RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Ec peptide (PEc) that defines the IGF-1Ec isoform, is associated with prostate cancer progression by inducing proliferation, metastases, and tumour repair. On these grounds, an anti-PEc monoclonal antibody (MAb) was developed. Our objective is to examine the effects of this antibody on prostate cancer and its possible side effects. METHODS: The effects of the obtained MAb were examined in cancer and non-cancerous cell lines (unmodified and modified either to overexpress or silence PEc) and in tumours in SCID mice injected with unmodified prostate cancer cells. The investigation was obtained with respect to cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, toxicity to tumours, effects on the cell cycle, immune response activation, effects on mesenchymal stem cell mobilisation leading to tumour repair, tissue distribution, and toxicity to mice. RESULTS: Anti-PEc MAb treatment led to a significant decrease in cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion compared to the untreated cell lines (p < 0.0005 in every case). Mechanistically, these effects were associated with the downregulation of pERK1/2 and vimentin and the upregulation of E-Cadherin. In vivo, anti-PEc MAb treatment was associated with a significant decrease in tumour size and metastases rate (p < 0.0005 in every case) by reversing the tumours mesenchymal phenotype. It also inhibited host stem cell mobilisation towards the tumour, leading to apoptosis. Anti-PEc MAb assessment in respect to distribution and toxicity, indicated its tumour specificity and lack of toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the therapeutic targeting of PEc with the anti-PEc MAb may have considerable clinical benefit for prostate cancer patients.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Proliferación Celular , Ratones SCID , Neoplasias de la Próstata , Masculino , Neoplasias de la Próstata/inmunología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the majority of primary liver cancers. Early detection/diagnosis is vital for the prognosis of HCC, whereas diagnosis at late stages is associated with very low survival rate. Early diagnosis is based on 6-month surveillance of the patient and the use of at least two imaging modalities. The aim of this study was to investigate diagnostic markers for the detection of early HCC based on proteome analysis, microRNAs (miRNAs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the blood of patients with cirrhosis or early or advanced HCC. We studied 89 patients with HCC, of whom 33 had early HCC and 28 were cirrhotic. CTCs were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR and immunofluorescence using the markers epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM), vimentin, alpha fetoprotein (aFP) and surface major vault protein (sMVP). Expression of the five most common HCC-involved miRNAs (miR-122, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-221, miR-222) was examined in serum using quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Finally, patient serum was analyzed via whole proteome analysis (LC/MS). Of 53 patients with advanced HCC, 27 (51%) had detectable CTCs. Among these, 10/27 (37%) presented evidence of mesenchymal or intermediate stage cells (vimentin and/or sMVP positive). Moreover, 5/17 (29%) patients with early HCC and 2/28 (7%) cirrhotic patients had detectable CTCs. Patients with early or advanced HCC exhibited a significant increase in miR-200b when compared to cirrhotic patients. Our proteome analysis indicated that early HCC patients present a significant upregulation of APOA2, APOC3 proteins when compared to cirrhotic patients. When taken in combination, this covers the 100% of the patients with early HCC. miR-200b, APOA2 and APOC3 proteins are sensitive markers and can be potentially useful in combination for the early diagnosis of HCC.
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IGF-1 is one of the key molecules in cancer biology; however, little is known about the role of the preferential expression of the premature IGF-1 isoforms in prostate cancer. We have examined the role of the cleaved COO- terminal peptide (PEc) of the third IGF-1 isoform, IGF-1Ec, in prostate cancer. Our evidence suggests that endogenously produced PEc induces cellular proliferation in the human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) in vitro and in vivo, by activating the ERK1/2 pathway in an autocrine/paracrine manner. PEc overexpressing cells and tumors presented evidence of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, whereas the orthotopic injection of PEc-overexpressing, normal prostate epithelium cells (HPrEC) in SCID mice was associated with increased metastatic rate. In humans, the IGF-1Ec expression was detected in prostate cancer biopsies, where its expression correlates with tumor stage. Our data describes the action of PEc in prostate cancer biology and defines its potential role in tumor growth, progression and metastasis.
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Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Péptidos/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Próstata/metabolismo , Animales , Comunicación Autocrina , Biopsia , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Expresión Génica , Xenoinjertos , Humanos , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/química , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones SCID , Modelos Biológicos , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Comunicación Paracrina , Neoplasias de la Próstata/genética , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Isoformas de ProteínasRESUMEN
Kisspeptin is an antimetastatic agent in some cancers that has also been associated with lymphoid cell apoptosis, a phenomenon favoring metastases. Our aim was to determine the association of kisspeptin with lymphocyte apoptosis and the presence of metastases in colorectal cancer patients. Blood was drawn from 69 colon cancer patients and 20 healthy volunteers. Tissue specimens from healthy and pathological tissue were immunohistochemically analyzed for kisspeptin and endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide II (EMAP-II) expression. Blood EMAP-II and soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) levels were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The kisspeptin and EMAP-II expression and secretion levels in the DLD-1 and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas lymphocyte viability was assessed by flow cytometry. The effect of kisspeptin on the viability of colon cancer cells was examined by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. Exogenous, synthetic and naturally produced, kisspeptin induces through the G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54; also known as the kisspeptin receptor) the EMAP-II expression and secretion in colon cancer cell lines, inducing in vitro lymphocyte apoptosis, as verified by the use of an anti-EMAP-II antibody. These results were reversed with the use of kisspeptin inhibitors and by kisspeptin-silencing experiments. Tumor kisspeptin expression was associated with the tumor EMAP-II expression (p < 0.001). Elevated kisspeptin and EMAP-II expression in colon cancer tissues was associated with lack of metastases (p < 0.001) in colon cancer patients. These data indicate the antimetastatic effect of tumor-elevated kisspeptin in colon cancer patients that may be mediated by the effect of kisspeptin on EMAP-II expression in colon cancer tumors in patients with normal serum EMAP-II levels. These findings provide new insight into the role of kisspeptin in the context of metastases in colon cancer patients.
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Apoptosis/fisiología , Neoplasias Colorrectales/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Kisspeptinas/metabolismo , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/metabolismo , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Citocinas/sangre , Silenciador del Gen , Humanos , Kisspeptinas/genética , Kisspeptinas/farmacología , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas de Neoplasias/sangre , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/sangre , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores de Kisspeptina-1RESUMEN
In the last decade, several studies have explored various modalities and strategies for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, taking into account epidemiological data, individual characteristics, and socioeconomic factors. In this editorial, we comment further on a retrospective study by Agatsuma et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology. Our focus is on screening trends, particularly in relation to efforts to improve the currently suboptimal uptake among the general population worldwide, aiming to enhance early diagnosis rates of CRC. There is a need to raise awareness through health edu-cation programs and to consider the use of readily available, non-invasive screening methods. These strategies are crucial for attracting screen-eligible populations to participate in first-line screening, especially those in high- or average-risk groups and in regions with limited resources. Liquid biopsies and biomarkers represent rapidly evolving trends in screening and diagnosis; however, their clinical relevance has yet to be standardized.
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Neoplasias Colorrectales , Detección Precoz del Cáncer , Humanos , Neoplasias Colorrectales/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Colorrectales/epidemiología , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/métodos , Detección Precoz del Cáncer/estadística & datos numéricos , Colonoscopía/métodos , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Tamizaje Masivo/normas , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Sangre Oculta , Biopsia Líquida/métodos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Kisspeptins are a family of neuropeptides that are known to be critical in puberty initiation and ovulation. Apart from that kisspeptin derived peptides (KPs) are also known for their antimetastatic activities in several malignancies. Herein we report recent evidence of the role of kisspeptins in cancer biology and we examine the prospective of targeting the kisspeptin pathways leading to a better prognosis in patients with malignant diseases.
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Kisspeptinas/metabolismo , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Receptores de Kisspeptina-1/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract, although their incidence is low. These tumors make up a unique entity based on their molecular pathogenesis, immunohistochemical staining and responsiveness to targeted therapy. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors vary in malignant potential ranging from small incidentally detected tumors with an excellent outcome to aggressive sarcomas. Their optimal diagnostic approach and treatment remain a matter of debate. We present our experience in this rapidly moving field. METHODS: We present our experience on 15 patients presented during a 5-year period (June 2000-September 2005) with gastrointestinal stromal tumors located in the stomach. RESULTS: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and CT scan revealed the tumors in all cases. All patients underwent curative surgery. A definitive diagnosis was established after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Although an inverse correlation between level of risk and survival of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors has been observed, 6 of our patients with an intermediate risk of recurrence had a favorable outcome.
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Tumores del Estroma Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Gástricas/diagnóstico , Adulto , Anciano , Endoscopía Gastrointestinal , Endosonografía , Femenino , Gastrectomía , Tumores del Estroma Gastrointestinal/complicaciones , Tumores del Estroma Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico por imagen , Tumores del Estroma Gastrointestinal/patología , Tumores del Estroma Gastrointestinal/cirugía , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Neoplasias Gástricas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Gástricas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Neoplasias Gástricas/cirugía , Análisis de Supervivencia , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Growth hormone (GH) regulated mainly liver-produced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a key molecule in embryonic & post embryonic development that is also involved in cancer biology. Herein we review new insights of the role of igf-1 gene products and of the IGF-1Ec isoform in muscle and bone development/repair and its role in osteosarcoma pathophysiology, underlying the possible role of the Ec peptide as a future therapeutic target.
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Neoplasias Óseas/metabolismo , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/metabolismo , Osteosarcoma/metabolismo , Animales , Neoplasias Óseas/genética , Neoplasias Óseas/fisiopatología , Humanos , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/genética , Osteosarcoma/genética , Osteosarcoma/fisiopatología , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Gene expression patterns as well as gene interactions are under investigation for their involvement in tumour heterogeneity. The molecular classification of breast cancer based on hormone receptor expression, grade and HER2 receptor levels, is indicative but not adequate enough to complete the prognostic data. The objectives of this study were to validate the prognostic value of 19 genes, solely, and as parts of classifiers (sets of genes), in breast cancer patients and to determine whether the expression of these genes and classifiers is correlated with breast cancer molecular classification. Gene expression was examined in the blood of 88 breast cancer patients and 50 healthy controls using multiplex quantitative real-time PCR. Patients with a second primary malignancy showed a statistically significant difference when compared with: i) patients with a single breast cancer, for an 8-gene classifier (p<0.02); and ii) healthy individuals (classifier FBX033, FLJ339115) (p<0.01), with respect to gene expression. The classifier ENY2, USP38 was associated with the development of primary breast cancer. A newly established classifier (ENY2, USP38, RPS7, Osbpl-1 and ETF1) indicated a statistically significant association with HER2 subtype patients, compared to patients with a different molecular classification (p<0.04). The gene FLJ33915 was differentially expressed in a subgroup of HER2-positive patients with infiltrated axillary lymph nodes (p<0.028). We validated the prognostic value of 4 classifiers for primary and second primary malignancy. Evidence of a classifier predicting the HER2 subtype and the gene FLJ33915 which subdivides HER2 subtype patients is also presented.