Many-body theory calculations of positronic-bonded molecular dianions.

The energetic stability of positron-dianion systems [A-; e+; A-] is studied via many-body theory, where A- includes H-, F-, Cl-, and the molecular anions (CN)- and (NCO)-. Specifically, the energy of the system as a function of ionic separation is determined by solving the Dyson equation for the positron in the field of the two anions using a positron-anion self-energy as constructed in Hofierka et al. [Nature 606, 688 (2022)] that accounts for correlations, including polarization, screening, and virtual-positronium formation. Calculations are performed for a positron interacting with H22-, F22-, and Cl22- and are found to be in good agreement with previous theory. In particular, we confirm the presence of two minima in the potential energy of the [H-; e+; H-] system with respect to ionic separation: a positronically bonded [H-; e+; H-] local minimum at ionic separations r ∼ 3.4 Å and a global minimum at smaller ionic separations r ≲ 1.6 Å that gives overall instability of the system with respect to dissociation into a H2 molecule and a positronium negative ion, Ps-. The first predictions are made for positronic bonding in dianions consisting of molecular anionic fragments, specifically for (CN)22- and (NCO)22-. In all cases, we find that the molecules formed by the creation of a positronic bond are stable relative to dissociation into A- and e+A- (positron bound to a single anion), with bond energies on the order of 1 eV and bond lengths on the order of several ångstroms.

Examining later-in-life health risks associated with sport-related concussion and repetitive head impacts: a systematic review of case-control and cohort studies.

OBJECTIVE: Concern exists about possible problems with later-in-life brain health, such as cognitive impairment, mental health problems and neurological diseases, in former athletes. We examined the future risk for adverse health effects associated with sport-related concussion, or exposure to repetitive head impacts, in former athletes. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: Search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL Plus and SPORTDiscus in October 2019 and updated in March 2022. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies measuring future risk (cohort studies) or approximating that risk (case-control studies). RESULTS: Ten studies of former amateur athletes and 18 studies of former professional athletes were included. No postmortem neuropathology studies or neuroimaging studies met criteria for inclusion. Depression was examined in five studies in former amateur athletes, none identifying an increased risk. Nine studies examined suicidality or suicide as a manner of death, and none found an association with increased risk. Some studies comparing professional athletes with the general population reported associations between sports participation and dementia or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) as a cause of death. Most did not control for potential confounding factors (eg, genetic, demographic, health-related or environmental), were ecological in design and had high risk of bias. CONCLUSION: Evidence does not support an increased risk of mental health or neurological diseases in former amateur athletes with exposure to repetitive head impacts. Some studies in former professional athletes suggest an increased risk of neurological disorders such as ALS and dementia; these findings need to be confirmed in higher quality studies with better control of confounding factors. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022159486.

Amsterdam 2022 process: A summary of the methodology for the Amsterdam International Consensus on Concussion in Sport.

The purpose of this paper is to summarise the consensus methodology that was used to inform the International Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport (Amsterdam 2022). Building on a Delphi process to inform the questions and outcomes from the 5th International Conference on Concussion in Sport, the Scientific Committee identified key questions, the answers to which would help encapsulate the current science in sport-related concussion and help guide clinical practice. Over 3½ years, delayed by 2 years due to the pandemic, author groups conducted systematic reviews on each selected topic. The 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport was held in Amsterdam (27-30 October 2022) and consisted of 2 days of systematic review presentations, panel discussions, question and answer engagement with the 600 attendees, and abstract presentations. This was followed by a closed third day of consensus deliberations by an expert panel of 29 with observers in attendance. The fourth day, also closed, was dedicated to a workshop to discuss and refine the sports concussion tools (Concussion Recognition Tool 6 (CRT6), Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 6 (SCAT6), Child SCAT6, Sport Concussion Office Assessment Tool 6 (SCOAT6) and Child SCOAT6). We include a summary of recommendations for methodological improvements for future research that grew out of the systematic reviews.

Improving juror assessments of forensic testimony and its effects on decision-making and evidence evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: We explored whether an educational forensic science informational (FSI) video either alone or with specialized jury instructions would assist mock jurors in evaluating forensic expert testimony. HYPOTHESES: We predicted that the FSI video would help participants distinguish between low-quality and high-quality testimony, evidenced by lower ratings of the testimony and the expert when the testimonial quality was low compared with when it was high. METHOD: Jury-eligible adults (N = 641; Mage = 38.18 years; 77.4% White; 8.1% Latino/a or Hispanic; 50.1% male) watched a mock trial and were randomly assigned to a no-forensic-evidence control condition or to a test condition (i.e., participants either watched the FSI video before the trial or did not and either received specialized posttrial instructions or did not). In the test conditions, a forensic expert provided low-quality or high-quality testimony about a latent impression, and participants rated the expert, their testimony, and the forensic evidence. All participants rendered verdicts. RESULTS: The presence of the FSI video interacted with testimonial quality on ratings of the expert and forensic testimony: In the video-present condition, participants rated the expert in the low-quality testimony condition lower than did participants in the high-quality testimony condition (between-condition differences for credibility: d = -0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.78, -0.27]; trustworthiness: d = -0.67, 95% CI [-0.92, -0.42]; knowledgeability: d = -0.54, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.29]). The pattern was the same for the expert's testimony (between-condition differences for convincingness: d = -0.41, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.16]; validity: d = -0.60, 95% CI [-0.86, -0.35]; presentation quality: d = -0.51, 95% CI [-0.76, -0.25]). Participants' ratings in the video-absent condition did not differ on the basis of testimonial quality (ds = -0.07-0.11). The ratings of the print evidence and verdicts were unaffected. Specialized jury instructions had no effect. CONCLUSION: The FSI video may be a practical in-court intervention to increase jurors' sensitivity to low-quality forensic testimony without creating skepticism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A true congenital pancreatic cyst in a dog.

BACKGROUND: True congenital pancreatic cysts are a rare pathological process reported within feline and human literature. To date there has been no documented case of a true congenital cyst affecting a canine patient. The objective of this case report is to document the clinical findings, diagnostic investigations, surgical treatment, histopathological diagnosis and long-term outcome of a dog with a true pancreatic cyst. CASE PRESENTATION: A 5-month-old crossbreed dog was presented with a six-week history of abdominal pain, apparent bilateral pelvic limb weakness, reluctance to walk and intermittent vomiting and diarrhoea. An abdominal ultrasound examination performed by the dog's primary care veterinarian identified a large intra-abdominal structure of unclear origin. A computed tomographic examination identified a large ovoid structure measuring 156 mm in length, 95 mm in height and 89 mm in width and apparently originating from the left limb of the pancreas. An exploratory coeliotomy was performed and a partial pancreatectomy was performed to allow complete removal of the cystic structure. Histopathological analysis of sections of the wall of the large fluid-filled cyst identified a thick fibromuscular wall lined by a well regimented hyperplastic tall columnar epithelium with basally located round to ovoid nuclei featuring fine chromatin stippling and abundant apically located and surface mucin, concurrent with a true congenital pancreatic cyst. A long-term follow-up of twenty-nine months identified no clinical signs of recurrence. CONCLUSION: A partial pancreatectomy and en bloc excision of a true pancreatic cyst provided an excellent long-term outcome in a dog.

Community Greening, Fear of Crime, and Mental Health Outcomes.

Unmaintained vacant land in urban areas is associated with a number of negative outcomes for residents of urban areas, including mental and physical health, safety, and quality of life. Community programs which promote land parcel maintenance in urban neighborhoods have been found to reverse some of the effects that unmaintained land has on nearby residents. We explored how land parcel maintenance is associated with mental health outcomes using data collected in Flint, MI in 2017-2018. Trained observers assessed the maintenance of approximately 7200 land parcels and surveyed 691 residents (57% Female, 53% Black, M age = 51). We aggregated resident and parcel rating data to 463 street segments and compared three structural equation models (SEM) to estimate the mediating effects of fear of crime on the association of parcel qualities on mental distress for residents. We found that fear of crime mediated the association between parcel maintenance values and mental distress indicating that poor maintenance predicted more fear of crime which was associated with mental distress. Our findings add to our understanding about the mechanism by which vacant lot improvements may operate to enhance psychological well-being of residents who live on streets with vacant and unkept lots.

Skeletal muscle progenitors are sensitive to collagen architectural features of fibril size and cross linking.

Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are essential for the robust regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle. However, in fibrotic environments marked by abundant collagen and altered collagen organization, the regenerative capability of MuSCs is diminished. MuSCs are sensitive to their extracellular matrix environment but their response to collagen architecture is largely unknown. The present study aimed to systematically test the effect of underlying collagen structures on MuSC functions. Collagen hydrogels were engineered with varied architectures: collagen concentration, cross linking, fibril size, and fibril alignment, and the changes were validated with second harmonic generation imaging and rheology. Proliferation and differentiation responses of primary mouse MuSCs and immortal myoblasts (C2C12s) were assessed using EdU assays and immunolabeling skeletal muscle myosin expression, respectively. Changing collagen concentration and the corresponding hydrogel stiffness did not have a significant influence on MuSC proliferation or differentiation. However, MuSC differentiation on atelocollagen gels, which do not form mature pyridinoline cross links, was increased compared with the cross-linked control. In addition, MuSCs and C2C12 myoblasts showed greater differentiation on gels with smaller collagen fibrils. Proliferation rates of C2C12 myoblasts were also higher on gels with smaller collagen fibrils, whereas MuSCs did not show a significant difference. Surprisingly, collagen alignment did not have significant effects on muscle progenitor function. This study demonstrates that MuSCs are capable of sensing their underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) structures and enhancing differentiation on substrates with less collagen cross linking or smaller collagen fibrils. Thus, in fibrotic muscle, targeting cross linking and fibril size rather than collagen expression may more effectively support MuSC-based regeneration.

Measures of Bone Mineral Carbonate Content and Mineral Maturity/Crystallinity for FT-IR and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging Differentially Relate to Physical-Chemical Properties of Carbonate-Substituted Hydroxyapatite.

Bone mineral carbonate content assessed by vibrational spectroscopy relates to fracture incidence, and mineral maturity/ crystallinity (MMC) relates to tissue age. As FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy become more widely used to characterize the chemical composition of bone in pre-clinical and translational studies, their bone mineral outcomes require improved validation to inform interpretation of spectroscopic data. In this study, our objectives were (1) to relate Raman and FT-IR carbonate:phosphate ratios calculated through direct integration of peaks to gold-standard analytical measures of carbonate content and underlying subband ratios; (2) to relate Raman and FT-IR MMC measures to gold-standard analytical measures of crystal size in chemical standards and native bone powders. Raman and FT-IR direct integration carbonate:phosphate ratios increased with carbonate content (Raman: p < 0.01, R2 = 0.87; FT-IR: p < 0.01, R2 = 0.96) and Raman was more sensitive to carbonate content than the FT-IR (Raman slope + 95% vs FT-IR slope, p < 0.01). MMC increased with crystal size for both Raman and FT-IR (Raman: p < 0.01, R2 = 0.76; FT-IR p < 0.01, R2 = 0.73) and FT-IR was more sensitive to crystal size than Raman (c-axis length: slope FT-IR MMC + 111% vs Raman MMC, p < 0.01). Additionally, FT-IR but not Raman spectroscopy detected differences in the relationship between MMC and crystal size of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) vs poorly crystalline hydroxyapatites (HA) (slope CHA + 87% vs HA, p < 0.01). Combined, these results contribute to the ability of future studies to elucidate the relationships between carbonate content and fracture and provide insight to the strengths and limitations of FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy of native bone mineral.

The majority of patients return to athletic activity following biceps tenodesis.

PURPOSE: Biceps tenodesis is widely used as a primary treatment for long head of the biceps brachii pathology and superior labral anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesions. However, rates and timing of full return to sports (RTSs)/duty have not been systematically analysed. This systematic review examines the literature to ascertain the rate and timing of return to athletic activity, and the availability of specific criteria for safe return to atheletic activity following the biceps tenodesis. METHODS: Based on PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review utilised the EMBASE, MEDLINE, and The Cochrane Library Databases. Eligible for inclusion were clinical studies reporting on return to athletic activity following biceps tenodesis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. RESULTS: This review identified 17 studies including 374 cases meeting the inclusion criteria. The majority of patients were men 260 (69.7%), with an median age of 42.2 years (range 16-88) and a mean follow-up of 37.4 months. The overall rate of RTS was 217/269 (80.7%), with 43/59 (72.9%) returning to the same level. In overhead athletes, the overall rate of return to play was 39/49 (79.6%). Among military personnel, the overall rate of return to duty was 61/74 (82.4%). The average time to RTS was 5.4 (range 3-11) months. 10 (58.8%) Studies reported a recommended time window within which patients were allowed to return to full activity. Specific criteria for return to play were not reported in any of the identified studies. CONCLUSION: While overall rate of return to athletic activity was reportedly high following biceps tenodesis, one in four patients were not able to resume athletic activity at the same level. At present, there is no objective assessment of when patients can return to full activity reported in the literature. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

A conceptual framework for prognostic research.

BACKGROUND: Prognostic research has many important purposes, including (i) describing the natural history and clinical course of health conditions, (ii) investigating variables associated with health outcomes of interest, (iii) estimating an individual's probability of developing different outcomes, (iv) investigating the clinical application of prediction models, and (v) investigating determinants of recovery that can inform the development of interventions to improve patient outcomes. But much prognostic research has been poorly conducted and interpreted, indicating that a number of conceptual areas are often misunderstood. Recent initiatives to improve this include the Prognosis Research Strategy (PROGRESS) and the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) Statement. In this paper, we aim to show how different categories of prognostic research relate to each other, to differentiate exploratory and confirmatory studies, discuss moderators and mediators, and to show how important it is to understand study designs and the differences between prediction and causation. MAIN TEXT: We propose that there are four main objectives of prognostic studies - description, association, prediction and causation. By causation, we mean the effect of prediction and decision rules on outcomes as determined by intervention studies and the investigation of whether a prognostic factor is a determinant of outcome (on the causal pathway). These either fall under the umbrella of exploratory (description, association, and prediction model development) or confirmatory (prediction model external validation and investigation of causation). Including considerations of causation within a prognostic framework provides a more comprehensive roadmap of how different types of studies conceptually relate to each other, and better clarity about appropriate model performance measures and the inferences that can be drawn from different types of prognostic studies. We also propose definitions of 'candidate prognostic factors', 'prognostic factors', 'prognostic determinants (causal)' and 'prognostic markers (non-causal)'. Furthermore, we address common conceptual misunderstandings related to study design, analysis, and interpretation of multivariable models from the perspectives of association, prediction and causation. CONCLUSION: This paper uses a framework to clarify some concepts in prognostic research that remain poorly understood and implemented, to stimulate discussion about how prognostic studies can be strengthened and appropriately interpreted.

Temperature tolerance and oxygen consumption of two South American tetras, Paracheirodon innessi and Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi.

Temperature is a primary factor affecting species' ability to thrive in a particular ecological niche, but thermal conditions have changed dramatically in recent decades. Fishes shift their thermal tolerance range with a maximum and minimum temperature correlated to their recent thermal acclimation history, and species can show a reduced temperature quotient (Q10) following chronic thermal acclimation. Neon tetra (Paracheirodon innesi) and Black Neon tetra (Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi) are popular hobbyist aquarium fishes, and both species are examples of freshwater teleosts native to South American river systems that are potentially affected by changing thermal conditions. We acclimated these species to three different constant temperatures (26 °C, 29 °C, and 31 °C) for 15.4 ±â€¯2.1 days, then measured acute critical thermal maxima (CTMax) and acute oxygen consumption rate (Mo2) at each acclimation temperature. We also estimated chronic lethal thermal maximum (CLT) for both species following a 2-week acclimation to 30.4 °C. Mean CTMax of both species were found to increase with acclimation temperature from 38.5 to 39.6 °C for Neon tetra and from 39.5 to 41.0 °C for Black Neon tetra, gaining 0.24 (Neon tetra) or 0.29 °C (Black Neon tetra) of tolerance per 1 °C of acclimation. However, Black Neon tetra demonstrated consistently higher CTMax (1.0-1.4 °C). CLT was lower for Neon tetra (33.5 °C), compared to Black Neon tetra (35.9 °C). Mean Mo2 were statistically similar across acclimation temperatures within species; Q10 between 26-31 °C were 1.92 and 1.22 for Neon and Black Neon tetra, respectively. Neon and Black Neon tetras physiologically acclimated to changing thermal demands, and although they demonstrate robust CTMax responses, CLT responses indicated both species are unable to survive temperatures 4-5 °C above current average natural values. The demonstrated metabolic plasticity and CTMax values provide a moderate cushion for both species to combat changing temperatures due to climate change, but CLT values suggest vulnerability to projected climate trends.

Care in subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth: an international survey of parents.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of additional care, and parents' perceptions of quality, respectful care, in pregnancies subsequent to stillbirth. DESIGN: Multi-language web-based survey. SETTING: International. POPULATION: A total of 2716 parents, from 40 high- and middle-income countries. METHODS: Data were obtained from a broader survey of parents' experiences following stillbirth. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and stratified by geographic region. Subgroup analyses explored variation in additional care by gestational age at index stillbirth. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of additional care, and perceptions of quality, respectful care. RESULTS: The majority (66%) of parents conceived their subsequent pregnancy within 1 year of stillbirth. Additional antenatal care visits and ultrasound scans were provided for 67% and 70% of all parents, respectively, although there was wide variation across geographic regions. Care addressing psychosocial needs was less frequently provided, such as additional visits to a bereavement counsellor (10%) and access to named care provider's phone number (27%). Compared with parents whose stillbirth occurred at ≤ 29 weeks of gestation, parents whose stillbirth occurred at ≥ 30 weeks of gestation were more likely to receive various forms of additional care, particularly the option for early delivery after 37 weeks. Around half (47-63%) of all parents felt that elements of quality, respectful care were consistently applied, such as spending enough time with parents and involving parents in decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: Greater attention is required to providing thoughtful, empathic and collaborative care in all pregnancies following stillbirth. Specific education and training for health professionals is needed. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: More support for providing quality care in pregnancies after stillbirth is needed. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Study rationale and design More than two million babies are stillborn every year. Most parents will conceive again soon after having a stillborn baby. These parents are more likely to have another stillborn baby in the next pregnancy than parents who have not had a stillborn baby before. The next pregnancy after stillbirth is often an extremely anxious time for parents, as they worry about whether their baby will survive. In this study we asked 2716 parents from 40 countries about the care they received during their first pregnancy after stillbirth. Parents were recruited mainly through the International Stillbirth Alliance and completed on online survey that was available in six languages. Findings Parents often had extra antenatal visits and extra ultrasound scans in the next pregnancy, but they rarely had extra emotional support. Also, many parents felt their care providers did not always listen to them and spend enough time with them, involve them in decisions, and take their concerns seriously. Parents were more likely to receive various forms of extra care in the next pregnancy if their baby had died later in pregnancy compared to earlier in pregnancy. Limitations In this study we only have information from parents who were able and willing to complete an online survey. Most of the parents were involved in charity and support groups and most parents lived in developed countries. We do not know how well the findings relate to other parents. Finally, our study does not include parents who may have tried for another pregnancy but were not able to conceive. Potential impact This study can help to improve care through the development of best practice guidelines for pregnancies following stillbirth. The results suggest that parents need better emotional support in these pregnancies, and more opportunities to participate actively in decisions about care. Extra support should be available no matter how far along in pregnancy the previous stillborn baby died.

The association between a lifetime history of low back injury in a motor vehicle collision and future low back pain: a population-based cohort study.

PURPOSE: This population-based cohort study investigated the association between a lifetime history of a low back injury in a motor vehicle collision (MVC) and future troublesome low back pain. Participants with a history of a low back injury in a motor vehicle collision who had recovered (no or mild low back pain) were compared to those without a history of injury. Current evidence from two cross-sectional and one prospective study suggests that individuals with a history of a low back injury in a MVC are more likely to experience future LBP. There is a need to test this association prospectively in population-based cohorts with adequate control of known confounders. METHODS: We formed a cohort of 789 randomly sampled Saskatchewan adults with no or mild LBP. At baseline, participants were asked if they had ever injured their low back in a MVC. Six and 12 months later, participants were asked about the presence of troublesome LBP (grade II-IV) on the Chronic Pain Grade Questionnaire. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to estimate the association while controlling for known confounders. RESULTS: The follow-up rate was 74.8% (590/789) at 6 months and 64.5% (509/789) at 12 months. There was a positive crude association between a history of low back injury in a MVC and the development of troublesome LBP over a 12-month period (HRR = 2.76; 95% CI 1.42-5.39). Controlling for arthritis reduced this association (HRR = 2.25; 95% CI 1.11-4.56). Adding confounders that may be on the casual pathway (baseline LBP, depression and HRQoL) to the multivariable model further reduced the association (HRR = 2.20; 95% CI 1.04-4.68). CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that a history of low back injury in a MVC is a risk factor for developing future troublesome LBP. The consequences of a low back injury in a MVC can predispose individuals to experience recurrent episodes of low back pain.

Chiropractic care and risk for acute lumbar disc herniation: a population-based self-controlled case series study.

PURPOSE: Chiropractic care is popular for low back pain, but may increase the risk for acute lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Low back pain is a common early (prodromal) symptom of LDH and commonly precedes LDH diagnosis. Our objective was to investigate the association between chiropractic care and acute LDH with early surgical intervention, and contrast this with the association between primary care physician (PCP) care and acute LDH with early surgery. METHODS: Using a self-controlled case series design and population-based healthcare databases in Ontario, Canada, we investigated all adults with acute LDH requiring emergency department (ED) visit and early surgical intervention from April 1994 to December 2004. The relative incidence of acute LDH with early surgery in exposed periods after chiropractic visits relative to unexposed periods was estimated within individuals, and compared with the relative incidence of acute LDH with early surgery following PCP visits. RESULTS: 195 cases of acute LDH with early surgery (within 8 weeks) were identified in a population of more than 100 million person-years. Strong positive associations were found between acute LDH and both chiropractic and PCP visits. The risk for acute LDH with early surgery associated with chiropractic visits was no higher than the risk associated with PCP visits. CONCLUSIONS: Both chiropractic and primary medical care were associated with an increased risk for acute LDH requiring ED visit and early surgery. Our analysis suggests that patients with prodromal back pain from a developing disc herniation likely seek healthcare from both chiropractors and PCPs before full clinical expression of acute LDH. We found no evidence of excess risk for acute LDH with early surgery associated with chiropractic compared with primary medical care.

Chiropractic spinal manipulation and the risk for acute lumbar disc herniation: a belief elicitation study.

PURPOSE: Chiropractic spinal manipulation treatment (SMT) is common for back pain and has been reported to increase the risk for lumbar disc herniation (LDH), but there is no high quality evidence about this. In the absence of good evidence, clinicians can have knowledge and beliefs about the risk. Our purpose was to determine clinicians' beliefs regarding the risk for acute LDH associated with chiropractic SMT. METHODS: Using a belief elicitation design, 47 clinicians (16 chiropractors, 15 family physicians and 16 spine surgeons) that treat patients with back pain from primary and tertiary care practices were interviewed. Participants' elicited incidence estimates of acute LDH among a hypothetical group of patients with acute low back pain treated with and without chiropractic SMT, were used to derive the probability distribution for the relative risk (RR) for acute LDH associated with chiropractic SMT. RESULTS: Chiropractors expressed the most optimistic belief (median RR 0.56; IQR 0.39-1.03); family physicians expressed a neutral belief (median RR 0.97; IQR 0.64-1.21); and spine surgeons expressed a slightly more pessimistic belief (median RR 1.07; IQR 0.95-1.29). Clinicians with the most optimistic views believed that chiropractic SMT reduces the incidence of acute LDH by about 60% (median RR 0.42; IQR 0.29-0.53). Those with the most pessimistic views believed that chiropractic SMT increases the incidence of acute LDH by about 30% (median RR 1.29; IQR 1.11-1.59). CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians' beliefs about the risk for acute LDH associated with chiropractic SMT varied systematically across professions, in spite of a lack of scientific evidence to inform these beliefs. These probability distributions can serve as prior probabilities in future Bayesian analyses of this relationship.

YouTube provides poor information regarding anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction.

PURPOSE: YouTube is a global medium used predominantly by young adults (aged 18-49 years). This study examined the quality of YouTube information regarding ACL injury and reconstruction. METHODS: YouTube was searched on the 13th of June 2015 for "ACL" and "anterior cruciate ligament" with/without associated terms of "injury", "reconstruction", and "surgery". Videos were evaluated by two independent reviewers [EF (Reviewer 1), (Reviewer 2)] using two recognized information scoring systems (Modified DISCERN (MD) 0-5 and JAMA Benchmark 0-4) and an adaptation of a score designed for written ACL information [ACL Specific Score (ASS) 0-25]. The ASS categorized scores as very good (21-25), good (16-20), moderate (11-15), poor (6-10), and very poor (0-5). Number of views/likes/dislikes, animation, and continent of origin and source (e.g., corporate/educational) were recorded. Correlation of video characteristics with number of views was examined using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) model. Agreement between reviewers was assessed by Interclass Correlation Co-efficient (ICC). RESULTS: Following a filtering process of the 964,770 identified videos, 39 videos were retained. The mean MD score was 2.3 (standard deviation (SD) ±0.9) for Reviewer 1 and 2.2 (SD ±0.9) for Reviewer 2 (ICC = 0.7). The mean JAMA score was 2.5(SD ±0.7) for Reviewer 1 and 2.3 (SD ±0.7) for Reviewer 2 (ICC = 0.8). The mean ASS was 6.3 (SD ±3.5) for Reviewer 1 and 4.6 (SD ±2.9) for Reviewer 2 (ICC = 0.9). Five videos achieved moderate score (13%), while 15 (38%) and 19 (49%) scored as poor and very poor, respectively. There was no correlation between number of views and video quality/video source for any scoring system. CONCLUSION: The majority of videos viewed on YouTube regarding ACL injury and treatment are of low quality.

Surrogacy: Pathway to Parenthood.

Assistive reproductive technology has progressed significantly over the past few decades. In spite of the advances, people may still resort to a surrogate for bearing and birthing a baby. Surrogacy, though an altruistic act, has been commercialized in the past few years, leading to emergence of several ethico-legal concerns. Nurses care for the surrogates, the infants, and the intended parents through their journey with sensitivity, advocacy, compassion, and confidentiality. This article intends to explore the implications of surrogacy to individuals, families, nations, and health care.

Secreted products of Fasciola hepatica inhibit the induction of T cell responses that mediate allergy.

There is evidence from epidemiology studies of a negative association between infection with helminth parasites and the development of allergy and asthma. Here, we demonstrate that the excretory/secretory products of the helminth Fasciola hepatica (FHES) protected mice against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma when administered at time of allergen sensitization. FHES reduced the accumulation of mucus, eosinophils and lymphocytes into the airways of allergen-challenged mice. Furthermore, FHES treatment suppressed Th2 responses in the airways. Interestingly, systemic administration of FHES at allergen challenge had no effect on airway inflammation, demonstrating that alum-induced Th2 response is set following initial allergen sensitization. Our findings highlight the immunomodulatory potential of molecules secreted by F. hepatica.

What is the definition of sports-related concussion: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Various definitions for concussion have been proposed, each having its strengths and weaknesses. We reviewed and compared current definitions and identified criteria necessary for an operational definition of sports-related concussion (SRC) in preparation of the 5th Concussion Consensus Conference (Berlin, Germany). We also assessed the role of biomechanical studies in informing an operational definition of SRC. DESIGN: This is a systematic literature review. DATA SOURCES: Data sources include MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials and SPORT Discus (accessed 14 September 2016). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Eligibility criteria were studies reporting (clinical) criteria for diagnosing SRC and studies containing SRC impact data. RESULTS: Out of 1601 articles screened, 36 studies were included (2.2%), 14 reported on criteria for SRC definitions and 22 on biomechanical aspects of concussions. Six different operational definitions focusing on clinical findings and their dynamics were identified. Biomechanical studies were obtained almost exclusively on American football players. Angular and linear head accelerations linked to clinically confirmed concussions demonstrated considerable individual variation. SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS: SRC is a traumatic brain injury that is defined as a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by biomechanical forces with several common features that help define its nature. Limitations identified include that the current criteria for diagnosing SRC are clinically oriented and that there is no gold/standard to assess their diagnostic properties. A future, more valid definition of SRC would better identify concussed players by demonstrating high predictive positive/negative values. Currently, the use of helmet-based systems to study the biomechanics of SRC is limited to few collision sports. New approaches need to be developed to provide objective markers for SRC.