Ultralow-resistance electrochemical capacitor for integrable line filtering.

Electrochemical capacitors are expected to replace conventional electrolytic capacitors in line filtering for integrated circuits and portable electronics1-8. However, practical implementation of electrochemical capacitors into line-filtering circuits has not yet been achieved owing to the difficulty in synergistic accomplishment of fast responses, high specific capacitance, miniaturization and circuit-compatible integration1,4,5,9-12. Here we propose an electric-field enhancement strategy to promote frequency characteristics and capacitance simultaneously. By downscaling the channel width with femtosecond-laser scribing, a miniaturized narrow-channel in-plane electrochemical capacitor shows drastically reduced ionic resistances within both the electrode material and the electrolyte, leading to an ultralow series resistance of 39 mΩ cm2 at 120 Hz. As a consequence, an ultrahigh areal capacitance of up to 5.2 mF cm-2 is achieved with a phase angle of -80° at 120 Hz, twice as large as one of the highest reported previously4,13,14, and little degradation is observed over 1,000,000 cycles. Scalable integration of this electrochemical capacitor into microcircuitry shows a high integration density of 80 cells cm-2 and on-demand customization of capacitance and voltage. In light of excellent filtering performances and circuit compatibility, this work presents an important step of line-filtering electrochemical capacitors towards practical applications in integrated circuits and flexible electronics.

Sperm, but not oocyte, DNA methylome is inherited by zebrafish early embryos.

5-methylcytosine is a major epigenetic modification that is sometimes called "the fifth nucleotide." However, our knowledge of how offspring inherit the DNA methylome from parents is limited. We generated nine single-base resolution DNA methylomes, including zebrafish gametes and early embryos. The oocyte methylome is significantly hypomethylated compared to sperm. Strikingly, the paternal DNA methylation pattern is maintained throughout early embryogenesis. The maternal DNA methylation pattern is maintained until the 16-cell stage. Then, the oocyte methylome is gradually discarded through cell division and is progressively reprogrammed to a pattern similar to that of the sperm methylome. The passive demethylation rate and the de novo methylation rate are similar in the maternal DNA. By the midblastula stage, the embryo's methylome is virtually identical to the sperm methylome. Moreover, inheritance of the sperm methylome facilitates the epigenetic regulation of embryogenesis. Therefore, besides DNA sequences, sperm DNA methylome is also inherited in zebrafish early embryos.

High-throughput volumetric mapping of synaptic transmission.

Volumetric imaging of synaptic transmission in vivo requires high spatial and high temporal resolution. Shaping the wavefront of two-photon fluorescence excitation light, we developed Bessel-droplet foci for high-contrast and high-resolution volumetric imaging of synapses. Applying our method to imaging glutamate release, we demonstrated high-throughput mapping of excitatory inputs at >1,000 synapses per volume and >500 dendritic spines per neuron in vivo and unveiled previously unseen features of functional synaptic organization in the mouse primary visual cortex.

A positively tuned voltage indicator for extended electrical recordings in the brain.

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) enable optical recording of electrical signals in the brain, providing subthreshold sensitivity and temporal resolution not possible with calcium indicators. However, one- and two-photon voltage imaging over prolonged periods with the same GEVI has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we report engineering of ASAP family GEVIs to enhance photostability by inversion of the fluorescence-voltage relationship. Two of the resulting GEVIs, ASAP4b and ASAP4e, respond to 100-mV depolarizations with ≥180% fluorescence increases, compared with the 50% fluorescence decrease of the parental ASAP3. With standard microscopy equipment, ASAP4e enables single-trial detection of spikes in mice over the course of minutes. Unlike GEVIs previously used for one-photon voltage recordings, ASAP4b and ASAP4e also perform well under two-photon illumination. By imaging voltage and calcium simultaneously, we show that ASAP4b and ASAP4e can identify place cells and detect voltage spikes with better temporal resolution than commonly used calcium indicators. Thus, ASAP4b and ASAP4e extend the capabilities of voltage imaging to standard one- and two-photon microscopes while improving the duration of voltage recordings.

The Osiris family genes function as novel regulators of the tube maturation process in the Drosophila trachea.

Drosophila trachea is a premier model to study tube morphogenesis. After the formation of continuous tubes, tube maturation follows. Tracheal tube maturation starts with an apical secretion pulse that deposits extracellular matrix components to form a chitin-based apical luminal matrix (aECM). This aECM is then cleared and followed by the maturation of taenidial folds. Finally, air fills the tubes. Meanwhile, the cellular junctions are maintained to ensure tube integrity. Previous research has identified several key components (ER, Golgi, several endosomes) of protein trafficking pathways that regulate the secretion and clearance of aECM, and the maintenance of cellular junctions. The Osiris (Osi) gene family is located at the Triplo-lethal (Tpl) locus on chromosome 3R 83D4-E3 and exhibits dosage sensitivity. Here, we show that three Osi genes (Osi9, Osi15, Osi19), function redundantly to regulate adherens junction (AJ) maintenance, luminal clearance, taenidial fold formation, tube morphology, and air filling during tube maturation. The localization of Osi proteins in endosomes (Rab7-containing late endosomes, Rab11-containing recycling endosomes, Lamp-containing lysosomes) and the reduction of these endosomes in Osi mutants suggest the possible role of Osi genes in tube maturation through endosome-mediated trafficking. We analyzed tube maturation in zygotic rab11 and rab7 mutants, respectively, to determine whether endosome-mediated trafficking is required. Interestingly, similar tube maturation defects were observed in rab11 but not in rab7 mutants, suggesting the involvement of Rab11-mediated trafficking, but not Rab7-mediated trafficking, in this process. To investigate whether Osi genes regulate tube maturation primarily through the maintenance of Rab11-containing endosomes, we overexpressed rab11 in Osi mutant trachea. Surprisingly, no obvious rescue was observed. Thus, increasing endosome numbers is not sufficient to rescue tube maturation defects in Osi mutants. These results suggest that Osi genes regulate other aspects of endosome-mediated trafficking, or regulate an unknown mechanism that converges or acts in parallel with Rab11-mediated trafficking during tube maturation.

ALS-linked C9orf72-SMCR8 complex is a negative regulator of primary ciliogenesis.

Massive GGGGCC (G4C2) repeat expansion in C9orf72 and the resulting loss of C9orf72 function are the key features of ~50% of inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia cases. However, the biological function of C9orf72 remains unclear. We previously found that C9orf72 can form a stable GTPase activating protein (GAP) complex with SMCR8 (Smith-Magenis chromosome region 8). Herein, we report that the C9orf72-SMCR8 complex is a major negative regulator of primary ciliogenesis, abnormalities in which lead to ciliopathies. Mechanistically, the C9orf72-SMCR8 complex suppresses the primary cilium as a RAB8A GAP. Moreover, based on biochemical analysis, we found that C9orf72 is the RAB8A binding subunit and that SMCR8 is the GAP subunit in the complex. We further found that the C9orf72-SMCR8 complex suppressed the primary cilium in multiple tissues from mice, including but not limited to the brain, kidney, and spleen. Importantly, cells with C9orf72 or SMCR8 knocked out were more sensitive to hedgehog signaling. These results reveal the unexpected impact of C9orf72 on primary ciliogenesis and elucidate the pathogenesis of diseases caused by the loss of C9orf72 function.

High-performance K-ion half/full batteries with superb rate capability and cycle stability.

SignificanceThe present work might be significant for exploring advanced K-ion batteries with superb rate capability and cycle stability toward practical applications. The as-assembled K-ion half cell exhibits an excellent rate capability of 428 mA h g-1 at 100 mA g-1 and a high reversible specific capacity of 330 mA h g-1 with 120% specific capacity retention after 2,000 cycles at 2,000 mA g-1, which is the best among those based on carbon materials. The as-constructed full cell delivers 98% specific capacity retention over 750 cycles at 500 mA g-1, superior to most of those based on carbon materials that have been reported thus far.

Genomic imprinting of Xist by maternal H3K27me3.

Maternal imprinting at the Xist gene is essential to achieve paternal allele-specific imprinted X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female mammals. However, the mechanism underlying Xist imprinting is unclear. Here we show that the Xist locus is coated with a broad H3K27me3 domain that is established during oocyte growth and persists through preimplantation development in mice. Loss of maternal H3K27me3 induces maternal Xist expression and maternal XCI in preimplantation embryos. Our study thus identifies maternal H3K27me3 as the imprinting mark of Xist.

Characterizing genetic profiles for high triglyceride levels in U.S. patients of African ancestry.

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a common cardiovascular risk factor characterized by elevated triglyceride (TG) levels. Researchers have assessed the genetic factors that influence HTG in studies focused predominantly on individuals of European ancestry. However, relatively little is known about the contribution of genetic variation of HTG in people of African ancestry (AA), potentially constraining research and treatment opportunities. Our objective was to characterize genetic profiles among individuals of AA with mild-to-moderate HTG and severe HTG versus those with normal TGs by leveraging whole-genome sequencing data and longitudinal electronic health records available in the All of Us program. We compared the enrichment of functional variants within five canonical TG metabolism genes, an AA-specific polygenic risk score for TGs, and frequencies of 145 known potentially causal TG variants between HTG patients and normal TG among a cohort of AA patients (N = 15,373). Those with mild-to-moderate HTG (N = 342) and severe HTG (N ≤ 20) were more likely to carry APOA5 p.S19W (odds ratio = 1.94, 95% confidence interval = [1.48-2.54], P = 1.63 × 10-6 and OR = 3.65, 95% confidence interval: [1.22-10.93], P = 0.02, respectively) than those with normal TG. They were also more likely to have an elevated (top 10%) polygenic risk score, elevated carriage of potentially causal variant alleles, and carry any genetic risk factor. Alternative definitions of HTG yielded comparable results. In conclusion, individuals of AA with HTG were enriched for genetic risk factors compared to individuals with normal TGs.

Regulation of Hot Electrons Transport Achieved through Controlled Electron-Phonon Coupling in Metallic Heterostructures.

The electron-phonon (e-ph) interactions are pivotal in shaping the electrical and thermal properties, and in particular, determining the carrier dynamics and transport behaviors in optoelectronic devices. By employing pump-probe spectroscopy and ultrafast microscopy, the consequential role of e-ph coupling strength in the spatiotemporal evolution of hot electrons is elucidated. Thermal transport across the metallic interface is controlled to regulate effective e-ph coupling factor Geff in Au and Au/Cr heterostructure, and their impact on nonequilibrium transport of hot electrons is examined. Via the modulation of buried Cr thickness, a strong correlation between Geff and the diffusive behavior of hot electrons is found. By enhancing Geff through the regulation of thermal transport across interface, there is a significant reduction in e-ph thermalization time, the maximum diffusion length of hot electrons, and lattice heated area which are extracted from the spatiotemporal evolution profiles. Therefore, the increased Geff significantly weakens the diffusion of hot electrons and promotes heat relaxation of electron subsystems in both time and space. These insights propose a robust framework for spatiotemporal investigations of G impact on hot electron diffusion, underscoring its significance in the rational design of advanced optoelectronic devices with high efficiency.

Helical Micropillar Processed by One-Step 3D Printing for Solar Thermal Conversion.

Solar thermal utilization has broad applications in a variety of fields. Currently, maximizing the photo-thermal conversion efficiency remains a research hotspot in this field. The exquisite plant structures in nature have greatly inspired human structural design across many domains. In this work, inspired by the photosynthesis of helical grass, a HM type solar absorber made in graphene-based composite sheets is used for solar thermal conversion. The unique design promoted more effective solar energy into thermal energy through multiple reflections and scattering of solar photons. Notably, the Helical Micropillar (HM) is fabricated using a one-step projection 3D printing process based on a special 3D helical beam. As a result, the solar absorber's absorbance value can reach 0.83 in the 400-2500 nm range, and the surface temperature increased by ≈128.3% relative to the original temperature. The temperature rise rate of the solar absorber reached 22.4 °C min-1, demonstrating the significant potential of the HM in practical applications of solar thermal energy collection and utilization.

Performance of disk diffusion method for aztreonam in combination with avibactam against Enterobacteriales.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of an in-house developed disk diffusion method for aztreonam in combination with avibactam against Enterobacteriales. METHODS: The in vitro antibacterial activity of aztreonam with avibactam against 204 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriales was determined by a disk diffusion method, with a broth microdilution method as a reference. RESULTS: The optimal S/R breakpoints for disk diffusion tests of 30/20 and 10/4 µg disks, calculated by the dBETs software using the model-based approaches, were ≥22/≤21 and ≥12/≤11 mm, respectively. On the basis of the estimated breakpoints, the CAs for disk diffusion tests of 30/20 and 10/4 µg aztreonam/avibactam disks were both 98.0%, with 0.5% major error and 37.5% very major error. CONCLUSIONS: The home-made disk diffusion method is an economical and practical method for clinical microbiology laboratories to determine the antibacterial susceptibility of aztreonam with avibactam against Enterobacteriales.

Evaluation of the in vitro activity of ampicillin-sulbactam and cefoperazone-sulbactam against A. Baumannii by the broth disk elution test.

To evaluate the in vitro activity of ampicillin-sulbactam and cefoperazone-sulbactam against A. baumannii using the broth disk elution testing, a total of 150 A. baumannii isolates were collected from across China between January 2019 and January 2021, including 51 carbapenem-susceptible and 99 carbapenem-resistant isolates. Broth disk elution (BDE) and the broth microdilution (BMD) method were performed for all strains. The concentration range of the BDE was 10/10 µg/mL, 20/20 µg/mL, and 30/30 µg/mL for ampicillin-sulbactam, and 37.5/15 µg/mL, 75/30 µg/mL, 112.5/45 µg/mL, and 150/60 µg/mL for cefoperazone-sulbactam, respectively. Compared with BMD, the BDE results of ampicillin-sulbactam and cefoperazone-sulbactam showed a categorical agreement of 83.3% (125/150) and 95.3% (143/150), with minor errors of 16.7% (25/150) and 4.7% (7/150), respectively. No major error or very major errors were detected. The sensitivity differences by BDE of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAb) to different concentrations of ampicillin-sulbactam showed statistically significant (p < 0.017), while those to cefoperazone-sulbactam at 37.5/15 µg/mL, 75/30 µg/mL, and 112.5/45 µg/mL were significant (p < 0.008). However, no significant difference in sensitivity was observed between 112.5/45 µg/mL and 150/60 µg/mL (p > 0.008). In conclusion, the BDE is a reliable and convenient method to detect the in vitro activity of cefoperazone-sulbactam against A. baumannii, and the results could serve as a clinical reference value when deciding whether or not to use high-dose sulbactam for the treatment of A. baumannii infections.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of In2S3 by Decorating In2O3 with Rich Oxygen Vacancies.

The hydrogen (H2) evolution rates of photocatalysts suffer from weak oxidation and reduction ability and low photogenerated charge carrier separation efficiency. Herein, by combining band-gap structure optimization and vacancy modulation through a one-step hydrothermal method, In2O3 containing oxygen vacancy (Ov/In2O3) is simply introduced into In2S3 to promote photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Specifically, the change in the sulfur source ratio can induce the coexistence of Ov/In2O3 and In2S3 in a high-temperature hydrothermal process. Under light irradiation, In2S3@Ov/In2O3-0.1 nanosheets hold a remarkable average H2 evolution rate up to 4.04 mmol g-1 h-1, which is 32.14, 11.91, and 2.25-fold better than those of pristine In2S3, In2S3@Ov/In2O3-0.02, and In2S3@Ov/In2O3-0.25 nanosheets, respectively. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence (PL) spectra reveal that the formation of Ov/In2O3 in In2S3 optimizes the band-gap structure and accelerates the migration of the photogenerated charge carrier of In2S3@Ov/In2O3-x nanosheets, respectively. Both the enhancement of oxidation and reduction ability and photogenerated charge carrier separation ability are responsible for the remarkable improvement in photocatalytic H2 evolution performance. This work provides a new strategy to prepare a composite of metal sulfide and metal oxide through a one-step hydrothermal method.

Increased serum extrachromosomal circular DNA SORBS1circle level is associated with insulin resistance in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) exist in human blood and somatic cells, and are essential for oncogene plasticity and drug resistance. However, the presence and impact of eccDNAs in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains inadequately understood. METHODS: We purified and sequenced the serum eccDNAs obtained from newly diagnosed T2DM patients and normal control (NC) subjects using Circle-sequencing. We validated the level of a novel circulating eccDNA named sorbin and SH3-domain- containing-1circle97206791-97208025 (SORBS1circle) in 106 newly diagnosed T2DM patients. The relationship between eccDNA SORBS1circle and clinical data was analyzed. Furthermore, we explored the source and expression level of eccDNA SORBS1circle in the high glucose and palmitate (HG/PA)-induced hepatocyte (HepG2 cell) insulin resistance model. RESULTS: A total of 22,543 and 19,195 eccDNAs were found in serum samples obtained from newly diagnosed T2DM patients and NC subjects, respectively. The T2DM patients had a greater distribution of eccDNA on chromosomes 1, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and X. Additionally, 598 serum eccDNAs were found to be upregulated, while 856 eccDNAs were downregulated in T2DM patients compared with NC subjects. KEGG analysis demonstrated that the genes carried by eccDNAs were mainly associated with insulin resistance. Moreover, it was validated that the eccDNA SORBS1circle was significantly increased in serum of newly diagnosed T2DM patients (106 T2DM patients vs. 40 NC subjects). The serum eccDNA SORBS1circle content was positively correlated with the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in T2DM patients. Intracellular eccDNA SORBS1circle expression was significantly enhanced in the high glucose and palmitate (HG/PA)-induced hepatocyte (HepG2 cell) insulin resistance model. Moreover, the upregulation of eccDNA SORBS1circle in the HG/PA-treated HepG2 cells was dependent on generation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide a preliminary understanding of the circulating eccDNA patterns at the early stage of T2DM and suggest that eccDNA SORBS1circle may be involved in the development of insulin resistance.

Identification of multiple odorant receptors essential for pyrethrum repellency in Drosophila melanogaster.

Pyrethrum extract from dry flowers of Tanacetum cinerariifolium (formally Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) has been used globally as a popular insect repellent against arthropod pests for thousands of years. However, the mechanistic basis of pyrethrum repellency remains unknown. In this study, we found that pyrethrum spatially repels and activates olfactory responses in Drosophila melanogaster, a genetically tractable model insect, and the closely-related D. suzukii which is a serious invasive fruit crop pest. The discovery of spatial pyrethrum repellency and olfactory response to pyrethrum in D. melanogaster facilitated our identification of four odorant receptors, Or7a, Or42b, Or59b and Or98a that are responsive to pyrethrum. Further analysis showed that the first three Ors are activated by pyrethrins, the major insecticidal components in pyrethrum, whereas Or98a is activated by (E)-ß-farnesene (EBF), a sesquiterpene and a minor component in pyrethrum. Importantly, knockout of Or7a, Or59b or Or98a individually abolished fly avoidance to pyrethrum, while knockout of Or42b had no effect, demonstrating that simultaneous activation of Or7a, Or59b and Or98a is required for pyrethrum repellency in D. melanogaster. Our study provides insights into the molecular basis of repellency of one of the most ancient and globally used insect repellents. Identification of pyrethrum-responsive Ors opens the door to develop new synthetic insect repellent mixtures that are highly effective and broad-spectrum.

High-throughput framework for genetic analyses of adverse drug reactions using electronic health records.

Understanding the contribution of genetic variation to drug response can improve the delivery of precision medicine. However, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for drug response are uncommon and are often hindered by small sample sizes. We present a high-throughput framework to efficiently identify eligible patients for genetic studies of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) using "drug allergy" labels from electronic health records (EHRs). As a proof-of-concept, we conducted GWAS for ADRs to 14 common drug/drug groups with 81,739 individuals from Vanderbilt University Medical Center's BioVU DNA Biobank. We identified 7 genetic loci associated with ADRs at P < 5 × 10-8, including known genetic associations such as CYP2D6 and OPRM1 for CYP2D6-metabolized opioid ADR. Additional expression quantitative trait loci and phenome-wide association analyses added evidence to the observed associations. Our high-throughput framework is both scalable and portable, enabling impactful pharmacogenomic research to improve precision medicine.

Correction: A missense variant in Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component 1 gene and protection against liver disease.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008629.].

Metal stable isotopes fractionation during adsorption.

Isotope technology is an ideal tool for tracing the sources of certain pollutants or providing insights into environmental processes. In recent years, the advent of multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) has enabled the precise measurement of various metal stable isotopes. Due to the presence of "fingerprint" properties in various environmental samples, metal stable isotopes have been applied to distinguish the source of contaminants effectively and further understand the corresponding environmental processes. The environmental fate of metal elements is strongly controlled by adsorption, an essential process for the distribution of elements between the dissolved and particulate phases. The adsorption of metal elements on mineral and organic surfaces significantly affects their biogeochemical cycles in the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to elucidate the fractionation characteristics of stable metal isotopes during the adsorption process. In this review, three typical transitional metal elements were selected, considering Mo as the representative of anionic species and Fe and Zn as the representative of cationic species. For Mo, the heavier Mo isotope is preferentially adsorbed in the solution phase, pH has a more significant influence on isotope fractionation, and temperature and ionic strength are relatively insensitive. Differences in coordination environments between dissolved and adsorbed Mo during adsorption, i.e., attachment mode (inner- or outer-sphere) or molecular symmetry (e.g., coordination number and magnitude of distortion), are likely responsible for isotopic fractionation. For Fe, The study of equilibrium/kinetic Fe isotopic fractionation in aqueous Fe(II)-mineral is not simple. The interaction between aqueous Fe(II) and Fe (hydroxyl) oxides is complex and dynamic. The isotope effect is due to coupled electron and atom exchange between adsorbed Fe(II), aqueous Fe(II), and reactive Fe(III) on the surface of Fe (hydroxyl) oxide. For Zn, the heavier Fe isotope preferentially adsorbs on the solid phase, and pH and ionic strength are essential influencing factors. The difference in coordination environment may be the cause of isotope fractionation.

Mitophagy and mitochondrion-related expression profiles in response to physiological and pathological hypoxia in the corneal epithelium.

To study the mitochondrial and cellular responses to physiological and pathological hypoxia, corneal epithelial cells were preconditioned under 21% O2, 8% O2 or 1% O2. The cell survival rate, mitochondrial fluorescence and mitophagy flux were quantified using flow cytometry. After RNA sequencing, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed. When the oxygen level decreased from 21% to 8%, mitochondrial fluorescence decreased by 45% (p < 0.001), accompanied by an 80% increase in mitophagy flux (p < 0.001). When the oxygen level dropped to 1%, the cell survival rate and mitochondrial fluorescence decreased, while mitophagy flux further increased (each p < 0.001). Comparison of 1% O2 vs. 21% O2 revealed enrichment of the HYPOXIA hallmark. Most of the significantly enriched mitochondrion-related gene sets were involved in apoptosis. The corresponding foremost leading edge genes belonged to the BCL-2 family. Corneal epithelial cell fate decisions under hypoxia may involve noncanonical pathways of mitophagy.