The longitudinal relationship between leisure activities and depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults: an autoregressive cross-lagged analysis approach.

BACKGROUND: Existing studies have shown a correlation between leisure activities and depressive symptoms in older adults, but the direction of the longitudinal relationship is inconsistent. This study used an autoregressive cross-lagged model to examine the longitudinal relationship between leisure activity participation and geriatric depression. METHODS: A total of 7,138 participants aged 60 years or older from the 2nd to the 4th wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were analysed. RESULTS: First, present depressive symptoms were significantly associated with future depressive symptoms (ß2013-2015 = .893, p < .001; ß2015-2018 = .946, p < .001), and the same rule applied to leisure activities (ß2013-2015 = .402, p < .001; ß2015-2018 = .404, p < .001). Second, current depressive symptoms negatively predicted future leisure activities (ß2013-2015 = -.071, p < .001; ß2015-2018 = -.085, p < .001), but the inverse relationship was not statistically significant (ß2013-2015 = -.003, p > .05; ß2015-2018 = -.003, p > .05). CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the importance of interventions targeting depressive symptoms to potentially enhance engagement in leisure activities among older adults. The results contribute to the understanding of the complex dynamics between mental health and lifestyle choices in older populations, highlighting the potential of proactive mental health interventions to improve overall well-being.

Parental Coping Strategies as Predictors and Outcomes of Bullying: Longitudinal Relationships Between Child Victimization, Parent-Child Communication, and Parent-Teacher Consultation.

Parental actions, such as parent-child communication and parent-teacher consultation about a child's social adjustment, have been addressed as predictors, but not as outcomes of victimization. This study, based on the Bronfenbrenner's social-ecological model, considered them as outcomes as well as predictors of child victimization and examined their longitudinal bi-directional relationship with child victimization. Data were drawn from the Seoul Education Longitudinal Study, where a total of 4005 Korean youth (female = 43.6%, age mean = 12.43, SD = 1.48 in the first wave), and their parents (female = 87%) were surveyed for six waves (when the youth were 7th to 12th grade). Autoregressive cross-lagged analyses revealed that child victimization positively predicted parent-teacher consultation and negatively predicted parent-child communication, and of these strategies, only parent-child communication was a statistically significant negative predictor of subsequent victimization. The results of this study suggest that parents tend to talk with teachers instead of their own children when bullying occurs, but it is ineffective in preventing further victimization. Communicating with one's children, which is a less common reaction, appears to be a better preventative measure.

Longitudinal joint modeling for assessing parallel interactive development of latent ability and processing speed using responses and response times.

To measure the parallel interactive development of latent ability and processing speed using longitudinal item response accuracy (RA) and longitudinal response time (RT) data, we proposed three longitudinal joint modeling approaches from the structural equation modeling perspective, namely unstructured-covariance-matrix-based longitudinal joint modeling, latent growth curve-based longitudinal joint modeling, and autoregressive cross-lagged longitudinal joint modeling. The proposed modeling approaches can not only provide the developmental trajectories of latent ability and processing speed individually, but also exploit the relationship between the change in latent ability and processing speed through the across-time relationships of these two constructs. The results of two empirical studies indicate that (1) all three models are practically applicable and have highly consistent conclusions in terms of the changes in ability and speed in the analysis of the same data set, and (2) additional analysis of the RT data and acquisition of individual processing speed measurements can reveal the parallel interactive development phenomena that are difficult to detect using RA data alone. Furthermore, the results of our simulation study demonstrate that the proposed Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo estimation algorithm can ensure accurate model parameter recovery for all three proposed longitudinal joint models. Finally, the implications of our findings are discussed from the research and practice perspectives.

Longitudinal Relationship between L2 Grit and Motivational Regulation Strategy in University Second Language Learning: An Autoregressive Cross-lagged Model Study.

Despite the significance of grit and motivational regulation strategies (MRS) to language learning, limited research has been conducted on their longitudinal interplay. The present study explores the relationship between these two constructs in an English as a second language (L2) learning context through a longitudinal design. This study utilizes repeated measures of L2 grit and MRS at two time points (T1 and T2) to investigate the direction of influence between them and proposes and evaluates four models: an autoregressive model, two unidirectional models, and a bidirectional model. Using questionnaire data from 205 Chinese university students to evaluate the models, results from model assessment revealed that L2 grit at T1 positively predicted L2 grit at T2 and that MRS at T1 positively predicted MRS at T2. While L2 grit showed stability, MRS developed over time. The unidirectional model with L2 grit at T1 as a predictor of MRS at T2 was identified as the model of best fit, indicating that L2 grit at an earlier time unidirectionally influenced MRS at a later time. Based on these findings, we conclude that there is a unidirectional influence between L2 grit and MRS: the former plays an influential role in shaping MRS in L2 learning over time. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics between the two constructs, which in turn impacts language learning persistence and success, offering valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and researchers striving to optimize language learning environments and interventions.

Reciprocal associations between affectual, associational, and normative solidarity with parents during children's early to established adulthood.

Intergenerational solidarity has become increasingly important to understand, as close family members mobilize the provision of social support across generations and contribute to family wellbeing. However, less is known about continuity and change in normative (eldercare norms), affectual, and associational solidarity with mothers and fathers as children emerge into full or established adulthood. Therefore, we focused on reciprocal associations between three dimensions of intergenerational solidarity (normative, affectual, and associational) as reported by young-adult children from their early twenties to late thirties. Data were derived from respondents in the Longitudinal Study of Generations: daughters reported about relationships with 291 mother-father pairs and sons reported about relationships with 309 mother-father pairs in 2000, 2005, and 2016. Autoregressive cross-lagged models prospectively predicted mutual influences among the three dimensions of solidarity across daughter-parent and son-parent relationships. In addition, multiple group analysis was conducted to examine the children's gender difference. We found that normative solidarity and emotional closeness with mothers were mutually reinforcing in daughters' and sons' parental relationships. However, normative solidarity predicted emotional closeness with fathers in both daughter-parent and son-parent relationships. The study concludes that sons and daughters establish eldercare norms based on emotional components of solidarity with mothers, and suggest that filial duty is a key reason why mother-child relations become close over the family life course.

La solidaridad intergeneracional se ha vuelto cada vez más importante de comprender, ya que los familiares cercanos movilizan el apoyo social entre las generaciones y contribuyen al bienestar familiar. Sin embargo, se sabe poco acerca de la continuidad y el cambio en la solidaridad normativa (las normas de cuidado de los adultos mayores), afectiva y asociativa con las madres y los padres a medida que los hijos entran en la adultez completa o definitiva. Por lo tanto, nos centramos en las asociaciones recíprocas entre las tres dimensiones de solidaridad intergeneracional (normativa, afectiva y asociativa) según lo informado por los hijos jóvenes-adultos desde sus veinte hasta sus cuarenta años. Los datos se tomaron de personas encuestadas en el Estudio Longitudinal de Generaciones: las hijas informaron acerca de las relaciones con 291 pares de madres y padres y los hijos informaron acerca de las relaciones con 309 pares de madres y padres en los años 2000, 2005 y 2016. Los modelos autorregresivos de retardo cruzado predijeron prospectivamente influencias mutuas entre las tres dimensiones de solidaridad en las relaciones entre la hija y el padre/la madre y las relaciones entre el hijo y el padre/la madre. Además, se realizaron análisis multigrupo para analizar la diferencia de género de los hijos. Descubrimos que la solidaridad normativa y la cercanía emocional con las madres se reforzaron mutuamente en las relaciones parentales de las hijas y los hijos. Sin embargo, la solidaridad normativa predijo la cercanía emocional con los padres tanto en las relaciones entre la hija y el padre/la madre como en las relaciones entre el hijo y el padre/la madre. En el estudio se llega a la conclusión de que los hijos y las hijas establecen normas de cuidado de los adultos mayores basándose en los componentes emocionales de la solidaridad con las madres, y se sugiere que el deber filial es un motivo clave por el cual las relaciones entre madre e hijos se vuelven cercanas durante el transcurso de la vida familiar.

A longitudinal study investigating the relationships among multicultural receptivity, sense of community, and self-esteem of Korean adolescents.

The relative homogeneity in ethnicity and language of native Koreans and their highly competitive lifestyle, especially among adolescents preparing for college, have limited their solidarity with heterogeneous ethnic groups, which may cause problems in this global era. This study uses the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey to explore the relationships among multicultural receptivity, sense of community, and self-esteem for Korean adolescents over three time points. For this purpose this study conducted an autoregressive cross-lagged path analysis, controlling for covariates such as gender, parenting style, peer attachment, and satisfaction with academic achievement. The cross-lagged effects on each other of self-esteem and sense of community were positive over time. The cross-lagged effects on each other of multicultural receptivity and self-esteem were not statistically significant. The results were less symmetrical for the third pairing: the effects of multicultural receptivity on sense of community were consistently positive, but the effects of sense of community on multicultural receptivity were not statistically significant. To enhance the sense of community, promoting multicultural receptivity and self-esteem would therefore show good results.

The development of grit and growth mindset during adolescence.

Individual differences in grit and growth mindset predict effort and achievement in the face of challenges, but little is known about how the two traits influence each other during adolescence. In the current investigation, we analyzed data on grit and growth mindset collected from 1667 adolescents and their teachers on four occasions over 2 academic years. In autoregressive cross-lagged models, grit predicted rank-order increases in growth mindset and growth mindset predicted rank-order increases in grit. These findings suggest that during adolescence, grit and growth mindset are distinct but mutually reinforcing.

Does work-personal life interference predict turnover among male and female managers, and do depressive symptoms mediate the association? A longitudinal study based on a Swedish cohort.

BACKGROUND: In the present study we used a longitudinal design to examine if work-personal life interference predicted managerial turnover, if depressive symptoms mediated the association, and if the relationships differed by gender. METHODS: Data were drawn from four waves (2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016) of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH), a cohort of the Swedish working population. Participants who in any wave reported to have a managerial or other leading position were included (n = 717 men and 741 women). Autoregressive longitudinal mediation models within a multilevel structural equation modelling (MSEM) framework, in which repeated measures (level 1) were nested within individuals (level 2), were fitted to data. First, bivariate autoregressive and cross-lagged paths between the variables were fitted in gender stratified models. Secondly, a full gender stratified mediation model was built to estimate if the association between work-personal life interference and turnover was mediated through depressive symptoms. Gender differences in cross-lagged paths were estimated with multiple-group analysis. All analyses were adjusted for age, education, labour market sector, civil status and children living at home, and conducted in MPLUS 7. RESULTS: In both genders there were significant paths between work-personal life interference and turnover. Depressive symptoms were, however, not found to mediate in the relationship between work-personal life interference and turnover. The models differed significantly between genders. CONCLUSIONS: Establishing organisational prerequisites for good work-personal life balance among managers may be a means to retain both male and female managerial talent.

On the Mathematical Relationship Between Latent Change Score and Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Factor Approaches: Cautions for Inferring Causal Relationship Between Variables.

The present paper focuses on the relationship between latent change score (LCS) and autoregressive cross-lagged (ARCL) factor models in longitudinal designs. These models originated from different theoretical traditions for different analytic purposes, yet they share similar mathematical forms. In this paper, we elucidate the mathematical relationship between these models and show that the LCS model is reduced to the ARCL model when fixed effects are assumed in the slope factor scores. Additionally, we provide an applied example using height and weight data from a gerontological study. Throughout the example, we emphasize caution in choosing which model (ARCL or LCS) to apply due to the risk of obtaining misleading results concerning the presence and direction of causal precedence between two variables. We suggest approaching model specification not only by comparing estimates and fit indices between the LCS and ARCL models (as well as other models) but also by giving appropriate weight to substantive and theoretical considerations, such as assessing the justifiability of the assumption of random effects in the slope factor scores.

Longitudinal relationship between depression and antisocial behaviors in Korean adolescents.

Background: It is well known that depression and delinquency in adolescents are highly correlated, but longitudinal studies on the causal relationship between them are not active in East Asia compared to in Western culture. In addition, even the results of research on causal models and sex differences are inconsistent. Objectives: This study examines the longitudinal reciprocal effects between depression and delinquent behavior in Korean adolescents based on sex differences. Methods: We conducted multiple-group analysis by using an autoregressive cross-lagged model (ACLM). Longitudinal data from 2,075 individuals (2011-2013) were used for analysis. The longitudinal data are from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS), and data were used beginning with students at 14 years old (in the second grade of middle school) and tracked them until they were 16 (in the first grade of high school). Results: Boys' delinquent behaviors at 15 years (the third grade of middle school) affected their depression at 16 years (the first grade of high school). In contrast, girls' depression at 15 years (the third grade of middle school) influenced their delinquent behaviors at 16 years (the first grade of high school). Discussion: The findings support the failure model (FM) among adolescent boys and the acting-out model (ACM) among girls. The results imply that strategies to effectively prevent and treat delinquency and depression in adolescents must consider sex effects.

Joint developmental trajectories and temporal precedence of physical function decline and cognitive deterioration: A longitudinal population-based study.

Objectives: Previous studies primarily explored the unidirectional impact of cognition on physical function. However, the interplay between physical function and cognition and the temporal precedence in their predictive relationships have not been elucidated. We explored the bidirectional mechanism between physical function and cognition in a longitudinal dataset. Materials and methods: A total of 1,365 participants in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey assessed physical function and cognition in 2011 (T1), 2014 (T2), and 2018 (T3) by the Katz scale and the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination scale, respectively. Changes in the trajectories of physical function and cognition were examined using the latent growth model. The correlational and reciprocal relationships between physical function and cognition were examined using the parallel process latent growth model and autoregressive cross-lagged (ARCL) models. Results: Cognition and physical function decreased by an average of 0.096 and 0.017 points per year, respectively. Higher physical function was associated with better cognition at baseline (r = 0.237, p < 0.05), and longitudinal changes in physical function and cognition were positively correlated (r = 0.756, p < 0.05). ARCL analysis indicated that physical function at T1 positively predicted T2 cognitive function. However, this predictive relationship reversed between T2 and T3, whereby cognitive function at T2 predicted physical function at T3. Conclusion: Both physical function and cognition declined over time. Early identification and intervention in physical dysfunction among older adults could be critical to prevent further cognitive impairment and maintain functional independence. Hence, regular functional assessment and individualized care plans are required to achieve healthy aging.

The association of child neglect with lifestyles, depression, and self-esteem: Cross-lagged analyses in Chinese primary schoolchildren.

Child neglect robustly predicts many behavioral problems and adulthood mental disorders, but little is known about its association with daily lifestyles and psychological development during childhood, particularly in the longitudinal study. We aimed to examine the association of child neglect with physical activity (PA), screen time (ST), eating habits (EHs), and depression/self-esteem using a two-wave follow-up study of primary schoolchildren in Wuhan, China. Data of 1085 schoolchildren aged 8-10 years (boys: 53.5%) were analyzed. Child neglect, lifestyles, and depression/self-esteem were collected in 2018 (T1) and 2019 (T2). Autoregressive cross-lagged models (ARCLMs) were fitted to explore the interrelationships among these variables. In ARCLM including child neglect and lifestyles, higher child neglect at T1 was significantly associated with higher ST and more risky EHs at T2, while insignificantly associated with PA. In ARCLM including child neglect and depression/self-esteem, lower T1 child neglect significantly predicted a higher T2 depression, but insignificantly for T2 self-esteem. In ARCLM including all variables, child neglect still significantly predicted later ST and depression, but insignificantly predicted EHs. Our study underscores that child neglect is strongly intertwined with ST, EHs, and depression during childhood. The prevention of child neglect may promote some healthy lifestyles and depression in children.

Cycle of Violence in Schools: Longitudinal Reciprocal Relationship Between Student's Aggression and Teacher's Use of Corporal Punishment.

The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal reciprocal relationship between student's aggression and teacher's use of corporal punishment. An autoregressive cross-lagged model was analyzed with the data drawn from 4,051 Korean secondary students (male = 2,084, female = 1,967), in Gyeonggi Education Panel Study for three waves (seventh-ninth grades). Results revealed that student's aggression provoke teacher's use of corporal punishment and also teacher's use of corporal punishment provokes student's aggression. It is important in that it suggests the cycle of violence with the reciprocal relationship between student's aggression and teacher's use of corporal punishment, rather than positing the unidirectional effects. Practically, teachers should keep in mind that corporal punishments, which are at least partially attributable to student's aggression, actually worsen the problem and lead to a cycle of violence in schools. Accordingly, they should instead respond with alternative disciplinary strategies or direct interventions dealing with the causes of aggression.

A Longitudinal Study on the Relationship between Physical Education and Social Health.

This study aimed to examine whether school physical education (PE) promotes students' social health using a longitudinal design. To this end, data from 1979 students from a 4th grade cohort, established by the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey with data collected from 2010 to 2016, who participated in all of the 7th grade (2013), 8th grade (2014), and 9th grade (2015) surveys were analyzed. We used autoregressive cross-lagged structural equation modeling conducted with AMOS 23.0 to examine the longitudinal causality among the factors. The following results were obtained. First, there was reciprocal causation between PE and social health (PE→SR, ß = 0.099, ß = 0.100; SR→PE; ß = 0.207, ß = 0.226). Second, PE did not influence sense of community, whereas the latter had a negative effect on PE (ß = -0.078, ß = -0.077). Third, social relationships influenced the sense of community (ß = 0.248, ß = 0.266). Based on these findings, we suggest the need for a system that enables students to frequently monitor their performance. This includes implementing a program to improve social relationships to enhance the quality of PE participation, designing programs that foster a sense of community in PE in Korean middle schools, and structuring PE programs that consider the hierarchy between social relationships and a sense of community.

From emotional exhaustion to cynicism in academic burnout among Korean high school students: Focusing on the mediation effects of hatred of academic work.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of academic hatred, referring to the hatred of academic work, on the developmental process of the core dimensions of academic burnout, namely, emotional exhaustion and cynicism. Data were collected from 1015 (57.3% female) senior high school students in South Korea. The results showed that emotional exhaustion, cynicism and academic hatred were stable across three waves. An autoregressive cross-lagged model showed that emotional exhaustion was predictive of future academic hatred, which in turn was associated with future cynicism. Significant mediation pathways were also identified, with academic hatred mediating the longitudinal link between emotional exhaustion and cynicism. This longitudinal study can strengthen the understanding of academic hatred within the developmental process of academic burnout. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

A multilevel cross-lagged structural equation analysis for reciprocal relationship between social capital and health.

We investigated the reciprocal relationship between individual social capital and perceived mental and physical health in the UK. Using data from the British Household Panel Survey from 1991 to 2008, we fitted cross-lagged structural equation models that include three indicators of social capital vis. social participation, social network, and loneliness. Given that multiple measurement points (level 1) are nested within individuals (level 2), we also applied a multilevel model to allow for residual variation in the outcomes at the occasion and individual levels. Controlling for gender, age, employment status, educational attainment, marital status, household wealth, and region, our analyses suggest that social participation predicts subsequent change in perceived mental health, and vice versa. However, whilst loneliness is found to be significantly related to perceived mental and physical health, reciprocal causality is not found for perceived mental health. Furthermore, we find evidence for reverse effects with both perceived mental and physical health appearing to be the dominant causal factor with respect to the prospective level of social network. Our findings thus shed further light on the importance of social participation and social inclusion in health promotion and aid the development of more effective public health policies in the UK.

Social network types and the health of older adults: exploring reciprocal associations.

Social network types have been proved to have significant impacts on older population's health outcomes. However, the existing discoveries are still inconsistent, which may be attributed largely to the heterogeneous measures and methods scholars used and to the unidirectional causalities presumed in most research. This study addresses these gaps by using more-refined measures to explore whether the network types have differential impacts on older adults' health outcomes, and whether a reverse causal relationship exists between older adults' health conditions and the network types they adopted. Using data from three recent waves (2005, 2008, and 2012) of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (n = 4190), we constructed four network types using the K-means clustering method (i.e., diverse, friend, family, and restricted), and examined their impacts on a variety of health outcomes (i.e., physical, cognitive, psychological, and overall well-being). Our results demonstrate that there are strong reciprocal associations between these two factors. On the one hand, a diverse network type yielded the most beneficial health outcomes as measured by multiple health indicators, and the friend-focused network type is more beneficial than the family-focused network type in physical outcomes but not in psychological outcomes. On the other hand, we found that a decrease in all health indicators leads to withdrawal from more-beneficial network types such as a diversified network type, and a shift to less-beneficial network types such as family-focused or restricted networks. The understanding of this reciprocal association could encourage programs designed to enhance healthy aging to focus on improving the bridging social capital of older adults so that they can break the vicious cycle between network isolation and poor health conditions.