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Access to water and sanitation are important determinants of behavioral responses to hygiene and sanitation interventions. We estimated cluster-specific water access and sanitation coverage to inform a constrained randomization technique in the SHINE trial. Technicians and engineers inspected all public access water sources to ascertain seasonality, function, and geospatial coordinates. Households and water sources were mapped using open-source geospatial software. The distance from each household to the nearest perennial, functional, protected water source was calculated, and for each cluster, the median distance and the proportion of households within <500 m and >1500 m of such a water source. Cluster-specific sanitation coverage was ascertained using a random sample of 13 households per cluster. These parameters were included as covariates in randomization to optimize balance in water and sanitation access across treatment arms at the start of the trial. The observed high variability between clusters in both parameters suggests that constraining on these factors was needed to reduce risk of bias.
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Sistemas de Información Geográfica , Saneamiento , Análisis Espacial , Abastecimiento de Agua , Composición Familiar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Población Rural , ZimbabweRESUMEN
AIM: This paper describes perceptions of the end users on quality of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in public health facilities in Nigeria. BACKGROUND: Health care services in Nigeria face challenges of meeting end users' requirements and expectations for quality ART service provision. METHOD: A qualitative design was followed. Unstructured focus group discussions were conducted with end users (n = 64) in six locations across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. RESULTS: The findings indicate that end users were satisfied with uninterrupted antiretroviral drug supplies, courtesy treatment, volunteerism of support group members and quality counselling services. CONCLUSION: End users expect effective collaboration between healthcare providers and support group members, to enhance the quality of life of people living with HIV. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: A best practice guideline for the provision of end user focused ART service provision was developed for nurse managers.
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Antirretrovirales/normas , Satisfacción del Paciente , Percepción , Instalaciones Públicas/normas , Calidad de la Atención de Salud/normas , Antirretrovirales/uso terapéutico , Grupos Focales , Humanos , NigeriaRESUMEN
As the world grappled with the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) continued to provide uninterrupted health care service delivery; therefore, this disproportionately affected their wellbeing. Our study explored the wellbeing of HCWs during the COVID-19 era in public health facilities in the City of Johannesburg, Gauteng province, South Africa. A qualitative study was conducted among twenty (20) HCWs through face-to-face in-depth interviews (IDIs) in the form of semi-structured interviews, audiotapes, and transcribed verbatim, and thematically analyzed with NVivo version 10. The findings showed that over half of HCWs (aged between 27 and 60 years) tested positive for COVID-19. Also, one third of HCWs' family members tested positive while some died due to COVID-19 infection. Informed by the workers' wellbeing framework, four themes emerged with fourteen sub-themes. Firstly, unsafe work environment was characterized by human resource related challenges such as increased workload; staff shortage; insufficient resources, e.g., personal protective equipment (PPE); poor policies in terms of compensation/allowance for being infected with COVID-19; poor health services; and death of colleagues. Secondly, poor health outcomes were described as strained emotional (psychosocial distress) and physical (respiratory related conditions) wellbeing. Thirdly, home and community environments were negatively impacted by interrupted relationships with family and friends, and experiences of deaths of loved ones. Finally, HCWs engaged personal wellbeing strategies through self-motivation; staying positive; family support; and participating in resilience-promoting extra mural activities to cope during the pandemic. In conclusion, the wellbeing of HCWs was aggravated during the COVID-19 era and led to low morale and compromised healthcare quality. This study advocates for promotion of greater resilience, and psychological and physical safety of HCWs through evidence-based, multilevel-multicomponent interventions at the workplace, home, and community environments in addition to strengthening public health policies and response to future pandemics.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sudáfrica/epidemiología , COVID-19/epidemiología , Pandemias , Personal de Salud , Política Pública , Instituciones de SaludRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Sub-Saharan Africa remains the epicentre of the HIV pandemic, yet enormous knowledge gaps still exist to elicit a comprehensive portrait of multimorbidity and HIV linkage. This study aims to conduct a systematic meta-analysis of peer-reviewed literature to investigate the current status of multimorbidity epidemiology among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Our review will assess observational studies (ie, cohort, case-control and cross-sectional) on multimorbidity associated with HIV/AIDS between 1 January 2005 and 31 October 2020 from sub-Saharan Africa. Databases to be searched include PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane library, African Index Medicus and African Journals Online. We will also search the WHO clinical trial registry and databases for systematic reviews. The search strategy will involve the use of medical subject headings and key terms to obtain studies on the phenomena of HIV and multimorbidity at high precision. Quality assessment of eligible studies will be ascertained using a validated quality assessment tool for observational studies and risk of bias through sensitivity analysis to identify publication bias. Further, data on characteristics of the study population, multimorbid conditions, epidemiological rates and spatial distribution of multimorbid conditions in PLHIV will be extracted. Heterogeneity of individual studies will be evaluated using the I2 statistic from combined effect size estimates. The statistical analysis will be performed using STATA statistical software V.15 and results will be graphically represented on a forest plot. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not applicable in this study as it is a systematic review of published literature. The review findings may also be presented at conferences or before other relevant stakeholders. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020148668.
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Infecciones por VIH , Multimorbilidad , África del Sur del Sahara/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Humanos , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Proyectos de Investigación , Revisiones Sistemáticas como AsuntoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The benefits of fermented foods consumption have been demonstrated in a number of research reports. These qualities have been demonstrated, for example, to reduce childhood diseases such as diarrhea and malnutrition. Thus, fermented foods may be recommended for improving the health and nutritional quality of traditional African foods and regular inclusion of fermented foods as part of the daily diet would be desirable. AIMS: Lack of knowledge and understanding toward fermented food preparation may limit their usage. This study explores the South African community's understanding of fermented foods preparation and usage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a qualitative study using focus group interviews to determine the community's understanding and their perception of fermented foods preparation in the rural villages of Odi, in Gauteng Province between May and June 2012. The target population was the caregivers of children under 5 years, attending the hospital's antenatal clinic at the time of study. The information was transcribed, coded, and analyzed using NVivo software. RESULTS: Most caregivers were aware of food fermentation process, and some of them could not clearly differentiate between fermented and unfermented foods. Although most participants knew what fermented foods were, there were misconceptions on how they were made. This was exemplified by the undesirable artifacts, labeled as ingredients, in the fermentation process. CONCLUSION: Caregivers demonstrated a fair knowledge of fermented foods but lack a standard preparation procedure for these foods. There is an urgent need to educate communities and conduct a health promotion campaign on the fermented foods and probiotics.
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BACKGROUND: Fermented foods have positive health effects in adults and children if consumed regularly. However, lack of knowledge and perceptions to-wards fermented foods may limit their usage. This study aimed to assess the caregivers' awareness and usage of fermented foods for feeding children in peri-urban/rural communities of Gauteng Province. METHODS: A qualitative exploratory study was conducted in June, 2012, in a peri-urban/rural community to assess the awareness and use of fermented foods by child caregivers attending a local antenatal clinic through focus group discussions. RESULTS: Thirty three caregivers participated in the study; however 29 indicated their demographic profiles. Four major themes that emerged from the analysis included knowledge on fermented foods, perceived benefits of fermentation, varied views about fermentation and feeding practices. Fermented foods that caregivers, their families and community members consume include ting, fat cakes, dumplings, sorghum beer and mageu. Findings also showed that children consumed fermented foods in form of soft ting porridge; and yoghurt, marketed as Activia and Danone commercial brands. Also, caregivers were not comfortable feeding their children with fermented foods, indicating their limited knowledge on the nutri-tional value of these foods. CONCLUSION: It is critical to promote caregivers' knowledge and use of fermented foods for feeding infants and young children in South African rural communities.
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BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine proportional rates of cervical precancerous lesions and cancer, and associations with socio-demographic variables, HIV status, and CD4 cell count. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective comparative study was conducted targeting the medical records of all women over age 18 that were diagnosed histologically through colposcopy with cervical precancerous lesions and cancer from 1 December 2011 to 30 November 2012. RESULTS: A total of 313 patient records were used for data analysis. The average age was 39.1 (SD=2.04) years. More than a third (37.1%) of the patients had CIN III or cervical cancer. There was a significant association between age, CD4 cell count, HIV status, and cervical lesions (p<0.05). Age was found to be an influential predictor of cervical lesions (OR=0.67, 95%CI: 0.46-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: There exists an association between age and cervical lesions, with presentation of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer at a younger age among HIV reactive patients. The National Guidelines should be brought in line with the National HIV Counseling and Testing Policy to offer Pap smears to all sexually active women that test HIV reactive during routine HIV Testing.