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OBJECTIVES: Vision and hearing impairments affect 55% of people aged 60+ years and are associated with lower cognitive test performance; however, tests rely on vision, hearing, or both. We hypothesized that scores on tests that depend on vision or hearing are different among those with vision or hearing impairments, respectively, controlling for underlying cognition. METHODS: Leveraging cross-sectional data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS), we used item response theory to test for differential item functioning (DIF) by vision impairment (better eye presenting visual acuity worse than 20/40) and hearing impairment (better ear .5-4 kHz pure-tone average > 25 decibels). RESULTS: We identified DIF by vision impairment for tests whose administrations do not rely on vision [e.g., Delayed Word Recall both in ARIC-NCS: .50 logit difference between impaired and unimpaired (p = .04) and in BLSA: .62 logits (p = .02)] and DIF by hearing impairment for tests whose administrations do not rely on hearing [Digit Symbol Substitution test in BLSA: 1.25 logits (p = .001) and Incidental Learning test in ARIC-NCS: .35 logits (p = .001)]. However, no individuals had differences between unadjusted and DIF-adjusted measures of greater than the standard error of measurement. CONCLUSIONS: DIF by sensory impairment in cognitive tests was independent of administration characteristics, which could indicate that elevated cognitive load among persons with sensory impairment plays a larger role in test performance than previously acknowledged. While these results were unexpected, neither of these samples are nationally representative and each has unique selection factors; thus, replication is critical.
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Aterosclerose , Disfunção Cognitiva , Perda Auditiva , Idoso , Envelhecimento , Aterosclerose/complicações , Baltimore , Disfunção Cognitiva/complicações , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Perda Auditiva/complicações , Perda Auditiva/diagnóstico , Perda Auditiva/psicologia , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Item response theory (IRT) methods for addressing differential item functioning (DIF) can detect group differences in responses to individual items (e.g., bias). IRT and DIF-detection methods have been used increasingly often to identify bias in cognitive test performance by characteristics (DIF grouping variables) such as hearing impairment, race, and educational attainment. Previous analyses have not considered the effect of missing data on inferences, although levels of missing cognitive data can be substantial in epidemiologic studies. METHODS: We used data from Visit 6 (2016-2017) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study (N = 3,580) to explicate the effect of artificially imposed missing data patterns and imputation on DIF detection. RESULTS: When missing data was imposed among individuals in a specific DIF group but was unrelated to cognitive test performance, there was no systematic error. However, when missing data was related to cognitive test performance and DIF group membership, there was systematic error in DIF detection. Given this missing data pattern, the median DIF detection error associated with 10%, 30%, and 50% missingness was -0.03, -0.08, and -0.14 standard deviation (SD) units without imputation, but this decreased to -0.02, -0.04, and -0.08 SD units with multiple imputation. CONCLUSIONS: Incorrect inferences in DIF testing have downstream consequences for the use of cognitive tests in research. It is therefore crucial to consider the effect and reasons behind missing data when evaluating bias in cognitive testing.
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Viés , Humanos , Testes NeuropsicológicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures are commonly used to capture patient experience with dysphagia and to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Inappropriate application can lead to distorted results in clinical studies. A systematic review of the literature on dysphagia-related PRO measures was performed to (1) identify all currently available measures and (2) to evaluate each for the presence of important measurement properties that would affect their applicability. DESIGN: MEDLINE via the PubMed interface, the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and the Health and Psychosocial Instrument database were searched using relevant vocabulary terms and key terms related to PRO measures and dysphagia. Three independent investigators performed abstract and full text reviews. Each study meeting criteria was evaluated using an 18-item checklist developed a priori that assessed multiple domains: (1) conceptual model, (2) content validity, (3) reliability, (4) construct validity, (6) scoring and interpretation, and (7) burden and presentation. RESULTS: Of 4950 abstracts reviewed, a total of 34 dysphagia-related PRO measures (publication year 1987-2014) met criteria for extraction and analysis. Several PRO measures were of high quality (MADS for achalasia, SWAL-QOL and SSQ for oropharyngeal dysphagia, PROMIS-GI for general dysphagia, EORTC-QLQ-OG25 for esophageal cancer, ROMP-swallowing for Parkinson's Disease, DSQ-EoE for eosinophilic esophagitis, and SOAL for total laryngectomy-related dysphagia). In all, 17 met at least one criterion per domain. Thematic deficiencies in current measures were evident including: (1) direct patient involvement in content development, (2) empirically justified dimensionality, (3) demonstrable responsiveness to change, (4) plan for interpreting missing responses, and (5) literacy level assessment. CONCLUSION: This is the first comprehensive systematic review assessing developmental properties of all available dysphagia-related PRO measures. We identified several instruments with robust measurement properties in multiple diseases including achalasia, oropharyngeal dysphagia, post-surgical dysphagia, esophageal cancer, and dysphagia related to neurological diseases. Findings herein can assist clinicians and researchers in making more informed decisions in selecting the most fundamentally sound PRO measure for a given clinical, research, or quality initiative.
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Transtornos de Deglutição/terapia , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/normas , Medidas de Resultados Relatados pelo Paciente , Idoso , Transtornos de Deglutição/psicologia , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Qualidade de Vida , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Resultado do TratamentoAssuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/efeitos adversos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Sulfonamidas/efeitos adversos , Síndrome de Lise Tumoral/etiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/administração & dosagem , Citarabina/uso terapêutico , Decitabina/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Hidratação , Humanos , Hidroxiureia/uso terapêutico , Incidência , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/complicações , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Leucemia Mielomonocítica Aguda/complicações , Leucemia Mielomonocítica Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mielomonocítica Aguda/genética , Leucocitose/tratamento farmacológico , Leucocitose/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas de Ligação a Fosfato/uso terapêutico , Fósforo/sangue , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sulfonamidas/administração & dosagem , Urato Oxidase/uso terapêutico , Ácido Úrico/sangueRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed to obtain older adult normative data on a neuropsychological battery in relation to functions underlying driving ability. The effect of age on performance on the battery was previously unknown; normative data revision was necessary to enable more appropriate use of the battery with older clients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study. METHODS: Volunteers were sought from healthy older people living independently in the community to complete the Rookwood Driving Battery. A group of 202 volunteers above the age of 70 were recruited from local social groups to complete the battery. Of these, 184 completed a screening test of cognitive integrity (Mini Mental State Examination, MMSE). The age ranged from 70 to 96 (mean age=81 years, SD=5.438). In the total sample, 155 (77%) were females. RESULTS: Results of the MMSE indicated that 161 (87.5%) of the group fell above a cut-off (25/30) typically used in epidemiological studies to identify age-related cognitive decline. Of these cognitively intact volunteers, performance was marked by higher battery error scores (mean=5.12, SD=3.75) than those observed in an earlier normative study using younger volunteers below 70 years of age (mean=1.41, SD=1.87). The two age groups differed significantly on all 10 battery subtests; in all cases the level of significance was .002 or less; for nine subtests, significance fell below .001. In the 'intact' older group, battery performance was observed to be closely related to score on the MMSE, a test of general cognitive integrity (r=.558, p=.01). CONCLUSIONS: Performance on the Rookwood Battery differs for the over 70s and under 70s. The authors suggest essential modifications in its use with older people.
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Condução de Veículo/psicologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Avaliação Geriátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Testes Neuropsicológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Atividades Cotidianas , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Aptidão , Condução de Veículo/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Avaliação Geriátrica/classificação , Humanos , Masculino , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
The effect of glycosylational-processing inhibitors on the synthesis, cell surface expression, endocytosis, and transforming function of the v-fms oncogene protein (gp140fms) was examined in McDonough feline sarcoma virus-transformed Fischer rat embryo (SM-FRE) cells. Swainsonine (SW), a mannosidase II inhibitor, blocked complete processing, but an abnormal v-fms protein containing hybrid carbohydrate structures was expressed on the cell surface. SW-treated SM-FRE cells retained the transformed phenotype. In contrast, two glucosidase I inhibitors (castanospermine [CA] and N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin [MdN]) blocked carbohydrate remodeling at an early stage within the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented cell surface expression of v-fms proteins. CA-treated SM-FRE cells reverted to the normal phenotype. Neither SW, CA, nor MdN affected either endocytosis or the tyrosine kinase activity associated with the v-fms gene product in vitro. These results demonstrate the necessity of carbohydrate processing for cell surface expression of the v-fms gene product and illustrate the unique ability to modulate the transformed state of SM-FRE cells with the glycosylational-processing inhibitors CA and MdN.
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1-Desoxinojirimicina/análogos & derivados , Transformação Celular Viral , Indolizinas , Proteínas Oncogênicas Virais/genética , Retroviridae/genética , Vírus do Sarcoma Felino/genética , Alcaloides/farmacologia , Animais , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Endocitose , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucosamina/análogos & derivados , Glucosamina/farmacologia , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Ratos , SwainsoninaRESUMO
Monoclonal antibodies A5 and C6 have been reported previously to recognize developmentally regulated determinants involving N-acetyllactosamine [Fenderson B. A., O'Brien D. A., Millette C. F. and Eddy E. M. (1984) Devl Biol. 103, 117-128]. In the present study, the specificity of these antibodies was determined by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and by thin-layer chromatography immunostaining using purified glycolipid standards. Antibody A5 recognized N-acetyllactosamine (type 2 chain; Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----3R), irrespective of branching status. In contrast antibody C6 recognized the binary N-acetyllactosamine structure carried on lactoisooctaosylceramide. Antibody C6 did not react with sialosyl or alpha-galactosyl derivatives of the isooctaosyl structure, including human G10, G8 and bovine G9. Thus, unlike other anti-I antibodies, C6 provides a specific probe for both branching status and absence of terminal chain modification. Monoclonal antibodies A5, C6 and anti-I(Ma) were used to investigate glycosylation changes associated with oncogenic transformation. In contrast to results with lectins, these antibodies preferentially labeled the major glycoproteins of SV40-transformed human embryonic lung fibroblasts, including GP80, GP180, GP200 and GP250. The results suggest that increased expression of unsubstituted polylactosamine core structure at the cell surface follows SV40-transformation.
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Amino Açúcares/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Adulto , Amino Açúcares/análise , Especificidade de Anticorpos , Linhagem Celular , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Fibroblastos/imunologia , Glicoproteínas/análise , Humanos , Lactosilceramidas/imunologiaRESUMO
In 2010, Malawi adopted a National Registration Act, making the registration of births and deaths compulsory, and efforts to improve Malawi's civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) system are underway. During a participatory-style workshop, stakeholders completed a rapid assessment of the national civil registration and vital statistics systems. While participants discussed and scored each item in a standard tool, the workshop focused on sharing of partners' roles and challenges. The workshop has enhanced receptiveness in collaboration, and an inter-ministerial technical working group has now been formed to develop a strategic plan and conduct a comprehensive assessment to guide future improvements.
En 2010, le Malawi a adopté l'état-civil national, rendant l'enregistrement des naissances et des décès obligatoire, et des efforts d'amélioration du système d'enregistrement de l'état-civil et des autres statistiques vitales du Malawi sont en cours. Lors d'un atelier participatif, les partenaires ont complété l'outil d'évaluation rapide du système de l'état-civil national et des statistiques vitales. Tandis que les participants discutaient et donnaient un score à chaque élément de l'outil, l'atelier s'est concentré sur le partage des rôles des partenaires et des défis auxquels ils étaient confrontés. L'atelier a renforcé la réceptivité des participants à la collaboration et un groupe de travail technique interministériel a maintenant été formé pour développer un plan stratégique et réaliser une évaluation plus complète afin de guider les améliorations à venir.
En el 2010, Malawi adoptó la Ley Nacional del Registro, por la cual se hace obligatorio el registro de los nacimientos y las defunciones, y están en curso iniciativas tendentes a mejorar el sistema de registro civil y estadísticas vitales. En un taller de tipo participativo, los interesados directos completaron un instrumento de evaluación rápida de los sistemas de registro civil y estadísticas vitales. Los participantes examinaron y calificaron cada elemento del instrumento, y el centro de interés del taller consistió en poner en común de las funciones y las dificultades encontradas de los asociados. El taller reforzó la receptividad durante el trabajo en colaboración y se conformó un grupo de trabajo interministerial, con el propósito de elaborar un plan estratégico y llevar a cabo una evaluación exhaustiva que permita orientar las futuras medidas de perfeccionamiento.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D deficiency in children remains a global concern. Although literature exists on the vitamin D status and its risk factors among children in the Middle East, findings have yielded mixed results, and large, representative community studies are lacking. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In a nationally representative survey of 1077 Jordanian children of preschool age (12-59 months) in Spring 2010, we measured 25(OH)D3 concentrations by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and calculated prevalence ratios for deficiency associated with various factors. RESULTS: RESULTS showed 19.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 16.4-23.3%) deficiency (<12 ng/ml) and 56.5% (95% CI: 52.0-61.0%) insufficiency (<20 ng/ml). In adjusted models, prevalence of deficiency was higher for females compared with males (prevalence ratio (PR)=1.74, 95% CI: 1.22-2.47, P=0.002) and lower for children 24-35 months of age (PR=0.64, 95% CI: 0.44-0.92, P=0.018) compared with children 12-23 months of age. In rural areas, there was no difference in prevalence of vitamin D deficiency between those whose mothers had/did not have vitamin D deficiency (P=0.312); however, in urban areas, prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 3.18 times greater among those whose mothers were vitamin D deficient compared with those whose mothers were not deficient (P=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency pose significant public health problems in Jordanian children with female children disproportionately affected. Strong associations between vitamin D status in children and urban residency and maternal vitamin D status suggest that the behaviors related to sun exposure in urban mothers likely also affect the sun exposure and thus vitamin D status of their children.
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Calcifediol/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina D/epidemiologia , Fatores Etários , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Jordânia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Mães , Estado Nutricional , População Rural , Fatores Sexuais , Luz Solar , População UrbanaRESUMO
Controversy exists over the potency of bone healing in the aged skeleton, and there is concern that enhancement of bone regeneration after use of bone-stimulating growth factors may not be effective in the aged. In this study, 30 skeletally mature beagles (1-2 or 10-12 years old) had titanium implants placed bilaterally in the proximal humerus for a period of 4 weeks in a model of intramembranous bone regeneration. A bony defect made at the time of surgery created a 3-mm gap between the implant surface and the host bone. Some of the implants were treated with recombinant human TGFbeta2 (rhTGFbeta2) at various does (0.32-35 microg per implant), and some served as paired controls. The dose response was similar in young and old animals. The most effective dose, 35 microg, led to a 3-fold increase in the volume fraction of new bone within the gap in both the young (p = 0.001) and old (p = 0.002) animals. At this dose, there was a 5-fold increase in osteoblast surface. While age did not significantly affect the quantity of new bone formed as assessed by backscatter scanning electron microscopy, the older animals had thinner regenerated trabeculae that tended to be spaced more closely than the younger animals. Coupled with the finding that the increase in osteoid was greater in the old animals compared with the young animals, these qualitative differences suggest that there may have been a slight delay in the rate or a defect of mineralization in the old animals.
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Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Regeneração Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Regeneração Óssea/fisiologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/farmacologia , Animais , Cães , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Humanos , Úmero/diagnóstico por imagem , Úmero/efeitos dos fármacos , Úmero/patologia , Úmero/cirurgia , Masculino , Próteses e Implantes , Radiografia , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/administração & dosagem , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta2RESUMO
Recombinant baboon and monkey prolactins were expressed in murine C127 cells. The hormones were purified from the conditioned media of these cells using a combination of cation, anion, and gel filtration chromatographies. This purification scheme provided approximately a 20-fold purification of the proteins with a 40% cumulative yield. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the purified hormones in conjunction with Coomassie blue staining and immunoblotting procedures revealed three major prolactin-related bands with molecular weights corresponding to Mr 16,000, 23,000, and 27,000. Based on these analyses the samples were judged to be greater than 90% pure. Amino terminal sequence analysis of the purified baboon and monkey hormones provided three distinct prolactin-related sequences for each preparation. The predominant sequence corresponded to the predicted amino terminal sequences of the hormones which began with leucine at position 1. Two minor sequences, individually representing approximately 10-20% of the total population, were also identified; one starting at position 11 and the other at position 133. Carbohydrate compositional analysis of the proteins suggested that greater than 50% of the population were glycosylated with a fucosylated complex oligosaccharide. Analysis of the specific bioactivity of the recombinant hormones in the Nb2 cell proliferation assay showed them to be comparable to the NIH and WHO human pituitary-derived standards.
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Prolactina/genética , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Carboidratos , Macaca fascicularis , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Papio , Prolactina/química , Prolactina/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas RecombinantesRESUMO
The purposes of the present study were to determine if recombinant human transforming growth factor-beta-2 (rhTGF-beta2) enhances bone ingrowth into porous-coated implants and bone regeneration in gaps between the implant and surrounding host bone. The implants were placed bilaterally for four weeks in the proximal humeri of skeletally mature, adult male dogs in the presence of a 3-mm gap. In three treatment groups of animals, the test implant was treated with hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) and rhTGF-beta2 in buffer at a dose per implant of 1.2 microg (n = 6), 12 microg (n = 7), or 120 microg (n = 7) and placed in the left humerus. In these same animals, an internal control implant treated only with HA/TCP and buffer was placed in the right humerus. In a non-TGF-beta treated external control group of animals (n = 7), one implant was treated with HA/TCP while the contralateral implant was not treated with the ceramic. In vitro analyses showed that approximately 15%, of the applied dose was released within 120 h with most of the release occurring in the first 24 h. The TGF-beta treated implants had significantly more bone ingrowth than the controls with the greatest effect in the 12 microg/implant group (a 2.2-fold increase over the paired internal control (P = 0.004) and a 4-fold increase over the external control (P < 0.001)). The TGF-beta treated implants had significantly more bone formation in the gap than the controls with the greatest effect in the 12 and 120 microg groups (1.8-fold increases over the paired internal controls (P = 0.003 and P = 0.012, respectively) and 2.8-fold increases over the external controls (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively)). Compared to the external controls, the internal control implants tended to have more bone ingrowth (1.9-fold increase, P = 0.066) and had significantly more bone formation in the gap (1.7-fold increase. P = 0.008). Thus, application of rhTGF-beta2 to a porous-coated implant-stimulated local bone ingrowth and gap healing in a weakly dose-dependent manner and stimulated bone regeneration in the 3-mm gap surrounding the contralateral control implant, a site remote from the local treatment with the growth factor.
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Desenvolvimento Ósseo/efeitos dos fármacos , Regeneração Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Próteses e Implantes , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/farmacologia , Animais , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Cães , Úmero/cirurgia , Masculino , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/administração & dosagemRESUMO
The aim of the study was to assess the need for a thyrotoxicosis patient education programme and to evaluate a group education session. Patients with thyrotoxicosis were sent questionnaires on knowledge, satisfaction and mood. Patients showed limited knowledge about thyrotoxicosis. Newly diagnosed patients did not differ significantly from those who had been diagnosed more than a year previously. There was no significant relation between knowledge and other measures, but satisfaction was significantly correlated with mood. A further 82 patients were recruited to evaluate a group education session. Patients were randomly allocated either to receive a leaflet about thyrotoxicosis or to attend a group education session in addition to a leaflet. Comparison of the two groups showed a significant difference in anxiety (p = 0.02) but no significant difference in knowledge. Only 9 of 31 patients attended the group education session, and no significant differences were found between those who did and did not attend. Patients in the trial who all received leaflets, were more knowledgeable (p = 0.05) and more satisfied (p < 0.05), than those in the initial survey. Patients with thyrotoxicosis have limited knowledge about their condition. The offer of a group education programme had little effect on that knowledge but was associated with a reduction in anxiety. The provision of leaflets alone seemed to improve knowledge and satisfaction compared with no leaflets, but as this was not a randomised comparison, further evaluation is needed.
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Avaliação das Necessidades , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Tireotoxicose/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of a change in body position (right or left lateral) and timing of backrub (immediate or delayed) on mixed venous oxygen saturation in surgical ICU patients. METHODS: A repeated-measures design was used to study 57 critically ill men. Mixed venous oxygen saturation was recorded at 1-minute intervals for 5 minutes in each of three periods: baseline, after turning, and after backrub. Subjects were randomly assigned to body position and timing of backrub. Subjects in the immediate-backrub group were turned and given a 1-minute backrub. Mixed venous oxygen saturation was measured at 1-minute intervals for 5 minutes at two points: after the backrub and then with the patient lying on his side. For subjects in the delayed-backrub group, saturation was measured at 1-minute intervals for 5 minutes at two different points: after the subject was turned to his side and after the backrub. RESULTS: Both position and timing of backrub had significant effects on mixed venous oxygen saturation across conditions over time. Subjects positioned on their left side had a significantly greater decrease in saturation when the backrub was started. At the end of the backrub, saturation was significantly lower in subjects lying on their left side than in subjects lying on their right side. The pattern of change differed according to the timing of the backrub, and return to baseline levels of saturation after intervention differed according to body position. CONCLUSIONS: Two consecutive interventions (change in body position and backrub) cause a greater decrease in mixed venous oxygen saturation than the two interventions separated by a 5-minute equilibration period. Turning to the left side decreases oxygen saturation more than turning to the ride side does. Oxygen saturation returns to clinically acceptable ranges within 5 minutes of an intervention. In patients with stable hemodynamic conditions, the standard practice of turning the patient and immediately giving a backrub is recommended. However, it is prudent to closely monitor individual patterns of mixed venous oxygen saturation, particularly in patients with unstable hemodynamic conditions.
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Estado Terminal/enfermagem , Massagem , Oxigênio/sangue , Postura , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Pesquisa em Enfermagem Clínica , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , VeiasRESUMO
Bromide toxicosis was diagnosed in an 8-year-old Labrador Retriever that had been treated for epilepsy with potassium bromide, at a dosage of 29 mg/kg of body weight/d. Clinical signs included hind limb weakness, ataxia, and disorientation. Renal insufficiency, diagnosed by determination of endogenous creatinine clearance, was believed to be responsible for the development of bromide toxicosis in this dog. Diuresis with physiologic saline solution and discontinuation of bromide and phenobarbital treatment resulted in rapid resolution of abnormal neurologic signs; however, serum bromide concentrations decreased dramatically during diuresis and seizures recurred. Although saline diuresis has been recommended for the treatment of bromide intoxication in human beings, more conservative measures, such as discontinuation of bromide and short-term fluid administration, may be more appropriate for epileptic dogs.
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Anticonvulsivantes/intoxicação , Brometos/intoxicação , Doenças do Cão/induzido quimicamente , Epilepsia/veterinária , Compostos de Potássio/intoxicação , Insuficiência Renal/veterinária , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacocinética , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Brometos/sangue , Brometos/farmacocinética , Brometos/uso terapêutico , Creatinina/metabolismo , Diurese , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Cães , Quimioterapia Combinada , Epilepsia/complicações , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Meia-Vida , Taxa de Depuração Metabólica , Fenobarbital/uso terapêutico , Intoxicação/terapia , Intoxicação/veterinária , Compostos de Potássio/farmacocinética , Compostos de Potássio/uso terapêutico , Insuficiência Renal/complicações , Cloreto de Sódio/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Examination of faculty interreader reliability on essay-type comprehensive examinations revealed an overall agreement rate of 85.6%. No significant differences in agreement were found between departments. Examination of reader characteristics for those exams with 100 points variation between readers revealed no consistent differences. The findings support the use of one format with a structured scoring protocol for evaluating diverse clinical specialties.
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Educação de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem , Avaliação Educacional/métodos , California , Humanos , Especialidades de Enfermagem , Estatística como Assunto , EnsinoRESUMO
The search for a new dean of a collegiate nursing program offers the faculty and administration an opportunity to clarify their understanding and vision of the future. The authors describe how one nursing faculty, through a search committee, clarified its vision of the future in the process of recruiting, selecting, and evaluating candidates for the deanship.
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Pessoal Administrativo/normas , Enfermeiros Administradores/normas , Seleção de Pessoal/métodos , Escolas de Enfermagem/organização & administração , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Gestão de Recursos Humanos , Seleção de Pessoal/economia , Seleção de Pessoal/normasRESUMO
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Two national surveys were conducted in Jordan in 2002 and 2010 to investigate the micronutrient status in women and children. To determine the prevalence of anemia, iron and folate deficiency among women and children in 2010 and compare with the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in 2002. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A nationally representative survey was conducted in 2002 (1023 women, 15-49 years of age; 1059 children, 12-59 months of age) and a second survey in 2010 (2035 women; 940 children). Venous blood samples were used to measure hemoglobin, ferritin and red blood cell folate (the latter on a subsample of 393 women). RESULTS: Among women in 2010, the prevalence of folate deficiency and insufficiency was 13.6% and 82.9%, respectively. Geometric mean serum ferritin was higher in 2010 compared with 2002 (21.3 ng/ml vs 18.3, P=0.01); there was no significant change in the prevalence of iron deficiency (35.1% vs 38.7%, P=0.17), iron deficiency anemia (19.1% vs 20.0%, P=0.61) or anemia (29.2% vs 29.3%, P=0.96). Among children, a significantly lower prevalence was observed in 2010 compared with 2002 for iron deficiency (13.7% vs 26.2% P<0.001) and iron deficiency anemia (4.8% vs 10.1%, P<0.001); a nonsignificant lower prevalence was observed for anemia (16.6% vs 20.2%, P=0.09). CONCLUSIONS: In 2010, approximately one of seven women was folate deficient and six out of seven were folate insufficient for the prevention of neural tube defects. Between 2002 and 2010, significant improvement was observed in the prevalence of iron deficiency in children, but not in women.
Assuntos
Anemia Ferropriva/epidemiologia , Deficiência de Ácido Fólico/epidemiologia , Deficiências de Ferro , Micronutrientes/deficiência , Adolescente , Adulto , Anemia/epidemiologia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Ferritinas/sangue , Ácido Fólico/sangue , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Lactente , Jordânia/epidemiologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estado Nutricional , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To combat iron and other micronutrient deficiencies, the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic launched a regional Infant and Young Child Nutrition (IYCN) program in 2009, which included promotion of home fortification with micronutrient powder (MNP) containing iron (12.5 mg elemental iron), vitamin A (300 µg) and other micronutrients. Every 2 months children aged 6-24 months were provided 30 sachets to be taken on a flexible schedule. The objective was to assess biochemical indicators of iron and vitamin A status among children aged 6-24 months at the baseline and follow-up surveys. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Cross-sectional representative cluster surveys were conducted in 2008 (n=571 children) and 2010 (n=541). Data collected included measurement of hemoglobin, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), retinol-binding protein, C-reactive protein (CRP) and α1-glycoprotein acid (AGP). RESULTS: Among all children, declines were observed in the prevalence of: anemia, 50.6% versus 43.8% (P=0.05); total iron deficiency (either low ferritin or high sTfR), 77.3% versus 63.7% (P<0.01); and iron deficiency anemia, 45.5% versus 33.4% (P<0.01). Among children without inflammation as measured by CRP and AGP, similar declines were observed, but only declines in total iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia reached statistical significance. Among all children and those without inflammation, the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency remained the same. CONCLUSIONS: One year after the introduction of home fortification with MNP, within a larger IYCN program, the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia declined, but vitamin A deficiency remained unchanged.