EHBP1 Is Critically Involved in the Dendritic Arbor Formation and Is Coupled to Factors Promoting Actin Filament Formation.

The coordinated action of a plethora of factors is required for the organization and dynamics of membranous structures critically underlying the development and function of cells, organs, and organisms. The evolutionary acquisition of additional amino acid motifs allows for expansion and/or specification of protein functions. We identify a thus far unrecognized motif specific for chordata EHBP1 proteins and demonstrate that this motif is critically required for interaction with syndapin I, an F-BAR domain-containing, membrane-shaping protein predominantly expressed in neurons. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies in rat primary hippocampal neurons (of mixed sexes) unraveled that EHBP1 has an important role in neuromorphogenesis. Surprisingly, our analyses uncovered that this newly identified function of EHBP1 did not require the domain responsible for Rab GTPase binding but was strictly dependent on EHBP1's syndapin I binding interface and on the presence of syndapin I in the developing neurons. These findings were underscored by temporally and spatially remarkable overlapping dynamics of EHBP1 and syndapin I at nascent dendritic branch sites. In addition, rescue experiments demonstrated the necessity of two additional EHBP1 domains for dendritic arborization, the C2 and CH domains. Importantly, the additionally uncovered critical involvement of the actin nucleator Cobl in EHBP1 functions suggested that not only static association with F-actin via EHBP1's CH domain is important for dendritic arbor formation but also actin nucleation. Syndapin interactions organize ternary protein complexes composed of EHBP1, syndapin I, and Cobl, and our functional data show that only together these factors give rise to proper cell shape during neuronal development.

Differential utilization of vitamin B12-dependent and independent pathways for propionate metabolism across human cells.

Propionic acid links the oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and odd-chain fatty acids to the TCA cycle. Gut microbes ferment complex fiber remnants, generating high concentrations of short chain fatty acids, acetate, propionate and butyrate, which are shared with the host as fuel sources. Analysis of vitamin B12-dependent propionate utilization in skin biopsy samples has been used to characterize and diagnose underlying inborn errors of cobalamin (or B12) metabolism. In these cells, the B12-dependent enzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT), plays a central role in funneling propionate to the TCA cycle intermediate, succinate. Our understanding of the fate of propionate in other cell types, specifically, the involvement of the ß-oxidation-like and methylcitrate pathways, is limited. In this study, we have used [14C]-propionate tracing in combination with genetic ablation or inhibition of MMUT, to reveal the differential utilization of the B12-dependent and independent pathways for propionate metabolism in fibroblast versus colon cell lines. We demonstrate that itaconate can be used as a tool to investigate MMUT-dependent propionate metabolism in cultured cell lines. While MMUT gates the entry of propionate carbons into the TCA cycle in fibroblasts, colon-derived cell lines exhibit a quantitatively significant or exclusive reliance on the ß-oxidation-like pathway. Lipidomics and metabolomics analyses reveal that propionate elicits pleiotropic changes, including an increase in odd-chain glycerophospholipids, and perturbations in the purine nucleotide cycle and arginine/nitric oxide metabolism. The metabolic rationale and the regulatory mechanisms underlying the differential reliance on propionate utilization pathways at a cellular, and possibly tissue level, warrant further elucidation.

Spinal cord injury disrupts plasma extracellular vesicles cargoes leading to neuroinflammation in the brain and neurological dysfunction in aged male mice.

Aged individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) are prevalent with increased mortality and worse outcomes. SCI can cause secondary brain neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms contributing to SCI-induced brain dysfunction are poorly understood. Cell-to-cell signaling through extracellular vesicles (EVs) has emerged as a critical mediator of neuroinflammation, including at a distance through circulation. We have previously shown that SCI in young adult (YA) male mice leads to robust changes in plasma EV count and microRNAs (miRs) content. Here, our goal was to investigate the impact of old age on EVs and brain after SCI. At 24 h post-injury, there was no difference in particle count or size distribution between YA and aged mice. However, aged animals increased expression of EV marker CD63 with SCI. Using the Fireplex® miRs assay, Proteomics, and mass spectrometry-based Lipidomics, circulating EVs analysis identified distinct profiles of miRs, proteins, and lipid components in old and injury animals. In vitro, plasma EVs from aged SCI mice, at a lower concentration comparable to those of YA SCI mice, induced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuronal apoptosis. Systemic administration of plasma EVs from SCI animals was sufficient to impair general physical function and neurological function in intact animals, which is associated with pro-inflammatory changes in the brain. Furthermore, plasma EVs from young animals had rejuvenating effects on naïve aged mice. Collectively, these studies identify the critical changes in circulating EVs cargoes after SCI and in aged animals and support a potential EV-mediated mechanism for SCI-induced brain changes.

Poststroke dendritic arbor regrowth requires the actin nucleator Cobl.

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and long-term disability. We demonstrate that middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice leads to a strong decline in dendritic arborization of penumbral neurons. These defects were subsequently repaired by an ipsilateral recovery process requiring the actin nucleator Cobl. Ischemic stroke and excitotoxicity, caused by calpain-mediated proteolysis, significantly reduced Cobl levels. In an apparently unique manner among excitotoxicity-affected proteins, this Cobl decline was rapidly restored by increased mRNA expression and Cobl then played a pivotal role in poststroke dendritic arbor repair in peri-infarct areas. In Cobl knockout (KO) mice, the dendritic repair window determined to span day 2 to 4 poststroke in wild-type (WT) strikingly passed without any dendritic regrowth. Instead, Cobl KO penumbral neurons of the primary motor cortex continued to show the dendritic impairments caused by stroke. Our results thereby highlight a powerful poststroke recovery process and identified causal molecular mechanisms critical during poststroke repair.

Xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1) promotes progression of papillary thyroid carcinoma via the BRAF-ERK1/2-P53 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer. Xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1), identified as a cellular receptor, plays roles in many pathophysiological processes. However, the underlying function and molecular mechanisms of XPR1 in PTC remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the role of XPR1 in the process of PTC and the potential mechanisms. METHODS: RNA-sequencing was performed for gene differential expression analysis in PTC patients' tissues. Immunohistochemical assay, real-time PCR, and western blotting assay were used to determine the expression of XPR1, BRAF, and P53 in PTC tissues. The function of XPR1 on the progression of PTC was explored using in vitro and in vivo experiments. The molecular mechanism of XPR1 was investigated using gene silencing, ELISA, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and real-time PCR assays. RESULTS: We found that XPR1 was markedly upregulated in PTC tissues compared to adjacent noncancerous tissues, suggesting that high expression of XPR1 could be correlated with poor patient disease-free survival in PTC. In addition, the expression of BRAF and P53 in PTC tissues was substantially higher than in adjacent noncancerous tissues. Silencing of XPR1 reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion capacities of TPC-1 cells in vitro and effectively inhibited the tumorigenecity of PTC in vivo. More importantly, silencing of XPR1 in TPC-1 cells significantly decreased the expression of XPR1, BRAF, and P53 both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, we demonstrated that XPR1 may positively activate the BRAF-ERK-P53 signaling pathway, further promoting PTC progression. CONCLUSION: The findings reveal a crucial role of XPR1 in PTC progression and prognosis via the BRAF-ERK1/2-P53 signaling pathway, providing potential therapeutic targets for treating PTC.

Fluorinated plant activators induced dual-pathway signal transduction and long-lasting ROS burst in chloroplast.

Synthetic plant activators represent a promising novel class of green pesticides that can triggering endogenous plant immunity against pathogen invasion. In our previous study, we developed a series of fluorinated compounds capable of eliciting disease resistance in plants; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remained unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated the mechanism of plant immune activation using four synthetic plant activators in Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana), including two fluorine-substituted and two non­fluorine-substituted molecules. Our findings revealed that the fluorinated compounds exhibited superior disease resistance activity compared to the non-fluorinated molecules. Gene expression analysis in systemic acquired resistance (SAR)- and induced systemic resistance (ISR)-related pathways demonstrated that fluorine substitution effectively regulated both SAR- and ISR-pathway activation, highlighting the distinct roles of fluorine in modulating the plant immune system. Notably, the prolonged ROS burst was observed in chloroplasts following treatment with all four plant activators, contrasting with the transient ROS burst induced by natural elicitors. These results provide insights into the unique mechanisms underlying synthetic plant activator-induced plant immunity. Furthermore, comprehensive proteomic analysis revealed a robust immune response mediated by fluorine-substituted plant activators. These findings offer novel insights into the role of fluorine substitution in SAR- and ISR-associated immune signaling pathways and their distinct impact on ROS production within chloroplasts.

Research on ozone formation sensitivity based on observational methods: Development history, methodology, and application and prospects in China.

Observation-based method for O3 formation sensitivity research is an important tool to analyze the causes of ground-level O3 pollution, which has broad application potentials in determining the O3 pollution formation mechanism and developing prevention and control strategies. This paper outlined the development history of research on O3 formation sensitivity based on observational methods, described the principle and applicability of the methodology, summarized the relative application results in China and provided recommendations on the prevention and control of O3 pollution in China based on relevant study results, and finally pointed out the shortcomings and future development prospects in this field in China. The overview study showed that the O3 formation sensitivity in some urban areas in China in recent years presented a gradual shifting tendency from the VOC-limited regime to the transition regime or the NOx-limited regime due to the implementation of the O3 precursors emission reduction policies; O3 pollution control strategies and precursor control countermeasures should be formulated based on local conditions and the dynamic control capability of O3 pollution control measures should be improved. There are still some current deficiencies in the study field in China. Therefore, it is recommended that a stereoscopic monitoring network for atmospheric photochemical components should be further constructed and improved; the atmospheric chemical mechanisms should be vigorously developed, and standardized methods for determining the O3 formation sensitivity should be established in China in the near future.

Activity Limitations and Depression Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China: The Moderating Impact of Assistance Adequacy.

This study aimed to examine the risk and protective factors associated with depression in middle-aged and older Chinese adults with activity limitations. Data were obtained from the 2018 Wave 4 Survey of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. In the logistic regression analysis, health and functioning, losing a child, and a perceived lack of future assistance with daily activities increased the odds of depression. Conversely, receiving adequate assistance with daily activities lessened the depressive impacts of activity limitations, as indicated by a significant interaction effect. Enhanced long-term support for individuals with disabilities is necessary to improve mental health.

Polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis in Camelina: Towards coproduction of renewable feedstocks for bioplastics and fuels.

Plant-based co-production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and seed oil has the potential to create a viable domestic source of feedstocks for renewable fuels and plastics. PHAs, a class of biodegradable polyesters, can replace conventional plastics in many applications while providing full degradation in all biologically active environments. Here we report the production of the PHA poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB) in the seed cytosol of the emerging bioenergy crop Camelina sativa engineered with a bacterial PHB biosynthetic pathway. Two approaches were used: cytosolic localization of all three enzymes of the PHB pathway in the seed, or localization of the first two enzymes of the pathway in the cytosol and anchoring of the third enzyme required for polymerization to the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER-targeted approach was found to provide more stable polymer production with PHB levels up to 10.2% of the mature seed weight achieved in seeds with good viability. These results mark a significant step forward towards engineering lines for commercial use. Plant-based PHA production would enable a direct link between low-cost large-scale agricultural production of biodegradable polymers and seed oil with the global plastics and renewable fuels markets.

Early gut microbiological changes and metabolomic changes in patients with sepsis: a preliminary study.

The gut microbiota is closely related to the development of sepsis. The aim of this study was to explore changes in the gut microbiota and gut metabolism, as well as potential relationships between the gut microbiota and environmental factors in the early stages of sepsis. Fecal samples were collected from 10 septic patients on the first and third days following diagnosis in this study. The results showed that in the early stages of sepsis, the gut microbiota is dominated by microorganisms that are tightly associated with inflammation, such as Escherichia-Shigella, Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Streptococcus. On sepsis day 3 compared to day 1, there was a significant decrease in Lactobacillus and Bacteroides and a significant increase in Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus, and Parabacteroides. Culturomica_massiliensis, Prevotella_7 spp., Prevotellaceae, and Pediococcus showed significant differences in abundance on sepsis day 1, but not on sepsis day 3. Additionally, 2-keto-isovaleric acid 1 and 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone metabolites significantly increased on sepsis day 3 compared to day 1. Prevotella_7 spp. was positively correlated with phosphate and negatively correlated with 2-keto-isovaleric acid 1 and 3-hydroxypropionic acid 1, while Prevotella_9 spp. was positively correlated with sequential organ failure assessment score, procalcitonin and intensive care unit stay time. In conclusion, the gut microbiota and metabolites are altered during sepsis, with some beneficial microorganisms decreasing and some pathogenic microorganisms increasing. Furthermore, Prevotellaceae members may play different roles in the intestinal tract, with Prevotella_7 spp. potentially possessing beneficial health properties and Prevotella_9 spp. potentially playing a promoting role in sepsis.

Potential role of the P2X7 receptor in the proliferation of human diffused large B-cell lymphoma.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of invasive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. 60-70% of patients are curable with current chemoimmunotherapy, whereas the rest are refractory or relapsed. Understanding of the interaction between DLBCL cells and tumor microenvironment raises the hope of improving overall survival of DLBCL patients. P2X7, a member of purinergic receptors P2X family, is activated by extracellular ATP and subsequently promotes the progression of various malignancies. However, its role in DLBCL has not been elucidated. In this study, the expression level of P2RX7 in DLBCL patients and cell lines was analyzed. MTS assay and EdU incorporation assay were carried out to study the effect of activated/inhibited P2X7 signaling on the proliferation of DLBCL cells. Bulk RNAseq was performed to explore potential mechanism. The results demonstrated high level expression of P2RX7 in DLBCL patients, typically in patients with relapse DLBCL. 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl) adenosine 5-triphosphate (Bz-ATP), an agonist of P2X7, significantly accelerated the proliferation of DLBCL cells, whereas delayed proliferation was detected when administrated with antagonist A740003. Furthermore, a urea cycle enzyme named CPS1 (carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1), which up-regulated in P2X7-activated DLBCL cells while down-regulated in P2X7-inhibited group, was demonstrated to involve in such process. Our study reveals the role of P2X7 in the proliferation of DLBCL cells and implies that P2X7 may serve as a potential molecular target for the treatment of DLBCL.

Identification and characterization of two SERPINC1 mutations causing congenital antithrombin deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Antithrombin (AT) is the main physiological anticoagulant involved in hemostasis. Hereditary AT deficiency is a rare autosomal dominant thrombotic disease mainly caused by mutations in SERPINC1, which was usually manifested as venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. In this study, we analyzed the clinical characteristics and screened for mutant genes in two pedigrees with hereditary AT deficiency, and the functional effects of the pathogenic mutations were evaluated. METHODS: Candidate gene variants were analyzed by next-generation sequencing to screen pathogenic mutations in probands, followed by segregation analysis in families by Sanger sequencing. Mutant and wild-type plasmids were constructed and transfected into HEK293T cells to observe protein expression and cellular localization of SERPINC1. The structure and function of the mutations were analyzed by bioinformatic analyses. RESULTS: The proband of pedigree A with AT deficiency carried a heterozygous frameshift mutation c.1377delC (p.Asn460Thrfs*20) in SERPINC1 (NM000488.3), a 1377C base deletion in exon 7 resulting in a backward shift of the open reading frame, with termination after translation of 20 residues, and a different residue sequence translated after the frameshift. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that the missing amino acid sequence caused by the frameshift mutation might disrupt the disulfide bond between Cys279 and Cys462 and affect the structural function of the protein. This newly discovered variant is not currently included in the ClinVar and HGMD databases. p.Arg229* resulted in a premature stop codon in exon 4, and bioinformatics analysis suggests that the truncated protein structure lost its domain of interaction with factor IX (Ala414 site) after the deletion of nonsense mutations. However, considering the AT truncation protein resulting from the p.Arg229* variant loss a great proportion of the molecule, we speculate the variant may affect two functional domains HBS and RCL and lack of the corresponding function. The thrombophilia and decreased-AT-activity phenotypes of the two pedigrees were separated from their genetic variants. After lentiviral plasmid transfection into HEK293T cells, the expression level of AT protein decreased in the constructed c.1377delC mutant cells compared to that in the wild-type, which was not only reduced in c.685C > T mutant cells but also showed a significant band at 35 kDa, suggesting a truncated protein. Immunofluorescence localization showed no significant differences in protein localization before and after the mutation. CONCLUSIONS: The p.Asn460Thrfs*20 and p.Arg229* variants of SERPINC1 were responsible for the two hereditary AT deficiency pedigrees, which led to AT deficiency by different mechanisms. The p.Asn460Thrfs*20 variant is reported for the first time.

The Reciprocal Relationship of Physical Capacity and Mental Health: A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model Analysis.

This study investigates the mutual influence of mental health and physical capacity in older adults, considering potential gender differences. Data from 7,504 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65+ from the NHATS 2011-2015 surveys were analyzed using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model in Mplus. Results revealed moderate within-person effects of physical capacity on mental health (ßt12 = -.19, ßt23 = -.32, ßt34 = -.42, ßt45 = -.40), while the reverse relationship showed smaller effects (ßt12 = -.02, ßt23 = -.03, ßt34 = -.03, ßt45 = -.02). Gender differences emerged, with the influence of mental health on physical capacity being significant in men but not women. Additionally, correlations between changes in physical capacity and mental health were stronger for men. Lastly, lagged effects of physical capacity on mental health were notably stronger than the reverse. The findings suggest that enhancing physical capacity may alleviate depression and anxiety symptoms in older adults, particularly men.

[Two pairs of phloroglucinol enantiomers from Hypericum wightianum and their stereochemical structures].

The chemical constituents in the ethanol extract of Hypericum wightianum(Hypericaceae) were purified by column chromatography and identified via magnetic resonance imaging(NMR), high-resolution mass spectrum, and circular dichroism. A total of 22 compounds were identified, including eight polyprenylated phloroglucinols(1-8), three chromones(9-11), and three terpenoids(14-16) and so on. Among them, compounds 16 and 17 were first reported in the genus Hypericum, and compounds 1-11, 14, 15, and 19 were first isolated from H. wightianum. Compounds 1-4 were previously reported as two pairs of enantiomers. This study reported the chiral resolutions and absolute configurations of compounds 1-4 for the first time.

Comparative analysis of the structure and function of rhizosphere microbiome of the Chinese medicinal herb Alisma in different regions.

Rhizoma Alismatis, a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, is the dried tuber of Alisma orientale and Alisma A. plantago-aquatica, mainly cultivated in Fujian and Sichuan provinces (China), respectively. Studies have shown that the rhizosphere microbiome is a key factor determining quality of Chinese medicinal plants. Here we applied metagenomics to investigate the rhizosphere microbiome of Alisma in Fujian and Sichuan, focusing on its structure and function and those genes involved in protostane triterpenes biosynthesis. The dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes. Compared with Fujian, the rhizosphere of Sichuan has a greater α diversity and stronger microbial interactions but significantly lower relative abundance of archaea. Microbes with disease-suppressing functions were more abundant in Sichuan than Fujian, but vice versa for those with IAA-producing functions. Gemmatimonas, Anaeromyxobacter, and Pseudolabrys were the main contributors to the potential functional difference in two regions. Genes related to protostane triterpenes biosynthesis were enriched in Fujian. Steroidobacter, Pseudolabrys, Nevskia, and Nitrospira may contribute to the accumulation of protostane triterpenes in Alisma. This work fills a knowledge gap of Alisma's rhizosphere microbiome, providing a valuable reference for studying its beneficial microorganisms.

Relationship between geriatric nutritional risk index and osteoporosis in type 2 diabetes in Northern China.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a very common bone disease in the elderly population and can lead to fractures and disability. Malnutrition can lead to osteoporosis. The geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) is a tool used to assess the risk of malnutrition and complications associated with nutritional status in older patients and is a crucial predictor of many diseases. Hence, this study investigated the association between the GNRI and the presence of osteoporosis and assessed the value of this index for predicting osteoporosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 610 elderly patients with T2DM. General and laboratory data of the patients were collected, along with their measurements of bone mineral density (BMD). The GNRI was calculated based on ideal body weight and serum albumin (ABL) levels. Correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the GNRI and BMD and bone metabolism indices. The GNRI predictive value for osteoporosis development was analyzed through logistic regression analysis and by creating a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), calculating the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: All patients were divided into the no-nutritional risk and nutritional risk groups. Compared with the no-nutritional risk group, the nutritional risk group had a longer diabetes course, older age, higher HbA1c levels, higher prevalence of osteoporosis; lower BMI, ABL,triglyceride (TG),Calcium (Ca),25-hydroxy-vitamin-D(25(OH)D),and parathyroid hormone(PTH) and lower femoral neck BMD,total hip BMD (P < 0.05). All patients were also assigned to the non-osteoporosis and osteoporosis groups. The non-osteoporosis group had higher GNRI values than the osteoporosis group (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between the GNRI and lumbar BMD, femoral neck BMD, and total hip BMD (P < 0.05). After the adjustment for confounding factors, Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that the GNRI was positively correlated with Ca, 25(OH)D, and PTH and negatively correlated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and procollagen of type-1 N-propeptide (P1NP). Regression analysis exhibited that the GNRI was significantly associated with osteoporosis. The ROC curve analysis was performed using the GNRI as the test variable and the presence of osteoporosis as the status variable. This analysis yielded an AUC for the GNRI of 0.695 and was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A lower GNRI among T2DM patients in northern China is associated with a higher prevalence of osteoporosis.

Evolution of aerosol chemistry in Beijing under strong influence of anthropogenic pollutants: Composition, sources, and secondary formation of fine particulate nitrated aromatic compounds.

Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) constitute a key segment of brown carbon (BrC), thereby contributing to the light-absorbing characteristics of aerosols in the atmosphere. However, until recently, there is a scarcity of research on their generation in the urban environment. The current study is based upon an extensive field study of NACs from fine particle samples obtained at an urban location in Beijing in the spring and summer of 2017, which was characterized by both high anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and high-NOx dominated conditions. The mean total concentration of the nine NACs was 8.58 ng m-3 in spring and 8.54 ng m-3 in summer. In the spring, the most abundant NACs were 4-nitrophenol (33.7%) and 4-nitrocatechol (19.3%), while in the summer, the most abundant NACs were 4-nitroguaiacol (34.9%) and 2, 4-dinitrophenol (23%). Atmospheric NACs were primarily produced from coal combustion (52%) and biomass burning (32%) in spring, and originated from the secondary formation (37%) and traffic (35%) in summer. NO2 could promote the formation of NACs with a significant effect on their compositions, especially for nitrophenols and nitrocatechols. It can also affect the formation of nitrated aerosols and their existing form. Inorganic nitrates were increased to conversion in the daytime when NO2 concentrations were higher than 30 ppb, but the corresponding oxidation products shifted to primarily organic ones at night. The transition was VOC-sensitive regimes for NAC formation, and nitration of toluene was a more important pathway during the campaign in Beijing.

Spatial distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment of inorganic pollutants of surface water and groundwater in the southern margin of Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China.

Surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) are crucial water supply sources in the southern margin of Junggar Basin in Xinjiang. The sources of toxic components in SW and GW and their negative effects on human health are of great concern. A total of 40 SW and 596 GW samples were collected at the oasis belt to analyze distribution, sources and potential health risks of inorganic pollutants in SW and GW. Results revealed that SW quality was severely affected by Hg, 30.0% of which had Hg concentration greater than the national drinking water standard. High Hg SW was mainly distributed near Manas County and Urumqi City. GW quality was mostly affected by SO42-, 24.7% of which had SO42- concentration greater than the national drinking water standard. High SO42- GW primarily occurred in the northwest and middle of the study area. Source apportionment of inorganic pollutants identified geological background, municipal wastewater disposal, water-rock interaction, geological environment, geological structure and industrial emission were the prominent potential sources of inorganic pollution in SW, with contribution rates of 1.2%, 10.0%, 43.6%, 35.1%, 6.3% and 3.8%, respectively. Five potential pollution sources in GW (including geological background, municipal wastewater disposal, water-rock interaction, geological environment and aquifer burial depth) were identified, with contribution rates of 0.7%, 9.6%, 77.6%, 11.1% and 1.0%, respectively. Probabilistic health risk assessment showed that Cl- and As in SW and GW were the main inorganic pollutants threatening human health. Non-carcinogenic risks for adults and children were negligible, while carcinogenic risks cannot be negligible. Furthermore, the contribution of potential pollution sources to health risks was quantified using positive matrix factorization coupling with health risk assessment model. Based on which, we offered the suggestion that water quality improvement in contaminated areas should be implemented in combination with pollution monitoring systems.

Facilitation of processing darenimo 'any/everyone' negative Japanese sentences using prosodic entrainment.

The present study examined how prosody affects Japanese speakers' processing of the polarity item darenimo 'any/everyone'. Upward (LHHH pitch) and downward (HLLL pitch) prosody for darenimo associates with negative and positive polarity, respectively. In Study 1, a corpus search showed that darenimo is more often associated with negative than positive polarity. In Study 2, subjective acceptability judgments indicated that darenimo is also more likely to be perceived as acceptable by native Japanese speakers when used with negative polarity. In line with Study 2, Study 3 showed that upward prosody with negative polarity was more accurately and quickly processed than was downward prosody with either positive or negative polarity. These three studies showed a one-sided distribution of upward prosody with negative polarity, and further indicated that only upward prosody facilitates listeners' processing of negation. Early heightened pitch of darenimo provides a cue to predict an ending negation -nai in the head-final Japanese language, resulting in faster speed and higher accuracy for the processing of negative sentences (i.e., a facilitation effect) compared to their corresponding affirmative sentences.

Meta-analysis of the effect of low-level occupational benzene exposure on human peripheral blood leukocyte counts in China.

To investigate the effect of low-level occupational benzene exposure on human peripheral blood leukocyte counts of the workers, domestic and foreign published research data on the change of human peripheral blood leukocyte counts under low-level occupational benzene exposure from January 1990 to December 2020 were collected and analyzed. According to the literature inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 independent studies from 12 publications were selected for meta-analysis to explore the effect of low-level occupational benzene exposure on human peripheral blood leukocyte counts. The results showed that the peripheral blood leukocyte counts abnormal rates of low-level occupational benzene exposure group were higher than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant. Low-level occupational benzene exposure could result in a relatively higher abnormal rate of peripheral blood leukocyte counts in the exposed population, indicating that low-level occupational benzene exposure at workplaces specified by the current benzene occupational exposure limit in China would affect the peripheral blood leukocyte counts of the workers, thus benzene with concentrations under the limit in the ambient air of workplace could be still harmful to the health of the exposed workers. The results of this study could provide a scientific basis for future revision of the benzene occupational exposure limit in China, and could also be a reference for the formulation of environmental standard concerning benzene in China in the future.