CENTRAL BOUQUET HEMORRHAGE: Clinical and Multimodal Imaging Features.

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical characteristics, multimodal imaging features, and anatomic basis of a distinctive pattern of deep retinal hemorrhages located in the central fovea, a presentation referred to as "central bouquet hemorrhage." METHODS: Retrospective, observational, multicenter case series of eyes with central bouquet hemorrhage. Multimodal imaging features were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: Ten eyes from 10 patients (4 women and 6 men), with a mean age of 55.6 ± 21.7 years (range 25-84 years) were included. Underlying etiologies were neovascular age-related macular degeneration (40%), lacquer cracks in pathological myopia (30%), macular telangiectasia Type 2 (10%), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (10%), and ocular trauma associated with angioid streaks (10%). On ophthalmoscopy, all eyes with central bouquet hemorrhage displayed a deep retinal hemorrhage with round margins in the central fovea and associated with petaloid hemorrhages radiating in the surrounding Henle fiber layer. Cross-sectional optical coherence tomography showed a well-delineated round hyperreflective lesion involving the central foveal Henle fiber layer/outer nuclear layer in all cases. Accompanying hyperreflective hemorrhages tracking along the obliquely oriented Henle fiber layer were present in all eyes. Resolution occurred in all patients, either spontaneously (30%) or after treatment with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections (70%), and was associated with partial visual acuity improvement (from 20/113 to 20/36). CONCLUSION: "Central bouquet hemorrhage" is a novel descriptive term describing a characteristic round pattern of intraretinal blood in the fovea associated with Henle fiber layer hemorrhage and encountered in a spectrum of macular disease.

Optical coherence tomography biomarkers in early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration: A clinical guide.

Advanced forms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), characterised by atrophic and neovascular changes, are a leading cause of vision loss in the elderly population worldwide. Prior to the development of advanced AMD, a myriad of risk factors from the early and intermediate stages of AMD have been published in the scientific literature over the last years. The ability to precisely recognise structural and anatomical changes in the ageing macula, altogether with the understanding of the individual risk implications of each one of them is key for an accurate and personalised diagnostic assessment. The present review aims to summarise updated evidence of the relative risk conferred by diverse macular signs, commonly seen on optical coherence tomography, in terms of progression to geographic atrophy or macular neovascularization. This information may also serve as a basis for tailored follow-up monitoring visits.

ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AS A HIGH DYNAMIC RANGE IMAGING MODALITY IN SUBRETINAL HYPERREFLECTIVE MATERIAL.

PURPOSE: To describe the utility of high dynamic range optical coherence tomography imaging to study subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM) in patients with age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: Clinical information including visual acuity and optical coherence tomography images (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) of patients undergoing antiangiogenic treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and showing SHRM at baseline were retrospectively reviewed. Contrast between strong signal structures (high dynamic range image) reclassifying SHRM as hyperreflective (HyperR), isoreflective, and hyporeflective was increased. The patients at baseline, 3, 6, and 12-months follow-up were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-four eyes were classified as 15 HyperR (34.1%), 21 as isoreflective (47.7%), and eight as hyporeflective (18.2%). During follow-up, hyporeflective SHRM disappeared in all cases, isoreflective SHRM faded in 16 cases (76.2%); HyperR SHRM remained in all cases. Hyporreflective SHRM showed a greater visual acuity improvement than HyperR SHRM group ( P = 0.033). After 12-month follow-up, only the hyporeflective and isoreflective groups significantly reduced the presence of fluid in 37.5% ( P = 0.250) and 46.62% ( P = 0.006) of the patients, respectively; outer retinal layers were disrupted more frequently in the presence of HyperR SHRM (ellipsoid zone, P = 0.16; external limiting membrane, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced optical coherence tomography images enabled us to classify SHRM according to its reflectivity, showing groups with different disappearance rates, visual acuity improvement, and outer retinal layer disruption. This easy-to-access tool may be helpful as a prognostic factor in neovascular age-related macular degeneration cases.

THE EFFECT OF INCREASING ACQUISITION SPEED ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY IMAGES: A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of two different A-scan rates on qualitative and quantitative parameters on optical coherence tomography angiography images in a clinical setting. METHODS: Subjects undergoing a comprehensive ophthalmic examination were scheduled for optical coherence tomography angiography imaging using a new SPECTRALIS device allowing for 85 and 125 kHz scan rate. Consecutive registered 20° × 20° optical coherence tomography angiography images using both speeds were acquired using the follow-up tool. The acquisition time and the quality values of each scan were extracted and analyzed. The image quality was also graded in pairs by two independent graders. RESULTS: Two-hundred and one eyes of 128 consecutive patients (67 males, 52.3%) were included. Mean acquisition time significantly decreased from 56.92 ± 24.6 seconds on the 85 kHz images to 39.39 ± 15.5 seconds on the 125 kHz images (P < 0.001). The percentage change in acquisition time showed a mean decrease of 28.47%. Mean Q value significantly decreased from 32.97 ± 2.8 dB on the 85 kHz images to 31.43 ± 2.6 dB on the 125 kHz images (P < 0.001). Overall, 92.5% of images were graded as equal or better at 125 kHz A-scan rate. CONCLUSION: The use of optical coherence tomography angiography in daily clinical practice may require higher A-scan rates for an optimal workflow. Increased speed may also reduce image sensitivity and thus image quality could be compromised. In this study, 125 kHz scan rate using SPECTRALIS showed significant benefit with reduction on the acquisition time and no clinically significant differences on image quality analysis. Further studies evaluating qualitative and quantitative data in specific retinal conditions and using other devices are required to confirm these results.

Five-year outcomes after intravitreal bevacizumab of treatment-naive eyes with macular edema secondary to CRVO in routine clinical practice: Results of the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study (PACORES) group.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report the 5-year outcomes of treatment-naive eyes with cystoid macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion treated with intravitreal bevacizumab in routine clinical practice. METHODS: We conducted multicenter retrospective non-comparative case series of 102 eyes. The main outcome measured was the change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 5 years. Secondary outcomes included the number of injections and the change in CMT at 5 years. RESULTS: At 5 years, the mean BCVA improved from 1.22 ± 0.58 (Snellen 20/428) at baseline to 1.00 ± 0.68 logMAR (Snellen 20/200; p < 0.0001). At 5 years, 48 (47%) eyes had a gain of ≥ 3 lines, 41 (40.2%) eyes remained within 3 lines and 13 (12.7%) eyes had a loss of ≥ 3 lines of BCVA. The CMT improved from 740 ± 243 to 322 ± 179 µm (p < 0.0001). At 5 years, 59 (57.8%) eyes had a completely dry SD-OCT. Patients received a total of 10.6 ± 6.1 (range 6-27) injections. Baseline BCVA (p < 0.0001) and the duration of symptoms prior to initial anti-VEGF injection (p = 0.0274) were the only predictive factors for BCVA at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: After 5 years with an average of 10.6 injections, there was a mean gain of 0.22 logMAR. In addition, more eyes achieved a BCVA of ≥ 20/40, gained ≥ 3 lines and less patients had a BCVA ≤ 20/200. Eyes with a better baseline BCVA and a shorter duration of symptoms were more likely to achieve better BCVA at 5 years.

Remote screening of retinal and optic disc diseases using handheld nonmydriatic cameras in programmed routine occupational health checkups onsite at work centers.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the first year outcomes of a remote screening program for detection of retinal diseases using handheld nonmydriatic cameras in occupational routine checkups performed onsite at work centers. METHODS: Cross-sectional, first year screening program outcomes audit. Participants were volunteers recruited from staff within work centers. Retinal fundus images were captured by technicians, and images and data were anonymized and sent securely to a remote server. A team of ophthalmologists, all retinal specialists, remotely read the images using a custom-made software and sent telematic reports of findings within 24-48 h. The main items evaluated were the detection of retinal abnormalities and the relationship between retinal findings and demographic data such as age and sex. RESULTS: A total of 19,881 workers were evaluated in 52 centers. Mean age was 41.1 years old, 43.9% men and 56.1% women. Mean duration of the test was around 2 min. Of the workers, 7.8% presented abnormalities in retinal fundus images, being the main findings choroidal nevus (2.4%), macular pigment abnormalities (1.5%), glaucomatous optic disc (1.2%), and macular signs of high myopia (1.1%). The presence of abnormalities was associated with greater age, being 5%, 7.9%, 12.6%, and 19.7% in workers less than 40 years, from 40 to 49, 50-59, and ≥ 60 years (p < 0.05), respectively. Men had more abnormalities in retinal fundus images than women (8.6 vs. 7.2; p < 0.05 RR: 1.2; CI 1092-1322). CONCLUSIONS: Mass screening of retinal and optic disc abnormalities during occupational health routine checkups is a feasible, quick, and efficient tool for early detection of potential vision-threatening disease markers.

Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration among optometric telemedicine users in Spain: a retrospective nationwide population-based study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of AMD among optometric telemedicine users in Spain and to identify risk factors. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a nationwide database conducted on subjects attending to optometry centers, between January 2013 and December 2019. Fundus photographs were performed by optometrists, using non-mydriatic cameras, and evaluated by a group of 12 retina specialists. RESULTS: Among the 119,877 subjects included, the overall prevalence of AMD was 7.6%. The prevalence of early, intermediate, and advanced AMD was 2.9%, 2.7%, and 2.0%, respectively. Of the 9129 AMD subjects, 1161 (12.7%) had geographic atrophy, and 1089 (11.9%) had neovascular AMD, either scar (4.5%) or exudative (7.4%). There was a significant association between AMD and age (per year older, adjusted odds ratio, OR 1.116; 95% CI 1.114 to 1.119, p<0.0001). Women had higher prevalence (adjusted OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.23, p<0.0001). Every diopter (spherical equivalent) of progress toward hyperopia was associated with a significant increase in early AMD prevalence (adjusted OR 1.02, 95 CI 1.01 to 1.04, p=0.0074). Presence of diabetes was associated with a lower AMD prevalence (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AMD (any eye and any severity) was 7.6%, with a prevalence of advanced AMD of 2.0%. Older age and women were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of AMD, whereas myopia and presence of diabetes were associated with significantly lower odds of any AMD.

Multicolor imaging in macular telangiectasia-a comparison with fundus autofluorescence.

PURPOSE: To describe various clinical features of idiopathic juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasis group 2A or idiopathic macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel) on multicolor imaging (MCI) and compare imaging findings of MacTel on MCI with fundus autofluorescence (FAF). METHODS: Patients with a clinical diagnosis of MacTel based on Gass and Blodi's classification were included. FAF and MCI images were graded qualitatively for stage of disease, margins of involvement, hyperautofluorescence on FAF (corresponding retinal atrophy on MCI), and detection of crystals. FAF and MCI were graded quantitatively for the area and number of quadrants involved, hypoautofluorescene on FAF (corresponding intraretinal pigment hyperplasia or retinal pigment epithelium [RPE] atrophy on MCI), and foci of right-angled venules. RESULTS: Seventy-eight eyes of forty five patients were included with both imaging modalities showing no difference with respect to staging of non-proliferative MacTel. Retinal crystals were recognized on MCI but not on FAF. Neurosensory retinal atrophy and  subretinal neovascular membranes were detected using MCI with 92.3 and 83.3% sensitivity, respectively. Intraretinal pigmented hyperplasia was more accurately detected (70.1 vs 58.4%) compared with RPE atrophy on MCI. MCI showed larger area of involvement, higher number of quadrants involved (p < 0.001), and better delineation of margins (p = 0.002) compared with FAF. A higher mean number of vessel dipping foci was noted on MCI in comparison with FAF (3.34 vs 3.1). CONCLUSION: Various parameters were more easily defined using MCI compared with FAF which qualifies MCI as an enface depth-resolved imaging adjunct to conventional multimodal imaging in MacTel. The ability to detect enface as well as cross-sectional imaging features makes MCI a valuable tool in MacTel.

Non-contact wide-angled visualization with chandelier-assisted scleral buckling for primary uncomplicated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

PURPOSE: To report our experience in non-contact wide-angled visualization with chandelier-assisted scleral buckling (SB) in uncomplicated primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRD). METHODS: Retrospective case series of 282 eyes that underwent non-contact wide-angled visualization with chandelier-assisted SB and were followed for a mean of 13.5 months. RESULTS: There were 160 male patients. The average age was 42.6 years old. There were 262 eyes that were phakic, 18 pseudophakic, and 2 aphakic. Two-thirds of eyes presented with the macula detached. Eyes had an average of 1.6 breaks. The single operation anatomic success rate was 85.1% (240/282). The pre-op visual acuity improved from 1.21 to 0.76 logMAR at 6 months (p < 0.0001). Complications included a case of scleral laceration, choroidal hemorrhage, 3 epiretinal membranes, 1 macular fold, and 4 eyes with buckle exposure. CONCLUSION: Non-contact wide-angled visualization with chandelier-assisted SB compares favorably with conventional SB for primary uncomplicated primary RRD.

INTRAVITREAL ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR INJECTIONS FOR EXUDATIVE RETINAL ARTERIAL MACROANEURYSMS.

PURPOSE: There is no established therapy for exudative-hemorrhagic complications in primary retinal arteriolar macroaneurysm (RAM). METHODS: Retrospective multicenter interventional study of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in symptomatic RAMs. Central macular thickness in µm and best-corrected visual acuity in logMar were correlated with the RAM size and distance to the macula. Statistical analyses were performed using paired comparisons and Pearson correlation. RESULTS: Thirty-two eyes (32 patients) were treated with a mean of 2.7 injections over a mean follow-up of 16.6 months. Initial best-corrected visual acuity correlated with the RAM size and distance to the macula (P = 0.02). Central macular thickness decreased by 131,180, and 211 µm at 1, 2, and 3 months after the first injection (P < 0.001). Best-corrected visual acuity improved by 0.47 and 0.38 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study lines at 2 and 3 months (P = 0.005). Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor response correlated with the RAM size (P = 0.04) and the distance to the macula (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Symptomatic RAMs can be treated successfully with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections, leading to a decrease in macular edema.

INTRAVITREAL DEXAMETHASONE IMPLANT IN RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA-RELATED CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA.

PURPOSE: To report the clinical outcome after intravitreal dexamethasone implant in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and cystoid macular edema. METHODS: Multicenter retrospective case series of eyes with retinitis pigmentosa and cystoid macular edema that underwent intravitreal dexamethasone implant. Primary outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity in LogMAR and central macular thickness. Statistical analyses used two-tailed comparison with Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: There were a total of 45 eyes from 34 patients with a mean age of 32.7 years (range 16-57) and mean follow-up of 15.5 ± 13.0 months. At Month 3 after the first injection, mean initial best-corrected visual acuity improved from 0.61 ± 0.38 (20/81) to 0.37 ± 0.16 (20/47) (P = 0.012), whereas mean central macular thickness (µm) decreased from 506 ± 288 µm to 311.7 ± 71.6 µm (P < 0.001) and mean intraocular pressure increased from 15.7 ± 2.3 mmHg to 19.8 ± 11.0 mmHg (P = 0.01). Fourteen eyes had multiple injections (1-7 reinjections) at a mean interval of 6 months. Treatment effect was durable with multiple injections, but with seven eyes developing visually significant cataracts. CONCLUSION: Best-corrected visual acuity improved up to 4 months in around half of the eyes. Eyes that benefited the most were pseudophakic, steroid nonresponsive, with large initial central macular thickness, and profuse fluorescein dye leakage.

Optical Coherence Tomography Characterization of Macular Changes Secondary to Arteriovenous Fistula.

Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are abnormal shunts between the arterial and venous vascular systems. These usually produce ocular pain, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), and diplopia. Less frequently, they may cause retinal changes with visual impairment. Our purpose is to illustrate different retinal manifestations of AVF. We report the multimodal imaging study of three cases with retinal changes due to AVF, showing neurosensory retinal detachment, macular oedema, and macular ischemia. In conclusion, AVF may appear with different ophthalmic alterations. While usually increased IOP and diplopia are our main concerns, retinal study is mandatory, since a myriad of morphologic abnormalities might be present.

ASSESSMENT OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CYSTIC CHANGES AFTER EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE SURGERY WITH INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE REMOVAL.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence and significance of cystic changes after internal limiting membrane peeling during epiretinal membrane surgery. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on 64 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy with membranectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membrane between January 2010 and January 2012 by a single physician. Pars plana vitrectomy alone (Group 1, n = 32) or in combination with phacoemulsification (Group 2, n = 32) was performed. Peeling of the epiretinal membrane was assisted by triamcinolone, and internal limiting membrane was peeled up to the vascular arcades with the aid of brilliant blue dye. RESULTS: In Group 1, best-corrected visual acuity in logMAR (Snellen) improved from 0.53 ± 0.29 (20/68) at baseline to 0.23 ± 0.22 (20/34) at 6-month follow-up (P < 0.001). Two cases (6.3%) developed new cystic changes within the inner nuclear layer; however, there was no significant difference in best-corrected visual acuity at 6 months (P = 0.475). In Group 2, best-corrected visual acuity improved from 0.41 ± 0.17 (20/51) at baseline to 0.18 ± 0.15 (20/30) at 6 months (P < 0.001). Eight cases (25%) developed new inner nuclear layer cystic changes; however, there was no significant difference in best-corrected visual acuity at 6 months (P = 0.894). CONCLUSION: Development of new inner nuclear layer cystic changes after epiretinal membrane surgery may be a frequent finding, but in contrast to cystoid macular edema, it does not seem to affect visual recovery and should be observed. The combination of pars plana vitrectomy with cataract extraction may increase the risk of inner nuclear layer cystic changes.

INTRAVITREAL DEXAMETHASONE IMPLANT FOR THE TREATMENT OF REFRACTORY MACULAR EDEMA IN RETINAL VASCULAR DISEASES: Results of the KKESH International Collaborative Retina Study Group.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) for treating refractory macular edema in retinal vascular diseases. METHODS: This is a retrospective consecutive series of 53 eyes with refractory macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (13 eyes), branch retinal vein occlusion (14 eyes), and diabetic macular edema (26 eyes) treated with a single 0.7 mg dexamethasone implant. Data were collected on best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and central macular thickness preoperatively and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Baseline best-corrected visual acuity was 20/160 and improved statistically significantly to 20/80 and 20/60 at 1 months and 3 months, respectively (P < 0.05, both postoperative visits), and 20/100 at 6 months (P > 0.05). The central macular thickness at baseline was 569.96 ± 178.11 µm, and it decreased statistically significantly to 305.81 ± 155.94 µm, 386 ± 210.79 µm, and 446.41 ± 221.21 µm at 1, 3 and 6 months, respectively (P < 0.05, all visits compared with baseline). Fourteen (26%) eyes developed high intraocular pressure after implantation and was successfully controlled with topical medications, and cataract progressed in 1 (1.8%) eye. CONCLUSION: The dexamethasone implant improved macular edema in refractory cases resulting in statistically significant improvements in best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness that remained stable to 3 months and 6 months, respectively.

INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB FOR CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION: 5-Year Results of The Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group.

PURPOSE: To report the long-term anatomical and functional outcomes of patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB). METHODS: Retrospective case series. Patients diagnosed with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration that were treated with at least 1 intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg of IVB and had a minimum follow-up of 60 months. Patients underwent best-corrected Snellen visual acuity testing, optical coherence tomography, and ophthalmoscopic examination at baseline and follow-up visits. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-seven consecutive patients (292 eyes) were included. The mean number of IVB injections per eye was 10.9 ± 6.4. At 5 years, the BCVA decreased from 20/150 (logMAR 0.9 ± 0.6) at baseline to 20/250 (logMAR 1.1 ± 0.7) (P = <0.0001). The mean CMT decreased from 343.1+ 122.3 µm at baseline to 314.7 ± 128.8 µm at 60 months of follow-up (P = 0.009). Geographic atrophy (GA) was observed at baseline in 47 (16%) of 292 eyes. By 5 years, GA developed or progressed in 124 (42.5%) of 292 eyes (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The early visual gains obtained from IVB were not maintained at 5 years of follow-up. In addition, IVB may play a role in the development or progression of GA.

ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES OF SYMPTOMATIC IDIOPATHIC VITREOMACULAR TRACTION: A Natural History Study From the Pan American Collaborative Retina Study Group.

PURPOSE: To describe the natural history of eyes with symptomatic idiopathic vitreomacular traction (VMT). METHODS: Retrospective multicenter study of 168 eyes with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings consistent with idiopathic VMT. All eyes were graded according to SD-OCT findings. Grade 1 was defined as incomplete cortical vitreous separation with foveal attachment. Grade 2 was defined as Grade 1 plus intraretinal cysts or clefts. Grade 3 was defined as Grade 2 plus a foveal detachment. All patients were followed for at least 6 months. RESULTS: There were 168 patients (51 men) with a mean age of 68.8 ± 10.7 years. Patients were followed for a mean of 22.7 ± 20.1 months. The mean duration of symptoms before the initial presentation was 3.65 ± 5.42 months. At baseline, 72 eyes had Grade 1, 74 eyes had Grade 2, and 22 eyes had Grade 3 SD-OCT findings. Over the follow-up period, 36 eyes (21.4%) had spontaneous resolution of the VMT with normalization of the foveal anatomy. The mean time to resolution was 12.3 ± 12.6 months. An unfavorable anatomical outcome occurred in 7.7% (13 of 168) of the eyes, with 6 eyes developing a lamellar macular hole and 7 eyes developing a full-thickness macular hole. This occurred at a mean of 10.3 ± 10.7 months after the presentation. Subgroup analysis based on baseline SD-OCT grade showed that 4.1% (3 of 73) of Grade 1 eyes compared with 6.8% (5 of 74) of Grade 2 eyes, and 23.8% (5 of 21) of Grade 3 eyes developed a full-thickness macular hole or lamellar macular hole (P = 0.0109, chi-square test). In the remaining 119 eyes, at the last follow-up, 65 eyes had Grade 1, 42 eyes had Grade 2, and 12 eyes had Grade 3 VMT. On average, the best-corrected visual acuity improved from 0.40 ± 0.35 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (Snellen, 20/50) at baseline to 0.35 ± 0.36 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (Snellen, 20/45; P = 0.0372), and the mean central macular thickness improved from 350 ± 132 µm to 323 ± 121 µm. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous resolution of VMT occurred in 21.4% (36 of 168) of eyes after a mean follow-up of 11.4 ± 12.6 months. An unfavorable anatomical outcome occurred in 7.7% (13 of 168) of eyes. The baseline SD-OCT grade may predict the progression to full-thickness macular hole.

EXPANDED CLINICAL SPECTRUM OF MULTIPLE EVANESCENT WHITE DOT SYNDROME WITH MULTIMODAL IMAGING.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and characterize multiple evanescent white dot syndrome abnormalities with modern multimodal imaging modalities. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study evaluated fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, optical coherence tomography, enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography, short-wavelength autofluorescence, and near-infrared autofluorescence. RESULTS: Thirty-four multiple evanescent white dot syndrome patients with mean age of 28.7 years were studied (range, 14-49 years). Twenty-six patients were women, and eight were men. Initial mean visual acuity was 0.41 logMAR. Final mean visual acuity was 0.03 logMAR. Fluorescein angiography shows a variable number of mid retinal early fluorescent dots distributed in a wreathlike pattern, which correlate to fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, and indocyanine green angiography. Indocyanine green angiography imaging shows the dots and also hypofluorescent, deeper, and larger spots, which are occasionally confluent, demonstrating a large plaque of deep retinal hypofluorescence. Optical coherence tomography imaging shows multifocal debris centered at and around the ellipsoid layer, corresponding to the location of spots seen with photography, indocyanine green angiography, and fluorescein angiography. Protrusions of the hyperreflectant material from the ellipsoid layer toward the outer nuclear layer correspond to the location of dots seen with photography, indocyanine green angiography, and fluorescein angiography. CONCLUSION: Multimodal imaging analysis of the retina in patients with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome shows additional features that may help in the diagnosis of the disease and in further understanding its etiology. Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome is predominantly a disease of the outer retina, centered at the ellipsoid zone, but also involving the interdigitation zone and the outer nuclear layer.

Current state of therapeutic strategies with ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the current dosing strategies in the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration with intravitreal injections of ranibizumab. RECENT FINDINGS: A variety of therapeutic strategies has been recently described as an alternative to the monthly fixed treatment. The efficacy and local and systemic safety results of each approach is relevant in order to make a clinical decision and to provide patients an accurate information. SUMMARY: The proposed therapeutic strategies achieve positive visual outcomes when compared with monthly fixed regimen in the clinical trials. However, the real-life practice does not reflect these results. The main cause of this difference is the incapability to adopt any of the different strategies as the clinics are completely booked and this turns into a delay in the diagnostic and treatment visits.

Geographic atrophy in patients receiving anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

PURPOSE: To examine factors associated with the apparent growth of geographic atrophy (GA) in a consecutive series of eyes with treatment-naive neovascular age-related macular degeneration receiving intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy on a treat-and-extend regimen. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. Two independent graders identified areas of GA using near-infrared reflectance imaging and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Neovascular lesion subtypes were classified based on fluorescein angiography (FA) as occult choroidal neovascularization, classic choroidal neovascularization, retinal angiomatous proliferation, or mixed choroidal neovascularization, and by the anatomical classification system which utilizes FA and SD-OCT as Types 1 (sub-retinal pigment epithelium), 2 (subretinal), 3 (intraretinal), or mixed neovascularization. RESULTS: Ninety-one patients (94 eyes) fit the inclusion criteria, of which 52 eyes (55.3%) experienced apparent GA growth. The odds of developing apparent GA were significantly lower in Type 1 neovascularization compared to the other lesion types (P < 0.001). Using both FA and SD-OCT to classify neovascular age-related macular degeneration significantly improves the goodness of fit in the correlation between apparent GA growth and baseline neovascular lesion type (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Treatment-naive neovascular age-related macular degeneration eyes with Type 1 neovascularization at baseline were less likely to develop GA than eyes with other types. The correlation between apparent GA growth and subtype of neovascularization is stronger when lesions are classified with an anatomic grading that utilizes both FA and SD-OCT.