The composition and function of bacterial communities in Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) changed dramatically with infected fungi: A new potential to culture Cordyceps cicadae.

Cordyceps cicadae (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) is a renowned entomopathogenic fungus used as herbal medicine in China. However, wild C. cicadae resources have been threatened by heavy harvesting. We hypothesised that Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) could be a new alternative to cultivate C. cicadae due to the low cost of rearing. Bacterial communities are crucial for the formation of Cordyceps and for promoting the production of metabolites. To better understand the bacterial community structure associated with Cordyceps, three Claviciptaceae fungi were used to explore the pathogenicity of the silkworms. Here, fifth-instar silkworms were infected with C. cicadae, Cordyceps cateniannulata (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae). Subsequently, we applied high-throughput sequencing to explore the composition of bacterial communities in silkworms. Our results showed that all three fungi were highly pathogenic to silkworms, which suggests that silkworms have the potential to cultivate Cordyceps. After fungal infection, the diversity of bacterial communities in silkworms decreased significantly, and the abundance of Staphylococcus increased in mummified larvae, which may play a role in the death process when the host suffers infection by entomopathogenic fungi. Furthermore, there were high similarities in the bacterial community composition and function in the C. cicadae and C. cateniannulata infected samples, and the phylogenetic analysis suggested that these similarities may be related to the fungal phylogenetic relationship. Our findings reveal that infection with different entomopathogenic fungi affects the composition and function of bacterial communities in silkworms and that the bacterial species associated with Cordyceps are primarily host dependent, while fungal infection affects bacterial abundance.

Hypothetical protein MAA_07646 is required for stress resistance and pathogenicity in Metarhizium robertsii.

Metarhizium robertsii, a vital entomopathogenic fungus for pest management, relies on various virulence-related proteins for infection. Identifying these proteins, especially those with unknown functions, can illuminate the fungus's virulence mechanisms. Through RNA-seq, we discovered that the hypothetical protein MAA_07646 was significantly upregulated during appressorium formation in M. robertsii. In this study, we characterized MAA_07646, finding its presence in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Surprisingly, it did not affect vegetative growth, conidiation, or chemical tolerance. However, it played a role in heat and UV radiation sensitivity. Notably, ΔMAA_07646 exhibited reduced virulence in Galleria mellonella larvae due to impaired appressorium formation and decreased expression of virulence-related genes. In conclusion, MAA_07646 contributes to thermotolerance, UV resistance, and virulence in M. robertsii. Understanding its function sheds light on the insecticidal potential of M. robertsii's hypothetical proteins.

Cyclic Peptides from the Opportunistic Pathogen Basidiobolus meristosporus.

Three new cyclic peptides, meristosporins A, B, and C (1-3), one of which features an unusual amino acid, were isolated from the opportunistic pathogen Basidiobolus meristosporus and identified by 1D, 2D NMR, MS/MS, and Marfey's analysis. The biosynthetic pathway of the hexapeptide meristosporin A (1) was deduced based on nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene clusters analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 showed cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 and 293T cells, respectively. These compounds may be involved in the fungal injury caused to human cells.

Molecular characterization of a novel totivirus infecting the basal fungus Conidiobolus heterosporus.

Mycoviruses are widely distributed in fungi, but only a few mycoviruses have been reported in basal fungi to date. Here, we characterized a novel totivirus isolated from the basal fungus Conidiobolus heterosporus, and we designated this virus as "Conidiobolus heterosporus totivirus 1" (ChTV1). The complete genome of ChTV1 contains two discontinuous open reading frames (ORFs), ORF1 and ORF2, encoding a putative coat protein (CP) and a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on RdRP sequences showed that ChTV1 clustered with members of the genus Totivirus. The RdRP of ChTV1 has 51% sequence identity to that of Trichoderma koningiopsis totivirus 1 (TkTV1), which is the highest among mycoviruses. However, TkTV1 formed a distinct cluster with Wuhan insect virus 27, with 63% RdRP sequence identity, although Wuhan insect virus 27 has not been described, and its host represents a different kingdom. Therefore, we propose that ChTV1 is a new member of the genus Totivirus, family Totiviridae.

A Peptide Stapling Strategy with Built-In Fluorescence by Direct Late-Stage C(sp2 )-H Olefination of Tryptophan.

Fluorescent stapled peptides are important chemical tools for detecting intracellular distribution, protein-protein interactions, and localization of target proteins. These peptides are usually labeled with bulky sized fluorophores through reactive functional groups, which may alter the physical properties and biological activities of peptides. Herein, a unique strategy is developed for synthesizing new stapled peptides with built-in fluorescence. The stapled peptides were prepared through Rh-catalyzed C(sp2 )-H olefination in tryptophan (Trp) residues by using pyridine/pyrimidine as the directing groups under mild conditions. This method displays good regioselectivity and high efficiency. Furthermore, as a proof of concept for its biological applications, stapled peptides without additional fluorophore 9 a and 9 b were constructed for a cell imaging study. These peptides displayed strong binding affinity toward integrin αvß3 in A549 cells by cell imaging experiments. Notably they demonstrated even better anticancer activity than commercial antagonist cyclic (RGDfK). The method will provide robust tools for the peptide macrocyclization field.

Bryophytes and the symbiotic microorganisms, the pioneers of vegetation restoration in karst rocky desertification areas in southwestern China.

In karst rocky desertification areas, bryophytes coexist with algae, bacteria, and fungi on exposed calcareous rocks to form a bryophyte crust, which plays an irreplaceable role in the restoration of karst degraded ecosystems. We investigated the biodiversity of crust bryophytes in karst rocky desertification areas from Guizhou Province, China. A total of 145 species in 22 families and 56 genera were identified. According to frequency and coverage, seven candidate dominant mosses were screened out, and five drought-resistant indexes of them were measured. Hypnum leptothallum, Racopilum cuspidigerum, and Hyophila involuta have high drought adaptability. We explored the interactions between two dominant mosses (H. leptothallum, H. involuta) and the structure of microbial communities in three karst rocky desertification types. Microbial diversity and function analysis showed that both moss species and karst rocky desertification types affect microbial communities. Moss species much more strongly affected the diversity and changed the community composition of these microbial groups. Bacteria were more sensitive in the microbiome as their communities changed strongly between mosses and drought resistance factors. Moreover, several species of fungi and bacteria could be significantly associated with three drought-resistant indexes: Pro (free proline content), SOD (superoxide dismutase activity), and POD (peroxidase activity), which were closely related to the drought adaptability of mosses. Our results enforced the potential role of moss-associated microbes that are important components involved in the related biological processes when bryophytes adapted to arid habitats, or as one kind of promoters in the distribution pattern of early mosses succession in karst rocky desertification areas.

A novel chemiluminescent probe for hydrazine detection in water and HeLa cells.

Hydrazine is a substance harmful to humans and the environment, necessitating the development of a sensitive and specific detection method. Herein, a novel chemiluminescent probe based on Schaap's adamantylidene-dioxetane (CL-HZ) for detecting hydrazine was synthesized and evaluated. The probe was activated by the removal of a protecting group to form free phenoxy-dioxetane, when treated with hydrazine. It then showed a noticeable and sustainable fluorescent response without excitation, with intensity increasing 51-fold in the presence of hydrazine. CL-HZ can be used in 96-well high-throughput assays for analysis of hydrazine in polluted water samples and was successfully applied for the detection of hydrazine in living cells.

Estimated divergence times of Hirsutella (asexual morphs) in Ophiocordyceps provides insight into evolution of phialide structure.

BACKGROUND: Hirsutella Pat genus, the asexual morphs of the Ophiocordyceps Sung, is globally distributed entomopathogenic fungi, which infect a variety of arthropods, mites and nematodes. The fungal species also have shown potential application in the field of biological control, bio-medicine and food development. Although these fungi are synonymized under Ophiocordyceps, formal taxonomic assignments remain necessary for classification of species in Hirsutella. However, due to the heterogeneity and complexity of Hirsutella genus, more detailed taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses are required to address the following subjects: (1) the relationships between the phialide morphological characteristics and phylogenetic information of Hirsutella with asexual morphs, (2) the origin and evolution of the phialide structure, and (3) host specificity and fungal pathogenicity. RESULTS: Five typical phialide structures are summarized, in which the variation in phialide characteristics overlaps well with phylogenetic information. A new member of the special twisted neck clade in the Hirsutella-like group, Ophiocordyceps retorta, was reported based on these analyses. The molecular clock calibration analysis based on one fossil record revealed that Hirsutella (asexual morph) species originated from a common ancestor approximately 102 million years ago (Mya) (Early Cretaceous, Lower Albian) and then resolved into two major lineages. One lineage was typically phialidic, which was a larger shape, including H. guyana, H. nodulosa and H. sinensis clades (86.9 Mya, 95% highest posterior density (HPD): 69.1-101.4 Mya). Another main lineage of the phialides was more diversified and smaller than the former, which included H. citriformis and H. thompsonii clades (71.9 Mya, 95% HPD: 41.8-99.6 Mya). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that certain phialide characteristics of Hirsutella were phylogenetically informative for two groups of taxa. The differentiation of the phialides structures in the major clades demonstrated a clear evolutionary path of Hirsutella (asexual morph) species, which exhibited two trends depending on the host size. Fungi in one of the groups displayed elongated conidiogenous cells with increased complexity of auxiliary structures from the mycelia. The species in another group reduced the volume of phialides and spores, which might be due to an energy-efficient strategy. These results suggested that a common origin allowed for diversification of given clades into separate niches. The distinct parallel evolutionary path combined with the specific phialides structure might result in the host specificity of Hirsutella (asexual morphs). A direct relationship between Hirsutella (asexual morphs) and the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction was not found, which suggested that the diversity of phialides is more likely to be caused by long-term environmental adaptation and evolution rather than dramatic extinction events. This evolutionary result might correspond to the background of important biological and geological events in the late Cretaceous occurring near the divergence times of Hirsutella (asexual morphs).

Transcriptome and proteome analyses reveal genes and signaling pathways involved in the response to two insect hormones in the insect-fungal pathogen Hirsutella satumaensis.

The insect hormones ecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone III (JH) have been demonstrated to stimulate the secretion of conidia mucilage and pigments in Hirsutella satumaensis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses were performed to identify the fungal genes and proteins of H. satumaensis that are up- or downregulated in response to insect hormones. A total of 17,407 unigenes and 1,016 proteins in conidia mucilage were identified. The genes involved in response to the hormones were classified into four functional groups: (1) stress response-related genes that are required for the removal of reactive oxygen species (glutathione synthetase, c7144) and genes involved in the response to osmotic stress in the hemocoel, such as those encoding proteins involved in the G, mTOR, and MAPK signaling pathways (2); insect hormone metabolic genes, including genes encoding ecdysteroid UDP-glucosyltransferase, ecdysteroid-22-kinase, and a key aldehyde dehydrogenase in a juvenile hormone synthesis pathway (3); secretory proteins that share homology with those of the host Bombyx mori, including fibrohexamerin, sericin 1, metalloprotease 1 protein, and silk gum protein, which were revealed by the omics data; and (4) proteins related to amino sugar metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation that were specifically expressed in mucilage in response to 20E and JH, respectively. These findings revealed that H. satumaensis can mount effective responses by modulating the expression of genes involved in the detoxification, adaptation, and evasion of insect hormone-mediated immune responses, providing fresh insights into fungal pathogen-host insect interactions.IMPORTANCEInsect hormones are highly important for the regulation of insect growth, development, and immune system function. Thus, the expansion of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) could be affected by these hormones when they inhabit the host hemocoel. However, the molecular basis of EPF in response to insect hormones has yet to be determined. Our results revealed that EPF are impacted by 20E and JH, both of which act as signals, as these hormones lead to changes in metabolic pathways of the fungus, thus demonstrating a direct relationship between the fungus and the hormones. Furthermore, adaptive strategies, such as the use of ecdysone-inactivating enzymes and secreted filamentous proteins in H. satumaensis, which strongly resemble those of the host insect, have been discovered, thus illustrating the importance of adaptation to insect hormones for a better understanding of the interaction between insects and EPF.

Tea and Pleurotus ostreatus intercropping modulates structure of soil and root microbial communities.

Intercropping with Pleurotus ostreatus has been demonstrated to increase the tea yield and alleviate soil acidification in tea gardens. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, high-throughput sequencing and Biolog Eco analysis were performed to identify changes in the community structure and abundance of soil microorganisms in the P. ostreatus intercropped tea garden at different seasons (April and September). The results showed that the soil microbial diversity of rhizosphere decreased in April, while rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil microbial diversity increased in September in the P. ostreatus intercropped tea garden. The diversity of tea tree root microorganisms increased in both periods. In addition, the number of fungi associated with organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling, such as Penicillium, Trichoderma, and Trechispora, was significantly higher in the intercropped group than in the control group. Intercropping with P. ostreatus increased the levels of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and available phosphorus (AP) in the soil. It also improved the content of secondary metabolites, such as tea catechins, and polysaccharides in tea buds. Microbial network analysis showed that Unclassified_o__Helotiales, and Devosia were positively correlated with soil TN and pH, while Lactobacillus, Acidothermus, and Monascus were positively correlated with flavone, AE, and catechins in tea trees. In conclusion, intercropping with P. ostreatus can improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and the composition and structure of microbial communities in tea gardens, which has significant potential for application in monoculture tea gardens with acidic soils.

When and how is team cognitive diversity beneficial? An examination of Chaxu climate.

The workforce is becoming increasingly heterogeneous in terms of age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, values, cognition, and culture. Thus, team diversity management is regarded as an important development strategy that organizations can use to gain advantages. However, in the diversity literature, empirical studies investigating the effects of cognitive diversity on creativity have not yielded conclusive findings. This has called into question the importance of team cognitive diversity. To address this, we investigate when and how team cognitive diversity fosters individual creativity. Drawing on the categorization-elaboration model (CEM) and literature on Chaxu climate, we develop a multilevel mediated moderation model in which the team Chaxu climate is treated as the moderator and team knowledge sharing is treated as the mediator. Using two-wave paired data collected from 46 teams and 368 members, we find that Chaxu climate mitigates the positive effect of team cognitive diversity on team knowledge sharing. In turn, team knowledge sharing mediates the interaction effect between team cognitive diversity and Chaxu climate on individual creativity. Our study facilitates a shift from an automatic-oriented lens to a contingent-oriented lens by identifying a new contingent factor and advances research on the underlying mechanisms by identifying a new process factor. Ultimately, this study enriches our knowledge on the function of cognitive diversity in the field of business strategy.

Filtration effect of Cordyceps chanhua mycoderm on bacteria and its transport function on nitrogen.

IMPORTANCE: During the natural growth of Cordyceps chanhua, it will form a mycoderm structure specialized from hyphae. We found that the bacterial membrane of C. chanhua not only filters environmental bacteria but also absorbs and transports nitrogen elements inside and outside the body of C. chanhua. These findings are of great significance for understanding the stable mechanism of the internal microbial community maintained by C. chanhua and how C. chanhua maintains its own nutritional balance. In addition, this study also enriched our understanding of the differences in bacterial community composition and related bacterial community functions of C. chanhua at different growth stages, which is of great value for understanding the environmental adaptation mechanism, the element distribution network, and the changing process of symbiotic microbial system after Cordyceps fungi infected the host. At the same time, it can also provide a theoretical basis for some important ecological imitation cultivation technology of Cordyceps fungi.

Corrigendum: Positive effects of Cordyceps cateniannulata colonization in tobacco: growth promotion and resistance to abiotic stress.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1131184.].

Cyclic pentapeptides with anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic or α-glucosidase inhibitory activities from Basidiobolus meristosporus.

Basidiobolus meristosporus is an opportunistic pathogen of mammals with unique habitats, but its metabolites have not been extensively studied. Through semi-preparative HPLC, nine undescribed cyclic pentapeptides were isolated from mycelia of B. meristosporus RCEF4516. The structure of the compounds 1-9 were identified with MS/MS and NMR data and designated as basidiosin D-L respectively. The absolute configurations were determined according to the advanced Marfey's method after compound hydrolysis. Bioactivity testing showed that compounds 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 decreased NO production in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The nine compounds showed cytotoxicity against RAW264.7, 293 T and HepG2 cells. All the compounds except compound 7 showed stronger inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase than acarbose.

Positive effects of Cordyceps cateniannulata colonization in tobacco: Growth promotion and resistance to abiotic stress.

Background: Entomopathogenic fungi can live in insects to cause disease and death and are the largest group of entomopathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, these fungi are best known for their microbial control potential. Importantly, they also have other beneficial effects, including promoting plant growth and development by colonizing plant. Here, the study sought to identify specific strains of the entomopathogenic fungus, Cordyceps cateniannulata that would form endophytic associations with tobacco, thus benefiting plant growth and resistance to abiotic stresses, thereby highlighting the application of entomopathogenic fungi in tobacco. Methods: The C. cateniannulata-tobacco symbiont was constructed by root irrigation. The effects of C. cateniannulata on tobacco growth were evaluated by measuring the maximum leaf length, maximum leaf width, number of leaves, plant height, stem thickness, stem circumference, dry and fresh shoot weight 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after colonization. The peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde were measured to observe the impact of C. cateniannulata on tobacco defense enzyme activity. Finally, high-throughput sequencing was used to access microbial communities in the rhizosphere, with data subsequently linked to growth indicators. Results: After tobacco was inoculated with C. cateniannulata X8, which significantly promoted growth and related enzyme activity, malondialdehyde was decreased. The most significant impact was on peroxidase, with its activity being upregulated by 98.20, 154.42, 180.65, and 170.38% in the four time periods, respectively. The high throughput sequencing results indicated that C. cateniannulata had changed the rhizosphere microbial relative abundances, such as increasing Acidobacteria and Ascomycetes, and decreasing Actinomycetes and Basidiomycetes. The redundancy analysis showed that C. cateniannulata significantly boosted tobacco growth by reducing the abundance of specific dominant genera such as Stachybotrys, Cephalotrichum, Streptomyces, Isoptericola, and Microbacterium. Conclusion: Specific strains of C. cateniannulata can be introduced into host plants as endophytes, resulting in promotion of host plant growth and increased resistance to abiotic stress and microbial pathogens. The study provides a foundation for future studies of C. cateniannulata as an ecological agent.

Do You Feel Included? A Latent Profile Analysis of Inclusion in the Chinese Context.

Although the importance of inclusion has been firmly supported by prior studies, the question of whether certain subgroups exist in the workplace whose members feel more or less included remains under-explored, limiting our understanding of how an inclusive workplace can be achieved. To address this gap, the current study conducted a latent profile analysis (LPA) to obtain evidence-based information regarding employees' sense of inclusion in their organizations. Using a sample of 1,168 participants engaged in multiple industries in China, we identified three profiles of inclusion, with a largest proportion feeling a moderate level of inclusion (69.5%), a smaller proportion feeling a high level of inclusion (22.7%), and a tiny proportion feeling a low level of inclusion (7.8%). The three profiles differ significantly on key variables, demonstrating that the group feeling more included tends to be more aged and tenured, hold a higher educational degree, work in the high-tech sector, and come from a developed area. Such a group also shows more engagement in their work but less exhaustion, feels that they have more opportunities for development, and gains more support from colleagues and supervisors. Our findings point to the existence of subgroups of inclusion within the Chinese context and highlight the characteristics of these profiles, which in turn shed lights on how we can reach the goal of inclusion.

Estimated Divergence Times of Lecanicillium in the Family Cordycipitaceae Provide Insights Into the Attribution of Lecanicillium.

Background: The genus Lecanicillium W.Gams & Zare is a recognized insect pathogen but members of the genus have been found parasitizing various hosts including arthropods, nematodes, plants, and fungi. The new classification system for fungi proposed to reject Lecanicillium and transfer some of the species to the genus Akanthomyces. However, the attribution problem of most species in the original genus Lecanicillium remains unsolved. The current study aimed to improve understanding of the pivotal internal phylogeny in Lecanicillium by estimating the divergence times of Lecanicillium to provide additional insights into the status of this genus within the family Cordycipitaceae. Results: Dating analyses support the supposition that the ancestor of Lecanicillium was in the Cretaceous period (84.36 Mya, 95% HPD: 72.12-94.74 Mya). After originating from a common ancestor, eight clades of Lecanicillium were derived and evolved independently in parallel with other genera of Cordycipitaceae. Based on the clear divergence age estimates, Lecanicillium clade 8 originated earlier as an independent group in the Cretaceous period (75.61 Mya, 95% HPD: 63.31-87.54 Mya), while Lecanicillium clades 1-7 originated later as an independent group in the boundary of the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods (64.66 Mya, 95% HPD: 52.75-76.74 Mya). Lecanicillium huhutii formed an independent branch in a polytomy together with a clade containing Lecanicillium tenuipes (BI posterior probabilities 1, ML bootstrap 100%). Conclusion: The pivotal internal phylogeny, origin, and evolutionary history of Lecanicillium in the family Cordycipitaceae were investigated. Phylogenetic and morphological analyses indicated that there are eight representative clades (four representative branches of evolutionary history), including clade 1 (members have a relatively uniform sporulation structure comprising globose heads with a higher number of conidia), clade 8 (including all members of Gamszarea), clades 2-5 (the differences of the divergence time estimations were smaller compared with other clades), and clade 6-7 (members are close to Gibellula, Hevansia, and Ascopolyporus). Based on the above findings, a novel spider-pathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium huhutii, is described. All other species in Lecanicillium clade 1 (Lecanicillium araneogemum, L. nodulosum, L. pissodis, and L. uredinophilum) should be transferred to the genus Akanthomyces. Furthermore, the monotypic genus Parengyodontium should be merged with the genus Gamszarea. More novel species need to be discovered to thoroughly resolve the attribution problem of Lecanicillium. Finally, no major lineages of Lecanicillium were correlated with the nearby Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, indicating that the diversity of Lecanicillium is more likely to be caused by long-term environmental adaptation and coevolution with insects rather than by dramatic extinction events.

Role of Two G-Protein α Subunits in Vegetative Growth, Cell Wall Integrity, and Virulence of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium robertsii.

Heterotrimeric G-proteins are crucial for fungal growth and differentiation. The α subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins play an essential role in controlling signal transduction. However, the function of G-protein α subunits in entomopathogenic fungi remains poorly understood. Two group II Gα subunits (MrGPA2 and MrGPA4) were characterized in the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium robertsii. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the relationship between MrGPA2 and MrGPA4 was closer than that of other MrGPAs. Both green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged MrGPA2 and MrGPA4 were localized at the cytoplasm. Furthermore, ∆MrGpa2∆MrGpa4 double mutants showed remarkably reduced vegetative growth compared to the wild-type and single-mutant strains, which was accompanied by the downregulation of several growth-related genes, such as ssk2, pbs2, stuA, hog1, and ac. Only the ∆MrGpa2∆MrGpa4 double mutant was sensitive to Congo red stress. The insect bioassay demonstrated significantly attenuated virulence for the ∆MrGpa2∆MrGpa4 double mutant compared to the wild-type and single-mutant strains. Further analysis indicated that double deletion of MrGpa2 and MrGpa4 had no effect on appressorium formation but suppressed the expression levels of several virulence-related genes in the insect hemocoel. These findings demonstrate that MrGpa2 and MrGpa4 exhibit functional redundancy and contribute to the vegetative growth, stress tolerance, and pest control potential in M. robertsii.

Two new species of Hirsutella (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Sordariomycetes) that are parasitic on lepidopteran insects from China.

Hirsutella are globally distributed entomopathogenic fungi that offer important economic applications in biological control and biomedicine. Hirsutella was suppressed in favour of Ophiocordyceps affected by the ending of dual nomenclature for pleomorphic fungi in 2011. Currently, Hirsutella has been resurrected as a genus under Ophiocordycipitaceae. In this study, we introduce two new species of Hirsutella, based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Hirsutellaflava and H.kuankuoshuiensis are pathogenic on different species of larval Lepidoptera in China. Hirsutellaflava primarily differs from related species by its awl-shaped base; long and narrow neck, 24-40.8 × 2.2-2.5 µm; long and narrow cymbiform or fusoid conidia, 6.5-10 × 2.1-4.3 µm. Hirsutellakuankuoshuiensis has two types of phialides and distinctive 9.9-12.6 × 2.7-4.5 µm, clavate or botuliform conidia. The distinctions amongst the new species and phylogenetic relationships with other Hirsutella species are discussed.

Multigenomics Reveals the Causal Effect of Herpes Simplex Virus in Alzheimer's Disease: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

In recent years, the herpes virus infectious hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has gained support from an increasing number of researchers. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a potential risk factor associated with AD. This study assessed whether HSV has a causal relationship with AD using a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis model. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with HSV-1 and thirteen SNPs associated with HSV-2 were used as instrumental variables in the MR analysis. We estimated MR values of relevance between exposure and the risk of AD using inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, MR-Egger regression (Egger), and weighted median estimator (WME). To make the conclusion more robust and reliable, sensitivity analyses and RadialMR were performed to evaluate the pleiotropy and heterogeneity. We found that anti-HSV-1 IgG measurements were not associated with risk of AD (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.79-1.18; p = 0.736), and the same was true for HSV-2 (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.94-1.12; p = 0.533). The findings indicated that any HSV infection does not appear to be a genetically valid target of intervention in AD.