to offer the proper management according to the available data. METHODS: We present a case report of a first trimester fetal abdominal cyst detected with subsequent diagnosis of congenital multiple arthrogryposis and we performed a systematic review of the literature to identify the incidence and the outcomes of similar cases. The systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement 25 and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023491729). RESULTS: A total of 60 cases of first trimester abdominal cysts were included. Of these, 35% were associated with concurrent or late onset structural anomalies, as in our case report, and 65% were isolated. In pregnancies with isolated fetal abdominal cysts, 56% had a completely normal outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of an abdominal cyst during the first trimester of pregnancy is in most cases an isolated event with a moderate to good prognosis but it could also be an early sign of other associated abnormalities, including arthrogryposis. Increased ultrasound surveillance and additional genetic testing to rule out possible associated anomalies are pivotal to assess the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and to provide appropriate counselling to the patient. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Association of umbilical vein flow with abnormal fetal growth and adverse perinatal outcome in low-risk population: multicenter prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship of umbilical vein flow (UVF) measured close to term with abnormal fetal growth and adverse perinatal outcome in a cohort of pregnancies at low risk of placental insufficiency. METHODS: This was a prospective multicenter observational study conducted across two tertiary maternity units. Patients with a singleton appropriate-for-gestational-age fetus between 35 and 38 weeks' gestation were included. Pregnancies at higher risk of placental insufficiency or with fetal anomalies were excluded. At ultrasound examination, the abdominal circumference (AC), umbilical vein diameter and peak velocity of the umbilical vein were measured, and, using these variables, a new variable, UVF/AC, was calculated. The primary outcome was the occurrence of severely stunted fetal growth, defined as a greater than 40-percentile drop between estimated fetal weight at the third-trimester ultrasound and birth weight between the third-trimester ultrasound and delivery. The occurrence of adverse perinatal outcome, defined as one of the following: neonatal acidosis (umbilical artery pH < 7.15 and/or base excess > 12 mmol/L) at birth, 5-min Apgar score < 7, neonatal resuscitation or neonatal intensive care unit admission, was analyzed as a secondary outcome. RESULTS: Between April 2021 and March 2023, 365 women were included in the study. The mean UVF/AC at enrolment was 6.4 ± 2.6 mL/min/cm, and 35 (9.6%) cases were affected by severely stunted fetal growth. Severely stunted fetal growth was associated with a lower mean UVF/AC (5.4 ± 2.6 vs 6.5 ± 2.6 mL/min/cm; P = 0.02) and a higher frequency of UVF/AC < 10th percentile (8/35 (22.9%) vs 28/330 (8.5%); P = 0.01). Moreover, UVF/AC showed an area under the receiver-operating-characteristics curve (AUC) of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.55-0.75; P = 0.004) in predicting the occurrence of severely stunted fetal growth, and the optimal cut-off value of UVF/AC for discriminating between normal and severely stunted fetal growth was 7.2 mL/min/cm. This value was associated with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.60-0.90) and 0.33 (95% CI, 0.28-0.39), and positive and negative predictive values of 0.11 (95% CI, 0.07-0.15) and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.87-0.97), respectively. Regarding the occurrence of adverse perinatal outcome, this was associated independently with maternal age (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 0.93 (95% CI, 0.87-0.99); P = 0.04), UVF/AC Z-score (aOR, 0.53 (95% CI, 0.30-0.87); P = 0.01) and augmentation of labor (aOR, 2.69 (95% CI, 1.28-5.69); P = 0.009). UVF/AC showed an AUC of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.56-0.73; P = 0.005) in predicting the occurrence of adverse perinatal outcome, and the optimal cut-off value of UVF/AC for discriminating between normal and adverse perinatal outcome was 6.7 mL/min/cm. This value was associated with a sensitivity and specificity of 0.70 (95% CI, 0.54-0.83) and 0.40 (95% CI, 0.34-0.45), and positive and negative predictive values of 0.14 (95% CI, 0.09-0.19) and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.85-0.95), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate an association between reduced UVF close to term, severely stunted fetal growth and adverse perinatal outcome in a cohort of low-risk pregnant women, with a moderate ability to rule out and a poor ability to rule in either outcome. Further studies are needed to establish whether the assessment of UVF can improve the identification of fetuses at risk of subclinical placental insufficiency and adverse perinatal outcome. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Modulation of multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein activity by antiemetic compounds in human doxorubicin-resistant sarcoma cells (MES-SA/Dx-5): implications on cancer therapy.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells is often caused by the high expression of the plasma membrane drug transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp) associated with an elevated intracellular glutathione (GSH) content in various human tumors. Several chemosensitizers reverse MDR but have significant toxicities. Antiemetic medications are often used for controlling chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patient. In this in vitro study we investigated if the effects of two common antiemetic drugs such as dimenhydrinate (dime) and ondansentron (onda) and a natural compound (6)-gingerol (ginger), the active principle of ginger root, interfere on Pgp activity and intracellular GSH content in order to evaluate their potential use as chemosensitizing agents in anticancer chemotherapy. The human doxorubicin (doxo) resistant uterine sarcoma cells (MES-SA/Dx5) that overexpress Pgp, were treated with each antiemetic alone (1, 10 and 20 microM) or in combination with different doxo concentrations (2, 4, and 8 microM). We measured the intracellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of doxo (MTT assay), the cellular GSH content (GSH assay) and ROS production (DFC-DA assay), in comparison with verapamil (Ver), a specific inhibitor for Pgp, used as reference molecule. We found that exposure at 2, 4 and 8 microM doxo concentrations in the presence of dime, onda and ginger enhanced significantly doxo accumulation and cytotoxicity on resistant MES-SA/Dx5 cells when compared with doxo alone. Moreover, treatment with ginger (20 microM) increased cellular GSH content (greater than 10 percent) in resistant cells, while ROS production remained below the control values for all antiemetic compounds at all concentrations. These findings provide the rationale for innovative clinical trials of antiemetics or their derivatives as a new potential generation of chemosensitizers to improve effectiveness of the anticancer drugs in MDR human tumours.

p63/p73 in the control of cell cycle and cell death.

The p53 family apparently derives from a common ancient ancestor that dates back over a billion years, whose function was protecting the germ line from DNA damage. p63 and p73 would maintain this function through evolution while acquiring novel roles in controlling proliferation and differentiation of various tissues. p53 on the other hand would appear in early vertebrates to protect somatic cells from DNA damage with similar mechanism used by its siblings to protect germ line cells. For the predominant role played by p53 mutations in cancer this was the first family member to be identified and soon became one of the most studied genes. Its siblings were identified almost 20 years later and interestingly enough their ancestral function as guardians of the germ-line was one of the last to be identified. In this review we shortly summarize the current knowledge on the structure and function of p63 and p73.

Proteomic analysis of the carotid body: a preliminary study.

We present a proteomic analysis of the rat carotid body (CB) preparation by comparison between normoxia and hypoxia. Proteomic investigation would be helpful to identify the stress-induced protein during hypoxia and to know what O(2) species are being sensed by CB cells. Adult Wistar rats were used, one group was kept in room air (21% O(2)) as control, and the other was kept in a Plexiglas chamber for 12 days in chronic hypoxia (10-11% inspired oxygen). A total protein extract for each lysated tissue was separated using a broad pH range no-linear IPG strip (3-10) and the second dimension was performed on a 9-16% polyacrylamide gel. Exposure to hypoxia for 12 days produced significant changes in protein expression, providing an initial insight into the mechanism underlying differences in susceptibility to hypoxia. Further investigation is needed to have an overview of the specific set of proteins present in the CB and the functions of such proteins in signal transduction and adaptation during hypoxia.

The effect of the plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate on transport activity and expression of P-glycoprotein in parental and doxo-resistant human sarcoma cell lines.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) to cancer therapy is frequently associated with the over-expression of the multidrug transporter MDR1 gene product P-glycoprotein (Pgp) in several types of human tumours. Various chemosensitizers have been used to inhibit Pgp activity but toxicity limits their clinical application. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer that is released from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) medical devices. Therefore, cancer patients undertaking chemotherapy are exposed to a clinically important amount of DEHP through blood and blood component transfusions, apheresis products, intravenous chemotherapy, parenteral nutrition and other medical treatments. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of DEHP on transport activity and expression of Pgp in order to evaluate its potential use as a chemosensitizer in cancer therapy. Human doxorubicin (doxo) resistant sarcoma cells (MES-SA/Dx5) that over-express Pgp were treated with different doses of doxo (2, 4 and 8 µM) in the presence or absence of various concentrations of DEHP (3, 6 and 12 µM) that were clinically achievable in vivo. Our results show that co-treatment with 2, 4 and 8 µM doxo in the presence of the lowest concentration of DEHP (3 µM) enhanced significantly doxo accumulation in MES-SA/Dx5 cells and, consistently increased the sensitivity to doxo, when compared to controls receiving only doxo. In contrast, higher DEHP concentrations (6 and 12 µM) induced MES-SA/Dx5 to extrude doxo decreasing doxo cytotoxicity toward resistant cells below control values. These results are consistent with the increase in Pgp expression levels in parental MES-SA cells treated with 3, 6 and 12 µM DEHP for 24 h and compared to untreated controls. All in all, these findings suggest a potential clinical application of DEHP as a chemosensitizer to improve effectiveness of the antineoplastic drugs in MDR human tumours.

Modulation of multidrug resistance p-glycoprotein activity by flavonoids and honokiol in human doxorubicin- resistant sarcoma cells (MES-SA/DX-5): implications for natural sedatives as chemosensitizing agents in cancer therapy.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells is often caused by the high expression of the plasma membrane drug transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp) associated with an elevated intracellular glutathione (GSH) content in various human tumors. Several chemosensitizers reverse MDR but have significant toxicities. Sedatives are often used to control anxiety and depression in cancer patients. In this in vitro study we investigated the effects of three plant derived sedatives such as apigenin (Api), fisetin (Fis), flavonoids and honokiol (Hnk) on Pgp activity and cellular GSH content in order to evaluate their potential use as chemosensitizing agents in anticancer chemotherapy. Human doxorubicin (doxo) resistant uterine sarcoma cells (MES-SA/Dx5) that overexpress Pgp, were treated with each sedative alone (10 microM) or in combination with different doxo concentrations (2-8 microM). We measured the intracellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of doxo (MTT assay), the cellular GSH content (GSH assay) and ROS production (DFC-DA assay), in comparison with verapamil (Ver), a specific inhibitor for Pgp, used as reference molecule. We found that exposure at 2 and 8 microM doxo concentrations in the presence of Api, Fis and Hnk enhanced significantly doxo accumulation by 29+/-3.3, 20+/-4.8, 24+/-6.6 percent and 14+/-1.7, 8.3+/-4.2, 10.7+/-3.1 percent, respectively, when compared with doxo alone. These results were consistent with the increase of sensitivity towards doxo in MES-SA/Dx5, resulting in 1.7, 1.2, 1.4-fold and 1.2, 1.0 and 1.1-fold increases, respectively. Moreover, treatment with Api decreased markedly cellular GSH content (18 percent) and increased ROS production (greater than 20 percent) on MES-SA/Dx5 cells, while a significant reduction in ROS levels was observed in Hnk and Fis treated cells, when compared to untreated control. Our in vitro findings provide a rationale for innovative clinical trials to assess the use of natural sedatives or their derivatives as potential adjuvants to anticancer treatment for overcoming multidrug resistance Pgp-mediated in cancer patients.

Antileukotriene drugs: clinical application, effectiveness and safety.

Cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LTs) are potent proinflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid through the 5-lypoxigenase (5-LO) pathway. They exert important pharmacological effects by interaction with at least two different receptors: Cys-LT(1) and Cys-LT(2). By competitive binding to the Cys-LT(1) receptor, leukotriene receptor antagonist drugs such as montelukast, zafirlukast, and pranlukast, block the effects of Cys-LTs and alleviate the symptoms of many chronic diseases, especially bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. Evidence obtained by randomized clinical trials as also by direct experience derived from patients suffering from asthma and allergic rhinitis justifies a broader role for leukotrienes receptor antagonists (LTRAs). Recently published studies and case reports have demonstrated beneficial effects of LTRAs on other diseases commonly associated with asthma (exercise induced asthma, rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, allergic fungal disease, nasal polyposis, and paranasal sinus disease) as well as other diseases not connected to asthma (migraine, respiratory syncytial virus postbronchiolitis, systemic mastocytosis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, cancer, atherosclerosis, eosinophils cystitis, otitis media, capsular contracture, and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders). The aim of this review is to show the most recent applications and effectiveness in clinical practice of the LTRAs.

High levels of antioxidant enzymatic defence assure good protection against hypoxic stress in spontaneously diabetic rats.

Recent data from literature report that reactive oxygen species (ROS) seem to play a crucial role in the etiology of both types I and II diabetes. This may render diabetic individuals more prone to oxidative injury when challenged with hypoxic stress. It is in fact well known that many diabetic complications cause ischaemic episodes, with a consequent reduction in oxygen supply to various tissues and organs. To check this hypothesis, in this work we tested type I diabetic individuals' antioxidant capability towards a hypoxic-mediated oxidative challenge. In particular, spontaneously diabetic and age-matched non-diabetic biobreeding (BB) Wistar rats were submitted to chronic normobaric hypoxia, and the response of antioxidant enzymes, as well as redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-kappaB and p53, were monitored. Results show that diabetic subjects present a dramatic enhancement in the major antioxidant enzymes activities, thus supporting the notion of diabetes-related changes in cellular redox status. This allows diabetic individuals to counteract hypoxia-mediated oxidative challenge better than the non-diabetic counterpart. Also the behaviour of both the redox-sensitive nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB and p53 protein in response to hypoxic stimulation seems to support the hypothesis of a better ROS scavenging efficiency in diabetics under hypoxic conditions. In conclusion, high levels of antioxidant enzymatic defences in diabetic BB rats reflect a positive adaptive response able to assure an efficient protection not only against chronic, diabetes-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, but also versus further oxidative damage.

Dynamic monitoring of restricted eating disorders by indirect calorimetry: a useful cognitive approach.

OBJECTIVE: Outpatient treatment in restricted eating disorder: indirect calorimetry during dynamic monitoring. DESIGN: A retrospective observational study. SUBJECTS: Twenty seven women affected by restricted eating disorder (essentially anorexia nervosa) with a body mass index [weight (kg)/height (m2)] of 17.29+/-2.47 were studied. The sample was compared as itself control during rehabilitative way. INTERVENTIONS: Fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) were determined by anthropometry technique. REE/day and respiratory quotient (RQ,VCO2/VO2) were measured by indirect calorimetry using a Calorimeter Vmax 29n-Sensor Medics-California. Skinfold thickness and circumferences were also measured. Arm muscle area (AMA) and fat area were calculated by formulas reported in Frisancho. RESULTS: The data indicated a positive correlation between AMA, VO2/ml/min and resting energy expenditure (REE)/day values examined during follow-up of patients. The increase of these parameters indicated a good monitoring index correlated to a FFM recovery during psychonutritional rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: Indirect calorimetry represents a useful approach for determining REE and prescribing diets in these patients. Moreover, the combined use of anthropometric techniques allows to accurately assess and adjust therapy according to the patient's progress. This study shows that restricted eating disorders are characterized by a recovery of FFM related to improvement of body weight and REE/day. On the contrary, the increase of AFA revealed a recovery of fat-metabolism (corresponding to RQ decrease) and lipid/carbohydrates oxidation improvement, only in the presence, at the same time, of O2 consumption increase.

Bat-man disease transmission: zoonotic pathogens from wildlife reservoirs to human populations.

Bats are natural reservoir hosts and sources of infection of several microorganisms, many of which cause severe human diseases. Because of contact between bats and other animals, including humans, the possibility exists for additional interspecies transmissions and resulting disease outbreaks. The purpose of this article is to supply an overview on the main pathogens isolated from bats that have the potential to cause disease in humans.

Tryptophan environments in glutathione transferase of human placenta from temperature-dependent phosphorescence studies.

An investigation of the tryptophan emission properties of glutathione transferase from human placenta was conducted in order to characterize the environments of the two aromatic residues. The low-temperature phosphorescence spectra and temperature dependence of the phosphorescence quantum yield of the tryptophan residues revealed a difference in the chemical nature and dynamical structure of the surrounding protein matrix. Thus, one tryptophan residue seems to be deeply embedded within the polypeptide in a rigid weakly polar environment, characteristic of a beta-type secondary structure. The other is located in a more polar site, probably near the surface, in a rather flexible region of the macromolecule. At high temperature, the heterogeneity in the triplet lifetime of the internal residue attests to the presence of multiple conformers which are not in rapid equilibrium in the phosphorescence time scale. The anisotropy of the phosphorescence emission of glutathione transferase indicates that no energy transfer occurs between the two residues, and measurement of the rotational correlation time yields an hydrodynamic volume which is in good agreement with the molecular weight reported in the literature for the dimer.

Purification and characterization of a novel glutathione transferase from Serratia marcescens.

Four forms of glutathione transferase were resolved from the cytosol of Serratia marcescens CIP 6755 by GSH-affinity chromatography followed by isoelectric focusing. The major isoenzyme, named Sm-GST-7.3, is composed of two subunits each with a molecular mass of 22 kDa and has an isoelectric point at pH 7.3. Sm-GST-7.3, appears to be distinct from Pm-GST-6.0, previously characterized from Proteus mirabilis AF 2924 as indicated by its substrate specificity, immunological reactivity, subunit molecular mass as well as by its N-terminal amino acid sequence. None of the antisera raised against a number of human, rat and mouse GSTs cross-reacted with Sm-GST-7.3 indicating major structural differences between them and bacterial GST. This is further supported by the fact that the N-terminal sequence of Sm-GST-7.3 also differs significantly from the known sequences of mammalian GSTs of alpha, mu and pi classes. In addition, comparison with the known N-terminal amino acid sequences of helminth, plant and insect GSTs demonstrate that the latter enzymes are distantly related (less than 25% identity) to the Sm-GST-7.3. Immunoblotting experiments performed with antisera raised against Sm-GST-7.3 indicate that a GST immunologically identical to Sm-GST-7.3 is present in a number of other bacterial strains. All together the results obtained suggest that Sm-GST-7.3 is distinct from any known GST, including microbial and mammalian GSTs.

Multiple unfolded states of alcohol dehydrogenase I from Kluyveromyces lactis by guanidinium chloride.

Inactivation, dissociation, and unfolding of tetrameric alcohol dehydrogenase I from Kluyveromyces lactis (KlADH I) were investigated using guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) as denaturant. Protein transitions were monitored by enzyme activity, intrinsic fluorescence and gel filtration chromatography. At low denaturant concentrations (less than 0.3 M), reversible transformation of enzyme into tetrameric inactive form occurs. At denaturant concentrations between 0.3 and 0.5 M, the enzyme progressively dissociates into structured monomers through an irreversible reaction. At higher denaturant concentrations, the monomers unfold completely. Refolding studies indicate that a total reactivation occurs only with the enzyme denatured between 0 and 0.3 M GdmCl concentrations. The enzyme denatured at GdmCl concentrations higher than 0.3 M refolds only partially. All together, our results indicate that unfolding of the KlADH I is a multistep process, i.e., inactivation of the structured tetramer, dissociation into partially structured monomers, followed by complete unfolding.

Characterization of toad liver glutathione transferase.

The major form of glutathione transferase from the toad liver previously designed as Bufo bufo liver GST-7.6 (A. Aceto, B. Dragani, T. Bucciarelli, P. Sacchetta, F. Martini, S. Angelucci, F. Amicarelli, M. Miranda and C. Di Ilio, Biochem. J. 289 (1993) 417-422) has been characterized. According to its partial amino acid sequence, the toad enzyme may be included in the pi class GST and named bbGST P2-2. However, bbGST P2-2 appears to be immunologically, structurally and kinetically distinct from any other members of pi family, including bbGST P1-1, suggesting that it may constitute a subset of pi class GST. The data support the hypothesis that the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life causes a switch of the GST amphibian pattern promoting the expression of a GST form (bbGST P2-2) able to counteract, with higher efficiency, the toxic effects of reactive metabolites of oxidative metabolism and those of hydrophobic xenobiotics.

Age-dependent ultrastructural alterations and biochemical response of rat skeletal muscle after hypoxic or hyperoxic treatments.

This work deals with the antioxidant enzymatic response and the ultrastructural aspects of the skeletal muscle of young and aged rats kept under hypoxic or hyperoxic normobaric conditions. It is in fact well known that the supply of oxygen at concentrations higher or lower than those occurring under normal conditions can promote oxidative processes that can cause tissue damage. The enzymes investigated were both those directly involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging (superoxide dismutase, catalase and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase), and those challenged with the detoxication of cytotoxic compounds produced by the action of ROS on biological molecules (glutathione transferase, glyoxalase I, glutathione reductase), in order to obtain a comparative view of the defence strategies used with respect to aging. Our results support the hypothesis that one of the major contributors to the aging process is the oxidative damage produced at least in part by an impairment of the antioxidant enzymatic system. This makes the aged organism particularly susceptible to oxidative stress injury and to the related degenerative diseases, especially in those tissues with high demand for oxidative metabolism.

A study on the in vitro interaction between tyrosinase and glutathione S-transferase.

The actions of glutathione S-transferase and tyrosinase on the in vitro production of glutathionyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and the dopachrome level in the presence of GSH and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine were studied. No clear evidence of complementarity between tyrosinase and glutathione S-transferase was observed; on the contrary, in the presence of glutathione S-transferase the glutathionyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine yield was lower than with tyrosinase only, as measured by HPLC. It is concluded that the spontaneous conjugation of GSH with dopaquinone should probably be high enough to scavenge the toxic quinone and to produce precursors for phaeomelanogenesis.

Alteration of glutathione transferase subunits composition in the liver of young and aged rats submitted to hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions.

In the present work, we have studied glutathione transferase (GST) activity and GST subunits distribution in the liver of young and aged rats kept under hypoxic or hyperoxic normobaric conditions as model of oxidative stress. A significant decrease of GST activity was detected in young hypoxic rat liver, whereas a significant increase occurred in aged hypoxic liver. No significant alteration of activity was obtained in both young and aged rat livers subjected to hyperoxic treatment. Substrate specificity measurements, SDS/PAGE analysis and reverse-phase HPLC, of GSH-affinity purified fractions were used to study the changes in the GST subunits pattern occurring in the liver of rat as a consequence of hypoxic and hyperoxic treatment. The results demonstrate that young and aged rat liver has a different constitutive GST subunit pattern which are markedly and differentially altered in hypoxia or hyperoxia. The hyperoxic treatment caused an increase of GST subunit 3 in aged, but not in young liver. In aged liver, both the hypoxic and hyperoxic treatment produced a decrease of GST subunit 4. After hypoxic treatment GST subunit 3 significantly increased in both young and aged liver. GST subunit 1a increased in both young and adult liver after hyperoxia. Following hypoxia a decrease of subunit 1a was seen in both young and aged liver. After hypoxic treatment, subunit 6 doubled in young, but not in aged, livers. It was concluded that the alterations in GST subunit expression occurring in the liver as a consequence of hypoxic or hyperoxic treatment respond to the necessity of a better protection of liver against the products of oxidative metabolism.