Effectiveness of smoking cessation intervention based on the ABC Approach in patients with TB.

SETTING: Urban setting in the Philippines. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of the ABC Approach developed by The Union as a tobacco-smoking cessation intervention for TB patients at a primary healthcare level in an urban setting in the Philippines. DESIGN: We set up an intervention group whose patients with TB received the ABC approach and a control group of patients with TB receiving only routine health education in Manila, The Philippines. We collected smoking status and the domestic secondhand-smoking (SHS) status data from patients with TB at months 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12. TB treatment outcome data were also collected. RESULTS: Patients with TB (n = 2,174) were enrolled upon TB registration. Smoking rates were consistently low in the intervention group (3.9% vs. 8.7% at Month 6). The odds ratios of both tobacco-smoking status and domestic SHS status in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group (tobacco-smoking status: P < 0.001, domestic SHS status: P < 0.01). TB treatment success rates were similar between the groups (85.0% vs. 87.3%; P = 0.201). CONCLUSION: The ABC approach successfully reduced tobacco-smoking rates, maintained low domestic SHS rates and TB treatment success rates in the Philippines.

CADRE: Cadre urbain aux Philippines. OBJECTIF: Évaluer l'efficacité de l'approche ABC développée par L'Union en tant qu'intervention de sevrage tabagique pour les patients atteints de TB au niveau des soins de santé primaires en milieu urbain aux Philippines. MÉTHODE: Nous avons mis en place un groupe d'intervention dont les patients atteints de TB ont reçu l'approche ABC et un groupe témoin de patients atteints de TB ne recevant qu'une éducation sanitaire de routine à Manille, aux Philippines. Nous avons recueilli des données sur le statut tabagique et le statut de tabagisme passif (SHS, pour l'anglais « secondhand-smoking ¼) domestique des patients atteints de TB aux mois 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 et 12. Des données sur les résultats du traitement de la TB ont également été recueillies. RÉSULTATS: Les patients atteints de TB (n = 2 174) ont été recrutés lors de l'enregistrement de la TB. Les taux de tabagisme étaient constamment faibles dans le groupe d'intervention (3,9% contre 8,7% au 6e mois). Les rapports de cotes du tabagisme et du statut SHS canadien dans le groupe d'intervention étaient significativement inférieurs à ceux du groupe témoin (tabagisme : P < 0,001, statut SHS national : P < 0,01). Les taux de réussite du traitement de la TB étaient similaires entre les groupes (85,0% contre 87,3% ; P = 0,201). CONCLUSION: L'approche ABC a permis de réduire les taux de tabagisme, de maintenir de faibles taux nationaux de SHS et de taux de réussite du traitement de la TB aux Philippines.

Ensuring continuous TB treatment across Asian borders.

BACKGROUND: Mid-treatment cross-border migration of patients with TB increases the risk of treatment interruption. OBJECTIVE: To establish a cross-border referral process for patients with TB in Japan, and enhance their access to health facilities and treatment outcomes. DESIGN: This prospective cohort study describes and assesses the process of foreign-born patients with TB who returned to their home countries during treatment, focusing on their access to healthcare facilities and treatment outcomes. RESULTS: We enrolled 135 foreign-born patients with TB, and confirmed that 112 (83.0%) were referred to and accessed healthcare facilities after returning to their home countries. Of 102 patients due to complete treatment as of July 2023, 87 (85.3%) completed their treatment. We did not identify significant differences in the treatment success rate among patient characteristics, except between the patients with confirmed access to a healthcare facility and those without (P < 0.001). We confirmed that 49/87 (56.3%) patients had completed treatment with official data. CONCLUSION: The access and treatment success rates of the cross-bordered patients with TB from Japan were >80%; however, we should further improve this proportion by confirming the treatment outcomes with official data.

CONTEXTE: La migration transfrontalière en milieu de traitement des patients atteints de TB augmente le risque d'interruption du traitement. OBJECTIF: Etablir un processus d'orientation transfrontalière pour les patients atteints de TB au Japon et à améliorer leur accès aux établissements de santé et les résultats de leur traitement. CONCEPTION: Cette étude de cohorte prospective décrit et évalue le processus des patients atteints de TB et nés à l'étranger qui sont retournés dans leur pays d'origine pendant le traitement, en se concentrant sur leur accès aux établissements de santé et sur les résultats du traitement. RÉSULTATS: Nous avons recruté 135 patients atteints de TB et nés à l'étranger et confirmé que 112 (83,0%) ont été orientés vers des établissements de santé et y ont accédé après leur retour dans leur pays d'origine. Des 102 patients qui devaient terminer leur traitement en juillet 2023, 87 (85,3%) l'ont terminé. Nous n'avons pas identifié de différences significatives dans le taux de réussite du traitement en fonction des caractéristiques des patients, sauf entre les patients ayant un accès confirmé à un établissement de santé et ceux qui n'en ont pas (P < 0,001). Nous avons confirmé que 49 (56,3%) des 87 patients avaient terminé leur traitement à l'aide des données officielles. CONCLUSION: Les taux d'accès et de réussite du traitement des patients transfrontaliers atteints de TB en provenance du Japon étaient >85% ; cependant, nous devrions encore améliorer cette proportion en confirmant les résultats du traitement à l'aide de données officielles.

The published research paper: is it an important indicator of successful operational research at programme level?

Is a published research paper an important indicator of successful operational research at programme level in low-income countries? In academia, publishing in peer-reviewed scientific journals is highly encouraged and strongly pursued for academic recognition and career progression. In contrast, for those who engage in operational research at programme level, there is often no necessity or reward for publishing the results of research studies; it may even be criticized as being an unnecessary detraction from programme-related work. We present arguments to support publishing operational research from low-income countries; we highlight some of the main reasons for failure of publication at programme level and suggest ways forward.

[Impact of preoperative 64-row multislice computed tomography for congenital aortic stenosis; report of a case].

A 63-year-old woman was diagnosed as having severe aortic stenosis (AS) with 98 mmHg peak pressure gradient detected by echocardiography. Since, preoperative enhanced 64-row multislice computed tomography (MSCT) showed bicuspid aortic valve with only 2 sinuses of Valsalva, congenital aortic stenosis was suspected. The left and right coronary arteries originated from respective sinus of Valsalva, and severely thickened cusps of aortic valve were detected clearly by preoperative 64-row MSCT. Aortic valve replacement with a 21 mm ATS mechanical bileaflet prosthesis was performed without aortic annulus enlargement. The postoperative course was uneventful and postoperative 64-row MSCT indicated good performance of the ATS valve. Preoperative 64-row MSCT could be useful to detect complex aortic valve disease in detail. Moreover. 64-row MSCT might be a reliable tool to evaluate valvular heart disease.

Pre-migration TB screening-the first step is always the hardest.

As the proportion of foreign-born persons among TB notifications continues to rise, Japan is preparing to introduce pre-migration TB screening for those coming from selected countries, who are intending to stay for more than 90 days. It has announced that the programme will commence in 2020. In this review, the authors examine the experiences from two countries which already have years of experience in operating pre-migration TB screening, namely the United Kingdom and Australia. The authors point out that both countries have developed strong health information system not only to collect and analyse screening results, but also to use the data to effectively monitor and evaluate the screening programme itself. The critical role which health information system plays within pre-migration screening is often overlooked. Here we argue that Japan, as with any other countries planning to introduce pre-migration screening for TB, must also plan for data management.

A cost-effectiveness study of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection screening in prisons in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Prison inmates are considered a high-risk population for tuberculosis (TB) in Japan. However, they are currently only screened for active TB using chest X-ray (CXR) as part of an annual health check.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of screening for latent TB infection (LTBI) using interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) on entry into prison institutions.METHOD: We developed a transmission model of TB, taking into consideration the TB and LTBI epidemiology among inmates in Japan. Using a decision tree, we compared and evaluated no screening, screening using CXR, and IGRA screening for LTBI with CXR upon entry for a hypothetical cohort of 10 000 persons, aged ≥20 years; active TB cases prevented was the health outcome.RESULTS: It was estimated that 314 active TB cases would occur in the absence of any screening policy. IGRA with CXR screening averted 176 cases, while just one case of active TB was averted with CXR only screening. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per active TB case prevented was respectively US$2672 and US$43 984 for IGRA + CXR screening and CXR only screening.CONCLUSION: Screening with IGRA should be considered as the most cost-effective screening policy for prison inmates.

Informed patient consent for defaulter tracing: should we obtain it?

Active default tracing is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) programmatic control. It can be differentiated into the tracing of defaulters (patients not seen at the clinic for > or =2 months) and 'late patients' (late for their scheduled appointments). Tracing is carried out to obtain reliable information about who has truly died, transferred out or stopped treatment, and, if possible, to persuade those who have stopped treatment to resume. This is important because, unlike routine care for non-communicable diseases, TB has the potential for transmission to other members of the community, and therefore presents the issue of the rights of the individual over the rights of the community. For this reason, default or 'late patient' tracing (defined together as default tracing in this article) has been incorporated into standard practice in most TB programmes and, in many industrialised countries, it is also a part of public health legislation. In resource-poor countries with limited access to phones or e-mails, default tracing involves active home visits. In this Unresolved Issues article, we discuss the need for patient consent within both the programmatic and the research context; we describe how this subject arose during operational research training at the Research Institute of Tuberculosis in Japan; we provide comments from individuals who are experienced and skilled at international and national TB control; and finally we offer some conclusions about the way forward. This is not an easy subject, and we welcome open debate on the issue.

Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in an urban area in Japan, 2002-2006.

SETTING: Shinjuku City, Tokyo, Japan. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the status of transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Shinjuku City to allocate resources efficiently and effectively for a successful tuberculosis (TB) control programme. DESIGN: Observational descriptive study combining the genotype data of M. tuberculosis with TB patient profiles. RESULTS: The genotype clustering rate was significantly higher in males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.94, 95%CI 1.04-3.65, P = 0.038), patients aged <40 years (aOR 2.09, 95%CI 1.17-3.71, P = 0.012) and the homeless (aOR 2.72, 95%CI 1.42-5.20, P = 0.002), and was lower for the foreign-born (aOR 0.21, 95%CI 0.06-0.76, P = 0.017). Among 45 genotype clusters containing 152 TB patients, 26 clusters containing 102 patients (67.1%) were composed of a mix of homeless and non-homeless patients. One of the mixed clusters included an 8-month-old infant born in Japan. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that M. tuberculosis transmission occurred more frequently among the homeless than in non-homeless persons. However, transmission by casual contact between the homeless and the general population was also shown to occur.

[Mitral valve plasty for infective endocarditis associated with vertebral osteomyelitis].

Infective endocarditis (IE) associated with vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) is relatively rare, but needs long and careful therapy. We report a case of the patient who was incidentally diagnosed as having IE during therapy for VO. A 77-year-old man was hospitalized with a complaint of high fever and back pain. Because magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated osteomyelitis, antibiotic therapy was started. Persistent infectious signs and congestive heart failure indicated the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Echocardiogram demonstrated sever mitral regurgitation due to perforation of anterior mitral leaflet but no vegetation. Surgery revealed perforation of the valvular aneurysm of the anterior mitral leaflet, which was successfully repaired with deberidement and patch closure. Antibiotic therapy was continued for 4 months postoperatively. In the case of VO, it is often necessary to consider an association of IE, although it is hardly possible to determine which the preceding infection is.

Using surveillance data to simulate the impact of a hypothetical pre-entry tuberculosis screening programme in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Despite a growing burden of foreign-born tuberculosis (TB) patients, Japan does not currently practise pre-entry tuberculosis (TB) screening among foreign-born entrants. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of a hypothetical pre-entry TB screening programme among new foreign-born entrants into Japan. METHOD: Using publicly available sources, we estimated 1) the number of prevalent TB cases, defined as bacteriologically or clinically confirmed cases among new foreign-born entrants into Japan in 2015, and 2) the yield from a hypothetical pre-entry TB screening programme under three scenarios: Scenario A, in which screening would be required of all applicants intending to stay for 3 months; Scenario B, screening among applicants for visas for settlement purposes; and Scenario C, screening among student and technical intern visa applicants. RESULTS: The numbers of prevalent TB cases under Scenarios A, B and C were respectively 492, 54 and 248 out of a total of 328 791, 21 554 and 182 879 applicants, respectively 276, 29 and 137 of whom would be detected via the pre-entry screening programme, giving an yield of respectively 83.9, 134.5 and 74.9 per 100 000 screened under each scenario. CONCLUSION: The yield was the highest under Scenario B; however, the impact was greatest under Scenario A, in that it detected the greatest number of patients and thus contributed the most in reducing the burden of foreign-born TB cases in Japan.

The challenges of the Philippines' social health insurance programme in the era of Universal Health Coverage.

Objective: To quantitatively and qualitatively describe some of the challenges faced by the Philippines' health insurance programme, PhilHealth, in the era of Universal Health Coverage. Methods: A descriptive study using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data were collected from various sources and semi-structured interviews were conducted among staff of relevant organisations. We focused particularly on the enrolment process among eligible individuals and the system of reimbursement in five local government units (LGUs). Results: The proportion of individuals enrolled as 'poor' exceeded the number officially assessed as being poor by 1-11 times in almost all of the LGUs evaluated. Interviews revealed 'politically indigent' individuals, i.e., the enrolment of non-poor individuals as poor. Several health centres were not receiving reimbursements from PhilHealth, likely due to structural and political deficiencies in the process of claiming and receiving reimbursements. Conclusion: The composition of the sponsored and indigent membership groups requires closer examination to determine whether people who are truly marginalised are left without health coverage. PhilHealth also needs to improve its reaccreditation and reimbursement systems and processes so that health centres can appreciate the benefits of becoming PhilHealth-accredited service providers.

Objectif : Décrire quantitativement et qualitativement certains des défis auxquels est confronté le programme d'assurance sociale santé des Philippines à l'ère de la couverture santé universelle.Méthodes : Etude descriptive recourant à un mélange de méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives. Les données quantitatives ont été recueillies grâce à des ressources variées et à des entretiens semi-structurés réalisés au sein du personnel des organisations concernées. Nous nous sommes particulièrement concentrés sur la procédure d'enrôlement des patients éligibles et sur le système de remboursement dans cinq unités gouvernementales locales (LGU) des Philippines.Résultats : Le ratio d'enrôlement de ceux identifiés comme « pauvres ¼ a été multiplié par 1 à 11 dans presque toutes les LGU interviewées. L'analyse des entretiens a révélé une indigence « politique ¼, aboutissant à l'enrôlement de non pauvres comme pauvres. Plusieurs centres de santé n'ont pas reçu de remboursement de PhilHealth, très probablement en raison de déficiences structurelles et politiques du processus de demande et de réception des remboursements.Conclusion : Un examen plus attentif du statut des personnes enrôlées pour être subventionnés et de l'affiliation en tant qu'indigent devrait être réalisé afin de déterminer si des personnes réellement marginalisées restent sans couverture. PhilHealth doit également améliorer les systèmes et processus de réaccréditation et de remboursement pour que les centres de santé apprécient le bénéfice de devenir prestataires de service accrédités de PhilHealth.

Objetivo: Describir de manera cuantitativa y cualitativa algunas de las dificultades que afronta el programa social de seguro de salud de Filipinas en la era de la cobertura de salud para todos.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con una combinación de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Los datos cuantitativos se recogieron de varias fuentes y se llevaron a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas a miembros del personal de organizaciones pertinentes. Se prestó una atención especial al procedimiento de inscripción de las personas aptas y al sistema de reembolso en cinco unidades gubernamentales locales (LGU) de Filipinas.Resultados: La proporción de inscripciones de personas calificadas como 'pobres' fue de 1 a 11 veces superior en todas las LGU encuestadas. El análisis de las entrevistas reveló que la definición 'política' de indigente llevó a la inscripción como pobres de personas no lo eran. Varios centros de salud no recibían reembolsos de PhilHealth, muy probablemente debido a deficiencias estructurales y políticas en el proceso solicitud y de recepción de los reembolsos.Conclusión: Es necesario practicar una investigación cuidadosa de la composición de los miembros inscritos en la categoría subvencionada o la categoría indigente, con el objeto de determinar si las personas realmente marginalizadas quedan sin cobertura. Asimismo, PhilHealth debe mejorar los sistemas y los procedimientos de reacreditación y de reembolso de los centros de salud, de manera que se puedan apreciar los beneficios que otorga a un prestador de atención de salud la acreditación por parte de este organismo.

A survey on the referral of tuberculosis patients at the National Tuberculosis Institute, Yemen.

The study aims to determine whether the tuberculosis (TB) patients referred from the National Tuberculosis Institute (NTI), Sana'a City, actually present themselves, are registered and initiate treatment at the health facilities to which they are referred. In 2004, 591 smear-positive TB cases were diagnosed, 481 cases were referred back to health centres, 75 cases were registered at the NTI and 35 cases could not be retrieved. Among the 481 referred cases, 427 cases actually presented themselves and were registered at the health centres (88.8%). The average number of days between the day of referral and that of registration was 2.5 days (median 1 day).

Nationwide survey on the prevalence of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the Republic of Yemen, 2004.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of resistance to the four major anti-tuberculosis drugs, isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol, in Yemen. METHODS: Cluster sampling with probability proportionate to size was applied. Susceptibility to four major anti-tuberculosis drugs was examined. The proportion method using Löwenstein-Jensen medium or Ogawa medium was carried out. RESULTS: A total of 790 primary culture isolates from tuberculosis (TB) cases enrolled at the National Tuberculosis Institute, Yemen, were examined. In the confirmation culture at the supranational reference laboratory, 227 of them failed to grow on the secondary culture or were proved to be mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis and were excluded from further analysis. Among 563 cultures, 510 were obtained from new cases and 53 from previously treated cases. The prevalence of resistance to any four drugs was 9.8% (95%CI 7.0-12.5) among new cases and 17.4% (95%CI 12.0-33.5) among previously treated cases. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant TB was 3.0% (95%CI 1.5-4.5) among new cases and 9.4% (95%CI 0.2-18.7) among previously treated cases. CONCLUSION: The first nationwide prevalence survey on resistance to the four major anti-tuberculosis drugs in Yemen showed a relatively low prevalence of drug-resistant cases, but a high prevalence of multidrug resistance among new cases.

Evaluation of tuberculosis contact investigations in Japan.

SETTING: Although monitoring and evaluation using standardised indicators is an important aspect of tuberculosis (TB) contact investigation, no attempts have been made to systematically evaluate contact investigations in Japan. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate TB contact investigations conducted in public health centres (PHCs) by estimating the scores of selected indicators. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 to estimate six selected indicator scores for contact tracing, contact evaluation and contact treatment at 11 PHCs using the TB registry and relevant contact investigation records of all forms of newly notified active TB cases. Indicator scores were compared across PHCs using median and interquartile range (IQR). RESULTS: A total of 2527 contacts of 313 index TB cases were identified; of these, 1874 were evaluated using the tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs). Of 187 contacts who were TST/IGRA-positive, 15 were diagnosed with active TB. Consistently higher medians and lower IQRs were obtained for indicators of contact tracing and contact evaluation than those of contact treatment. CONCLUSION: Our study is the first to evaluate the performance of TB contact investigations in Japan using standardised indicators; the study indicated performance gaps, especially in the treatment for latent tuberculous infection among contacts.

Enhancing tuberculosis patient detection and care through community volunteers in the urban poor, The Philippines.

Setting: The Research Institute of Tuberculosis/Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association Philippines is a local non-governmental organisation (NGO) established in 2008 to improve access to tuberculosis (TB) services. Community health volunteers (CHVs) from NGO referring facilities were engaged to assist in local TB control activities. Objective: To describe the activities of the CHVs and the barriers experienced by patients with presumptive TB in seeking health care to treatment as documented on a master list, and to identify the CHVs' challenges in community TB care implementation. Design: This was a retrospective evaluation with a non-experimental design reviewing the presumptive TB master list and TB reports and conducting a free discussion session (FDS) in 2012. Results: Of the 78% (281/362) of referred presumptive TB patients who accessed a DOTS facility, 69% (194/281) underwent a diagnostic examination and 42% (81/194) were diagnosed with active TB. Of the 93% (75/81) initiated on treatment, 92% (69/75) were successfully treated. The CHVs contributed approximately 3% (75/2534) to the total TB cases diagnosed at the DOTS facilities. In the FDS, barriers evoked in seeking health care for treatment were transfer of residence and lack of interest in seeking a consultation. In 2012, the CHV attrition rate was 55% (80/145). Conclusion: The CHVs assisted in enhancing access to TB care and case detection. Sustainability of the CHVs' efforts should be explored to retain them in the programme.

Contexte : Le Research Institute of Tuberculosis/Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association Philippines, Inc, est une organisation non gouvernementale (ONG) locale créée en 2008 afin d'améliorer l'accès aux services de tuberculose (TB). Des travailleurs de santé communautaire (CHV) des structures de référence de l'ONG ont été engagés pour participer aux activités locales de lutte contre la TB.Objectif : Décrire les activités des CHV et les obstacles rencontrés par des patients présumés tuberculeux depuis la recherche de soins de santé jusqu'au traitement comme documenté sur la liste index, et identifier les défis auxquels sont confrontés les CHV dans la mise en œuvre de la prise en charge communautaire de la TB.Schéma : Evaluation rétrospective avec un schéma non expérimental par revue de la liste des cas présumés de TB, les rapports relatifs à la TB et l'organisation de séances de discussion libre (FDS) en 2012.Résultats : Soixante-dix-huit pour cent (281/362) des cas de TB présumés référés ont eu accès à un service de DOTS, puis 69% (194/281) ont eu un bilan diagnostique et 42% (81/194) ont eu un diagnostic de TB active. Quatre-vingt-treize pour cent (75/81) ont été mis sous traitement, puis 92% (69/75) ont été traités avec succès. Les CHV ont contribué à environ 3% (75/2534) du nombre total de cas de TB des services de DOTS. Lors des FDS, les obstacles rencontrés, de la recherche de soins jusqu'au traitement, ont été le changement de résidence et le manque d'intérêt à venir consulter. En 2012, le taux d'attrition des CHV a été de 55% (80/145).Conclusion : Les CHV ont contribué à améliorer l'accès à la prise en charge de la TB et à la détection des cas. La pérennisation de leurs efforts devrait être explorée afin de les garder dans le programme.

Marco de referencia: El Instituto de Investigación en Tuberculosis de la Asociación Japonesa contra la Tuberculosis, Filipinas, es una organización no gubernamental (ONG) local fundada en el 2008 con el fin de mejorar el acceso a los servicios relacionados con la tuberculosis (TB). Los voluntarios de salud de la comunidad (CHV) de los centros remitentes operados por las ONG se vincularon como asistentes a las actividades locales de control de la TB.Objetivo: Describir las actividades de los CHV, los obstáculos que encuentran las personas con presunción de TB al buscar atención de salud y tratamiento a partir de la información recogida con una lista modelo y reconocer las dificultades que afrontan los CHV cuando prestan servicios de atención comunitaria de la TB.Método: Se realizó en el 2012 una evaluación retrospectiva no experimental, mediante el examen de una lista modelo sobre la presunción de TB, los registros de TB y una sesión de discusión libre (FDS) con los CHV.Resultados: Setenta y ocho por ciento de los pacientes con presunción de TB remitidos (281/362) accedieron al establecimiento de DOTS, se practicó la investigación diagnóstica en el 69% de ellos (194/281), de los cuales en el 42% (81/194) se diagnosticó TB activa. El 93% (75/81) inició tratamiento y de ellos el 92% (69/75) logró un tratamiento exitoso. Los CHV contribuyeron con cerca de 3% (75/2534) del total de casos de TB de los centros DOTS. En la sesión de debate libre, los obstáculos referidos, desde la búsqueda de atención de salud hasta el tratamiento, fueron el cambio de residencia y la falta de interés en consultar. En el 2012, el índice de deserción de los CHV fue 55% (80/145).Conclusión: Los CHV contribuyeron a reforzar el acceso a la atención de la TB y la detección de casos. Es preciso examinar la sostenibilidad de la iniciativa de los CHV al propósito de conservar su presencia en el programa.

Tuberculosis drug resistance and treatment outcomes under DOTS settings in large cities in the Philippines.

SETTING: Two large cities in the Philippines. OBJECTIVES: To describe the problems of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in an urban setting, with special emphasis on their potential impact on the treatment services provided by the National TB Control Programme. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey and cohort analysis of treatment outcomes. METHODS: All patients with positive sputum smear examination results in Cebu and Mandaue cities during the survey period were included. The survey procedures of the World Health Organization and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease were strictly applied. Treatment outcome data were also collected. RESULTS: Of 306 cases enrolled, 255 were new cases, 28 were previously treated and for 23 treatment history was unknown. Of the new cases, 72.2% were pan-susceptible to all four first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Resistance in new cases was 16.9% to isoniazid (INH), 4.7% to rifampicin (RMP), 3.1% to ethambutol, 18.0% to streptomycin, and 3.9% to at least both INH and RMP (multidrug-resistant [MDR]). Over 90% of the new cases, either pan-susceptible or mono-resistant, were successfully treated with the standard regimen, but four of nine MDR new cases could not be cured. CONCLUSION: The drug resistance level was high in this population, but treatment outcome using the standard treatment regimen was not seriously affected unless the patients were MDR.

Evaluating the impact of health resource reconstruction on improving spatial accessibility of tuberculosis care.

SETTING: In Japan, a decline in tuberculosis (TB) notification rates and shortening of duration of hospitalisation have led to a drastic decrease in the number of hospital beds for TB patients (TB beds), causing severe undersupply in certain regions. OBJECTIVE: To assess the current status of spatial access to TB beds in Japan and evaluate the potential impact of health resource reconstruction in mitigating undersupply of TB beds. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted whereby a two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method was used to calculate an 'accessibility score' to evaluate spatial accessibility of TB beds in the regions classified by four levels of urbanisation. The impact of introducing 'potential TB beds' was assessed via the changes in the proportion of undersupplied regions and TB patients notified from undersupplied regions. RESULTS: Undersupplied regions were characterised by 'very low', 'low' and 'moderate' level of urbanisation. By introducing 'potential TB beds', the proportion of both undersupplied regions and TB patients could be significantly reduced, especially in less urbanised regions. CONCLUSION: Our results may be used to guide future decision-making over resource allocation of TB care in Japan. The 2SFCA method may be applied to other countries using appropriate demand and supply variables.

A review of tuberculosis contact investigations in the poor urban areas of Manila, The Philippines.

Setting: Socio-economically underprivileged areas in the Philippines. Objective: To review the implementation of tuberculosis (TB) contact investigations in the urban poor areas of Manila and Quezon City. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study based on a review of data from household contact registries in local government unit (LGU) and non-government organisation (NGO) facilities during January-December 2012 in Manila and Quezon City. Free discussion sessions were also conducted among health-care workers. Results: Of 6161 children and adult household contacts listed in the LGUs and 1893 in the NGOs, 17% (n = 1086) in the LGUs and 95% (n = 1800) in the NGOs were evaluated. The yield of clinically diagnosed TB among children aged <15 years was 10.2% (127/1245) in the LGUs and 8.4% (63/752) in the NGOs. The yield of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for those aged <5 years was 23.1% (124/537) in the LGUs and 28.0% (78/279) in the NGOs. The NGOs produced a high yield of IPT due to a better logistical system that ensured the availability of supplies and systematic home visits. Conclusion: Screening of household contacts in poor urban areas appears to be effective; it increased the number of children aged <15 years eligible for IPT and should be expanded as an intervention strategy for TB control in the Philippines.

Contexte : Quartiers défavorisés sur le plan socio-économique aux Philippines.Objectif : Revoir la mise en œuvre de la recherche des contacts de tuberculose (TB) dans les zones urbaines pauvres de Manille et de Quezon City.Schéma : Une étude descriptive transversale basée sur une revue des données des registres de contacts domiciliaires de janvier à décembre 2012 dans des unités publiques locales (LGU) et des structures d'organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) à Manille et à Quezon City. Des séances de discussion libre ont également été réalisées avec les prestataires de soins.Résultats : Sur les 6161 contacts familiaux des LGU et les 1893 contacts des ONG (enfants et adultes) listés, 17% (1086/6161) des LGU et 95% (1800/1893) des ONG ont été évalués. Le pourcentage de TB diagnostiquées cliniquement parmi les enfants âgés de < 15 ans a été de 10,2% (127/1245) dans les LGU et de 8,4% (63/752) dans les ONG. Le pourcentage d'enfants âgés de < 5 ans mis sous traitement préventif par isoniazide (TPI) a été de 23,1% (124/537) dans les LGU et de 28,0% (78/279) dans les ONG. Les ONG ont eu une meilleure mise en œuvre du TPI grâce à un meilleur système logistique qui a assuré la disponibilité des médicaments et des visites à domicile systématiques.Conclusion : Le dépistage des contacts familiaux dans les zones urbaines pauvres semble être efficace et il a augmenté le nombre d'enfants âgés de < 15 ans éligibles au TPI ; il devrait être étendu en tant que stratégie d'intervention pour la lutte contre la TB aux Philippines.

Marco de referencia: Las regiones desfavorecidas desde el punto de vista socioeconómico en las Filipinas.Objetivo: Evaluar la aplicación de la investigación de contactos de casos de tuberculosis (TB) en las zonas urbanas pobres de Manila y Ciudad Quezón.Método: Un estudio transversal descriptivo con análisis de datos de los registros de contactos domiciliarios de enero a diciembre del 2012, en los establecimientos de las Unidades del Gobierno Local (UGL) y de Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONG) en Manila y Ciudad Quezón. Se realizó además una sesión abierta de conversaciones con los profesionales de salud.Resultados: En las UGL se evaluaron 17% (1086/6161) y en los establecimientos de las ONG se investigaron 95% (1800/1893) de los contactos domiciliarios registrados (niños y adultos). El rendimiento (diagnóstico clínico) en los niños <15 años fue 10,2% (127/1245) en las UGL y 8,4% (63/752) en las ONG. El suministro del tratamiento preventivo con isoniazida en los niños de < 5 años alcanzó un 23,1% (124/537) en las UGL y un 28,0% (78/279) en las ONG. Las ONG lograron un resultado superior con respecto al tratamiento preventivo debido a su mejor organización logística, que procuraba la disponibilidad de los suministros y visitas domiciliarias sistemáticas.Conclusión: La investigación de los contactos domiciliarios en las zonas urbanas pobres resulta eficaz y aumenta el número de niños <15 años que cumplen con los criterios para recibir el tratamiento preventivo con isoniazida. Sería conveniente ampliar la escala de esta intervención, como una estrategia de control de la TB en las Filipinas.

The referral pathway of presumptive drug-resistant tuberculosis in an urban poor setting, The Philippines.

Setting: Socio-economically underprivileged urban areas in the Philippines. Objectives: To identify gaps in the referral pathway of presumptive drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) patients from initial consultation until initiation of treatment. Design: A retrospective study in which a masterlist of presumptive multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) patients registered in 18 DOTS facilities in Tondo, Manila and Payatas, Quezon City, from October 2012 to September 2013, was analysed and reviewed. Results: Among 378 presumptive DR-TB patients identified and listed in the masterlist, 97% (368/378) were referred, of whom 90% (333/368) were screened at an MDR-TB treatment centre. Of the 368 patients, 35 (9.5%) were not screened, mainly due to loss to follow-up. Among those screened, 86.4% (288/333) were recommended for anti-tuberculosis treatment, of whom 98.2% (283/288) initiated treatment. The time between sample collection and examination was significantly longer at the laboratories of non-government organisations (NGOs) than at local government units (LGUs) (1 day vs. 0 day; P < 0.001). The time to the release of smear examination results to patients was significantly shorter at the NGOs than at the LGUs (4 days vs. 6 days; P = 0.009). Conclusion: The development of the presumptive MDR-TB masterlist facilitated tracking of patients for diagnosis and treatment. The NGOs should reduce delays in diagnosis and the LGUs should intensify patient follow-up to ensure early initiation of treatment.

Contexte : Quartiers défavorisés sur le plan socio-économique aux Philippines.Objectifs : Identifier les failles dans le parcours de référence des patients présumés atteints de tuberculose pharmacorésistante (TB-DR) depuis la consultation initiale jusqu'à la mise en route du traitement.Schéma : Nous avons revu et analysé rétrospectivement les patients enregistrés sur la liste des TB multirésistantes (TB-MDR) présumées de 18 structures offrant un traitement DOTS à Tondo, Manille et Payatas, Quezon City, d'octobre 2012 à septembre 2013.Résultats : Sur 378 patients TB-DR présumés identifiés et enrégistrés, 97% (368/378) ont été référés, puis 90% (333/368) dépistés dans un centre de traitement de la TB-MDR. Des 9,5% (35/368) qui n'ont pas été dépistés, ils avaient été perdus de vue en majorité. Parmi les patients dépistés, 86,4% (288/333) ont reçu une prescription de traitement de TB. Parmi eux, 98,2% (283/288) ont débuté le traitement. Le délai entre le recueil de l'échantillon et l'examen au laboratoire des organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) a été significativement plus long que dans les unités publiques locales (LGU) (1 jour contre 0 jour ; P < 0,001). Le délai de remise des résultats de l'examen du frottis au patient dans les ONG a été significativement plus court que dans les LGU (4 jours contre 6 jours ; P = 0,009).Conclusion : L'élaboration de listes de TB-MDR présumées a facilité la recherche des patients pour leur diagnostic et leur traitement. Les ONG devraient réduire les délais de diagnostic et les LGU devraient suivre leurs patients pour une mise en route rapide du traitement.

Marco de referencia: Las regiones desfavorecidas desde el punto de vista socioeconómico en las Filipinas.Objetivos: Reconocer las deficiencias en el sistema de derivación de los pacientes con presunción diagnóstica de tuberculosis farmacorresistente (TB-DR), desde la consulta inicial hasta el comienzo del tratamiento.Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de análisis y recapitulación de los pacientes registrados en la lista de referencia de casos con presunción de TB multirresistente (TB-MDR) en 18 establecimientos DOTS en Tondo, Manila y Payatas en Ciudad Quezón, de octubre del 2012 a septiembre del 2013.Resultados: De los 378 casos con presunción clínica de TB-DR detectados y registrados en la lista de referencia, se derivó el 97% (368/378) y se investigó el 90% (333/368) en un centro de tratamiento de la TB-MDR. La causa de la falta de investigación del 9,5% de los casos presuntos (35/368) consistió en primer lugar en la pérdida durante el seguimiento. Se recomendó el tratamiento antituberculoso a 86,4% de los pacientes examinados (288/333) y el 98,2% de estos comenzó el tratamiento (283/288). El lapso entre la recogida de las muestras y el examen de laboratorio en los establecimientos de las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) fue significativamente más prolongado que en los establecimientos de las unidades del gobierno local (UGL) (un día contra 0 días; P < 0,001). El lapso hasta la entrega del resultado de la baciloscopia al paciente fue notablemente más corto en las ONG que en las UGL (4 días contra 6 días; P = 0,009).Conclusión: La creación de la lista de referencia de casos con presunción de TB-MDR ha facilitado el seguimiento de los pacientes con fines de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se recomienda que las ONG acorten el lapso hasta el diagnóstico y que las UGL rastreen a los pacientes con el fin de comenzar oportunamente el tratamiento.

Can social network analysis assist in the prioritisation of contacts in a tuberculosis contact investigation?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of social network analysis (SNA) in prioritising contacts in a tuberculosis (TB) contact investigation. METHOD: We reviewed and analysed patient and contact investigation data from a large outbreak that occurred in Tokyo, Japan, between 2010 and 2012. Relevant data were extracted to create a social matrix, which was then analysed using SNA software to visualise the network and calculate SNA metrics (degree and betweenness) for all patients and contacts. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine whether degree and betweenness centrality scores could prioritise contacts for in-depth investigation by calculating the odds of latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) being diagnosed among contacts with high scores compared to those with low scores. RESULTS: The data on a total of 8 patients and 376 contacts, of whom 56 were diagnosed with LTBI, were analysed. Centrality scores did not show a statistically significant association with the risk of contacts being diagnosed with LTBI. However, contacts with high betweenness scores were more likely to be diagnosed with LTBI than contacts with lower scores (OR 2.88, 95%CI 1.31-5.83, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Our results showed the potential of a betweenness score in prioritising contacts during TB contact investigation.