Hybrid mixed-dimensional WTe2/CsPbI3perovskite heterojunction for high-performance photodetectors.

Perovskites have showed significant potential for the application in photodetectors due to their outstanding electrical and optical properties. Integrating two-dimensional (2D) materials with perovskites can make full use of the high carrier mobility of 2D materials and strong light absorption of perovskite to realize excellent optoelectrical properties. Here, we demonstrate a photodetector based on the WTe2/CsPbI3heterostructure. The quenching and the shortened lifetime of photoluminescence (PL) for CsPbI3perovskite confirms the efficient charge transfer at the WTe2/CsPbI3heterojunction. After coupled with WTe2, the photoresponsivity of the CsPbI3photodetector is improved by almost two orders of magnitude due to the high-gain photogating effect. The WTe2/CsPbI3heterojunction photodetector reveals a large responsivity of 1157 A W-1and a high detectivity of 2.1 × 1013Jones. The results pave the way for the development of high-performance optoelectronic devices based on 2D materials/perovskite heterojunctions.

Immobilizing Ionic Liquids onto Functionalized Surfaces for Sensing Volatile Organic Compounds.

Herein, a highly sensitive volatile organic compound (VOC) gas sensor is demonstrated using immobilized ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, onto surfaces functionalized by the quaternary ammonium group -N+R, -COOH, and -NH2, i.e., N+-IL, COOH-IL, and NH2-IL, respectively. These functional groups ensure highly tunable interactions between the IL and surfaces, efficiently modulating the electrical resistance of the immobilized IL upon exposure to acetone and toluene. The immobilized IL to both acetone and toluene displays significant electronic resistance changes at a concentration of 150 ppm, falling in the order NH2-IL > N+-IL > COOH-IL for acetone while COOH-IL > NH2-IL > N+-IL for toluene. A better gaseous sensing ability is achieved in COOH-IL for toluene than acetone, while this does not hold in the case of NH2-IL and N+-IL surfaces because of the completely different ion structuring of the IL at these functionalized surfaces. The accelerated ion mobility in the IL that is immobilized onto functionalized surfaces is also responsible for the strong gaseous sensing response, which is demonstrated further by the atomic force microscopy-measured smaller friction coefficient. This is highly encouraging and suggests that ILs can be immobilized by a network formed by surface functionalization to easily and cheaply detect VOCs at ppm concentrations.

Interfacial electronic properties of metal/CsSnBr3heterojunctions.

All-inorganic lead-free perovskite CsSnBr3, has been proved good stability and optoelectronic properties in theory and experiment. However, the interfacial electronic properties of metal/CsSnBr3are still unclear in electronic devices. Herein, we systematically investigate the interfacial properties of metal electrodes (Al, Ag and Au) and CsSnBr3with different atomic terminals (SnBr2-T and CsBr-T) through the first-principles calculation. SnBr2-T and CsBr-T have various contact types and Schottky barriers due to their different interaction strengths with metals. In particular, the moderate interlayer coupling strength with Al leads to the ultra-low Schottky barrier and tunneling barrier, which makes Al possess the best contact performance among the studied metals. Furthermore, the external electric field can be effective in regulating the Schottky barrier and realizing the Ohmic contact. These findings provide useful guidance for the design of perovskite-based nanoelectronic devices with high performance.

Assessment of low-dose paranasal sinus CT imaging using a new deep learning image reconstruction technique in children compared to adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction V (ASiR-V).

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction V (ASiR-V) on image quality in low-dose computed tomography (CT) of paranasal sinuses in children. METHODS: Low-dose CT scans of the paranasal sinuses in 25 pediatric patients were retrospectively evaluated. The raw data were reconstructed with three levels of DLIR (high, H; medium, M; and low, L), filtered back projection (FBP), and ASiR-V (30% and 50%). Image noise was measured in both soft tissue and bone windows, and the signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of the images were calculated. Subjective image quality at the ethmoid sinus and nasal cavity levels of the six groups of reconstructed images was assessed by two doctors using a five-point Likert scale in a double-blind manner. RESULTS: The patients' mean dose-length product and effective dose were 36.65 ± 2.44 mGy·cm and 0.17 ± 0.03 mSv, respectively. (1) Objective evaluation: 1. Soft tissue window: The difference among groups in each parameter was significant (P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons showed that the H group' s parameters were significantly better (P < 0.05) than those of the 50% post-ASiR-V group. 2. Bone window: No significant between-group differences were found in the noise of the petrous portion of the temporal bone or its SNR or in the noise of the pterygoid processes of the sphenoids or their SNRs (P > 0.05). Significant differences were observed in the background noise and CNR (P < 0.05). As the DLIR intensity increased, image noise decreased and the CNR improved. The H group exhibited the best image quality. (2) Subjective evaluation: Scores for images of the ethmoid sinuses were not significantly different among groups (P > 0.05). Scores for images of the nasal cavity were significantly different among groups (P < 0.05) and were ranked in descending order as follows: H, M, L, 50% post-ASiR-V, 30% post-ASiR-V, and FBP. CONCLUSION: DLIR was superior to FBP and post-ASiR-V in low-dose CT scans of pediatric paranasal sinuses. At high intensity (H), DLIR provided the best reconstruction effects.

Toward Unusual-High Hole Mobility of p-Channel Field-Effect-Transistors.

The relative low hole mobility of p-channel building block device challenges the continued miniaturization of modern electronic chips. Metal-semiconductor junction is always an efficient strategy to control the carrier concentration of channel semiconductor, benefiting the carrier mobility regulation of building block device. In this work, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible metals are selected to deposit on the surface of the important p-channel building block of GaSb nanowire field-effect-transistors (NWFETs), demonstrating the efficient strategy of hole mobility enhancement by metal-semiconductor junction. When deposited with lower work function metal of Al, the peak hole mobility of GaSb NWFET can be enhanced to as high as ≈3372 cm2 V-1 s-1 , showing three times than the un-deposited one. The as-studied metal-semiconductor junction is also efficient for the hole mobility enhancement of other p-channel devices, such as GaAs NWFET, GaAs film FET, and WSe2 FET. With the enhanced mobility, the as-constructed CMOS inverter shows good invert characteristics, showing a relatively high gain of ≈18.1. All results may be regarded as important advances to the next-generation electronics.

Laser direct-writing electrode for rapid customization of a photodetector.

The interdigital Ag electrode is fabricated via a simple and fast approach called laser direct writing (LDW). The morphology and conductivity of electrode fingers are investigated systematically under different experimental parameters, including the laser spot size, laser power, and scanning speed. "Dose" describes the combined influence of these experimental parameters. It is found that overdose results in net-shape and dot-shape hollows in the middle of an Ag line due to the sintering degree and complex flow dynamics, which reduced the conductivity of the Ag lines. Based on the printed Ag electrodes with the best conductivity, a photodetector is customized further, which can detect the offset of the line-shape laser easily. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time the printed Ag electrodes are applied to photodetectors, which can be highly valuable for developing all-printed electronic devices by LDW in the future.

Boron ink assisted in situ boron nitride coatings for anti-oxidation and anti-corrosion applications.

Graphene as a coating material that shows high impermeability as an excellent barrier in oxidation and corrosion protection has been reported to be less stable at elevated temperature. Sometimes the formed galvanic cell between the graphene and protective surface will even increase the corrosion speed. In comparison, boron nitride (BN), which shows the same impermeability with graphene, is believed to be a better coating material with its superior thermal and chemical inertness. In this study, an in situ synthesis of BN coatings, grown by boron ink, on both carbon and Cu for anti-oxidation and anti-corrosion purposes has been demonstrated. Thermogravimetric analysis and electrochemical analysis reveal that the BN coatings can effectively prevent the carbon from being oxidized at high temperature in air and adequately slow down the corrosion rate of Cu in sodium chloride solution, respectively. These results indicate that boron ink assisted in situ BN coating has high potential in the applications of oxidation and corrosion protection.

Metal Halide Perovskites: Synthesis, Ion Migration, and Application in Field-Effect Transistors.

The past several years have witnessed tremendous developments of metal halide perovskite (MHP)-based optoelectronics. Particularly, the intensive research of MHP-based light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, and solar cells could probably reform the optoelectronic semiconductor industry. In comparison, in spite of the large intrinsic charge carrier mobility of MHPs, the development of MHP-based field-effect transistors (MHP-FETs) is relatively slow, which is essentially due to the gate-field screening effect induced by the ion migration and accumulation in MHP-FETs. This work mainly aims to summarize the recent important work on MHP-FETs and propose solutions in terms of the development bottleneck of perovskite-based transistors, in an attempt to boost the research of MHP transistors further. First, the advantages and potential applications of MHP-FETs are briefly introduced, which is followed by a detailed description of the MHP crystalline structure and various material fabrication techniques. Afterward, MHP-FETs are discussed, including transistors based on hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites, all-inorganic perovskites, and lead-free perovskites.

Low-Voltage Photodetectors with High Responsivity Based on Solution-Processed Micrometer-Scale All-Inorganic Perovskite Nanoplatelets.

All-inorganic photodetectors based on scattered CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets with lateral dimension as large as 10 µm are fabricated, and the CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets are solution processed governed by a newly developed ion-exchange soldering mechanism. Under illumination of a 442 nm laser, the photoresponsivity of photodetectors based on these scattered CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets is as high as 34 A W-1 , which is the largest value reported from all-inorganic perovskite photodetectors with an external driven voltage as small as 1.5 V. Moreover, the rise and fall times are 0.6 and 0.9 ms, respectively, which are comparable to most of the state-of-the-art all-inorganic perovskite-based photodetectors. All the material synthesis and device characterization are conducted at room temperature in ambient air. This work demonstrates that the solution-processed large CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets are attractive candidates to be applied in low-voltage, low-cost, ultra highly integrated optoelectronic devices.

New insights into the fungal community from the raw genomic sequence data of fig wasp Ceratosolen solmsi.

BACKGROUND: To date, biologists have discovered a large amount of valuable information from assembled genomes, but the abundant microbial data that is hidden in the raw genomic sequence data of plants and animals is usually ignored. In this study, the richness and composition of fungal community were determined in the raw genomic sequence data of Ceratosolen solmsi (RGSD-CS). RESULTS: To avoid the interference from sequences of C. solmsi, the unmapped raw data (about 17.1%) was obtained by excluding the assembled genome of C. solmsi from RGSD-CS. Comparing two fungal reference datasets, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large ribosomal subunit (LSU) of rRNA, the ITS dataset discovered a more diverse fungal community and was therefore selected as the reference dataset for evaluating the fungal community based on the unmapped raw data. The threshold of 95% sequence identity revealed many more matched fungal reads and fungal richness in the unmapped raw data than those by identities above 95%. Based on the threshold of 95% sequence identity, the fungal community of RGSD-CS was primarily composed of Saccharomycetes (88.4%) and two other classes (Agaricomycetes and Sordariomycetes, 8.3% in total). Compared with the fungal community of other reported fig wasps, Agaricomycetes and Eurotiomycetes were found to be unique to C. solmsi. In addition, the ratio of total fungal reads to RGSD-CS was estimated to be at least 4.8 × 10(-3), which indicated that a large amount of fungal data was contained in RGSD-CS. However, rarefaction measure indicated that a deeper sequencing coverage with RGSD-CS was required to discover the entire fungal community of C. solmsi. CONCLUSION: This study investigated the richness and composition of fungal community in RGSD-CS and provided new insights into the efficient study of microbial diversity using raw genomic sequence data.

Intercrossed carbon nanorings with pure surface states as low-cost and environment-friendly phosphors for white-light-emitting diodes.

As an important energy-saving technique, white-light-emitting diodes (W-LEDs) have been seeking for low-cost and environment-friendly substitutes for rare-earth-based expensive phosphors or Pd(2+)/Cd(2+)-based toxic quantum dots (QDs). In this work, precursors and chemical processes were elaborately designed to synthesize intercrossed carbon nanorings (IC-CNRs) with relatively pure hydroxy surface states for the first time, which enable them to overcome the aggregation-induced quenching (AIQ) effect, and to emit stable yellow-orange luminescence in both colloidal and solid states. As a direct benefit of such scarce solid luminescence from carbon nanomaterials, W-LEDs with color coordinate at (0.28, 0.27), which is close to pure white light (0.33, 0.33), were achieved through using these low-temperature-synthesized and toxic ion-free IC-CNRs as solid phosphors on blue LED chips. This work demonstrates that the design of surface states plays a crucial role in exploring new functions of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials.

Enhanced phosphorylation-independent arrestins and gene therapy.

A variety of heritable and acquired disorders is associated with excessive signaling by mutant or overstimulated GPCRs. Since any conceivable treatment of diseases caused by gain-of-function mutations requires gene transfer, one possible approach is functional compensation. Several structurally distinct forms of enhanced arrestins that bind phosphorylated and even non-phosphorylated active GPCRs with much higher affinity than parental wild-type proteins have the ability to dampen the signaling by hyperactive GPCR, pushing the balance closer to normal. In vivo this approach was so far tested only in rod photoreceptors deficient in rhodopsin phosphorylation, where enhanced arrestin improved the morphology and light sensitivity of rods, prolonged their survival, and accelerated photoresponse recovery. Considering that rods harbor the fastest, as well as the most demanding and sensitive GPCR-driven signaling cascade, even partial success of functional compensation of defect in rhodopsin phosphorylation by enhanced arrestin demonstrates the feasibility of this strategy and its therapeutic potential.

High-sensitivity hybrid MoSe2/AgInGaS quantum dot heterojunction photodetector.

Zero-dimensional (0D)-two-dimensional (2D) hybrid photodetectors have received widespread attention due to their outstanding photoelectric performances. However, these devices with high performances mainly employ quantum dots that contain toxic elements as sensitizing layers, which restricts their practical applications. In this work, we used eco-friendly AgInGaS quantum dots (AIGS-QDs) as a highly light-absorbing layer and molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) as a charge transfer layer to construct a 0D-2D hybrid photodetector. Notably, we observed that MoSe2 strongly quenches the photoluminescence (PL) of AIGS-QDs and decreases the decay time of PL in the MoSe2/AIGS-QDs heterojunction. The MoSe2/AIGS-QDs hybrid photodetector demonstrates a responsivity of 14.3 A W-1 and a high detectivity of 6.4 × 1011 Jones. Moreover, the detectivity of the hybrid phototransistor is significantly enhanced by more than three times compared with that of the MoSe2 photodetector. Our work suggests that 0D-2D hybrid photodetectors with multiplex I-III-VI QDs provide promising potential for future high-sensitivity photodetectors.

[Release of gastrocnemius aponeurosis and suture of the Achilles tendon end scar tissue managing the chronic Achilles tendon rupture].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of scar tissue suture at the broken end of Achilles tendon after gastrocnemius aponeurosis release in the treatment of chronic Achilles tendon rupture. METHODS: The clinical data of 17 patients with old achilles tendon rupture treated from January 2017 to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively, including 15 males and 2 females, aged 26 to 53 years with an average of (35.2±11.6) years old, and the time from injury to operation was 37 to 92 days with an average of (49.3±13.3) days. Myerson's classification included 6 cases of typeⅡ and 11 cases of typeⅢ. The defect of the broken end of Achilles tendon was 2 to 5 cm with an average of(4.1±1.5) cm after partial scar tissue was removed. All patients were treated with gastrocnemius aponeurosis, appropriate excision of scar tissue at the broken end of Achilles tendon and direct suture. The continuity and healing of Achilles tendon were evaluated by color Doppler ultrasound 3 months after operation. The ankle plantar flexor strength was measured by ankle plantar flexor strength tester before operation and 1 year after operation. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle hindfoot score (AOFAS) and Achilles tendon rupture score were used before operation and 1 year after operation Achilles tendon total fracture score (ATRS) was used to evaluate the clinical rehabilitation of Achilles tendon rupture. RESULTS: All patients were followed up for 12 to 18 months with an average of(13.6±1.8) months. The surgical incision healed in stageⅠ. Color Doppler ultrasound showed good continuity of Achilles tendon, local Achilles tendon slightly thickened and irregular fiber direction. The ankle plantar flexor force (92.2±3.9) N at 1 year after operation was significantly higher than that before operation (29.5±4.2) N (P<0.05);One year after operation, the AOFAS(91.20±3.30) was significantly higher than that before operation (42.20±4.40)(P<0.05);the ATRS (90.70±3.00) was significantly higher than that before operation(40.00±2.90)(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The gastrocnemius aponeurosis release combined with scar suture of Achilles tendon end is an effective technique for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendon rupture, avoid injury to hallux flexor longus or flexor digitorum longus, with the plantar flexor muscle strength of the ankle was recovered well, is an effective method to treat chronic Achilles tendon rupture.

Calculation Model of Regional Economic Growth Efficiency by Intelligently Optimized Interunit Layout.

With the development of the economy, especially since the reform and opening up, the actual conditions that China's economic development faces have also changed, and the development goals have also been adjusted accordingly. However, since the reform and opening up, China's economy has still largely relied on the extended reproduction of the extension type. It basically develops along a high-input, low-efficiency path. The effectiveness of regional economic development has always been one of the most important debates in economics, and it has attracted great attention in different countries and regions around the world. So far, people have conducted a lot of theoretical and practical research on the effectiveness of regional development and put forward many practical countermeasures. However, it has achieved little in practice, and the original form of high growth and low efficiency has not been effectively reversed. In this paper, economic development is divided into two parts. The first part consists of the impact of changes in the quantity of factors of production on economic growth and the impact of the efficiency of economic growth on the entire economy. The second part consists of the annual average efficiency of economic growth. The average annual contribution of various production factors to economic growth and the economic growth efficiency of changes in the allocation of capital industries were 6.21%, 5.02%, 4.05%, 3.9%, and 3.3%, respectively in the past five years.

High responsivity of hybrid MoTe2/perovskite heterojunction photodetectors.

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals heterojunction offers alternative facile platforms for many optoelectronic devices due to no-dangling bonds and steep interface carrier gradient. Here, we demonstrate a 2D heterojunction device, which combines the benefits of high carrier mobility of 2D MoTe2and strong light absorption of perovskite, to achieve excellent responsivity. This device architecture is constructed based on the charge carriers separation and transfer with the high-gain photogating effect at the interface of the heterojunction. The device exhibits high responsivity of 334.6 A W-1, impressive detectivity of 6.2 × 1010Jones. All the results provide the insight into the benefits of interfacial carriers transfer for designing hybrid perovskite-2D materials based optoelectronic devices.

High-Gain MoS2/Ta2NiSe5 Heterojunction Photodetectors with Charge Transfer and Suppressing Dark Current.

Emerging two-dimensional narrow band gap materials with tunable band gaps and unique electrical and optical properties have shown tremendous potential in broadband photodetection. Nevertheless, large dark currents severely hinder the performance of photodetectors. Here, a MoS2/Ta2NiSe5 van der Waals heterostructure device was successfully fabricated with a high rectification ratio of ∼104 and an ultralow reverse bias current of the pA level. Excitingly, the charge transfer and the generation of the built-in electric field of heterostructures have been proved by theory and experiment, which effectively suppress dark currents. The dark current of the heterostructure reduces by nearly 104 compared with the pure Ta2NiSe5 photodetector at Vds = 1 V. The MoS2/Ta2NiSe5 device exhibits excellent photoelectric performance with the maximum responsivity of 515.6 A W-1 and 0.7 A W-1 at the wavelengths of 532 and 1064 nm under forward bias, respectively. In addition, the specific detectivity is up to 3.1 × 1013 Jones (532 nm) and 2.4 × 109 Jones (1064 nm). Significantly, the device presents an ultra-high gain of 6 × 107 and an exceptional external quantum efficiency of 1.2 × 105% under 532 nm laser irradiation. The results reveal that the MoS2/Ta2NiSe5 heterostructure provides an essential platform for the development and application of high-performance broadband optoelectronic devices.

Ubiquitin ligase parkin promotes Mdm2-arrestin interaction but inhibits arrestin ubiquitination.

Numerous mutations in E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin were shown to associate with familial Parkinson's disease. Here we show that parkin binds arrestins, versatile regulators of cell signaling. Arrestin-parkin interaction was demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins from brain tissue and shown to be direct using purified proteins. Parkin binding enhances arrestin interactions with another E3 ubiquitin ligase, Mdm2, apparently by shifting arrestin conformational equilibrium to the basal state preferred by Mdm2. Although Mdm2 was reported to ubiquitinate arrestins, parkin-dependent increase in Mdm2 binding dramatically reduces the ubiquitination of both nonvisual arrestins, basal and stimulated by receptor activation, without affecting receptor internalization. Several disease-associated parkin mutations differentially affect the stimulation of Mdm2 binding. All parkin mutants tested effectively suppress arrestin ubiquitination, suggesting that bound parkin shields arrestin lysines targeted by Mdm2. Parkin binding to arrestins along with its effects on arrestin interaction with Mdm2 and ubiquitination is a novel function of this protein with implications for Parkinson's disease pathology.

Robust self-association is a common feature of mammalian visual arrestin-1.

Arrestin-1 binds light-activated phosphorhodopsin and ensures rapid signal termination. Its deficiency in humans and mice results in prolonged signaling and rod degeneration. However, most of the biochemical studies were performed on bovine arrestin-1, which was shown to self-associate forming dimers and tetramers, although only the monomer binds rhodopsin. It is unclear whether self-association is a property of arrestin-1 in all mammals or a specific feature of bovine protein. To address this issue, we compared self-association parameters of purified human and mouse arrestin-1 with those of its bovine counterpart using multiangle light scattering. We found that mouse and human arrestin-1 also robustly self-associate, existing in a monomer-dimer-tetramer equilibrium. Interestingly, the combination of dimerization and tetramerization constants in these three species is strikingly different. While tetramerization of bovine arrestin-1 is highly cooperative (K(D,dim)(4) > K(D,tet)), K(D,dim) ∼ K(D,tet) in the mouse form and K(D,dim) ≪ K(D,tet) in the human form. Importantly, in all three species at very high physiological concentrations of arrestin-1 in rod photoreceptors, most of it is predicted to exist in oligomeric form, with a relatively low concentration of the free monomer. Thus, it appears that maintenance of low levels of the active monomer is the biological role of arrestin-1 self-association.

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of adenoid cystic carcinoma in the maxillary sinus: a retrospective study with radiologic-histopathologic correlations.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) in the maxillary sinus and their correlations with the tubular, cribriform, and solid histopathologic types of ACC. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty cases of histopathologically proven ACC in the maxillary sinus were retrospectively reviewed. CT and MRI findings were correlated with histopathologic results. RESULTS: On CT, significant differences were discovered among the 3 histopathologic ACC types in range, size, shape, margins, type of bone destruction, and time intensity curve (TIC) (P ≤ .018). Tubular lesions were limited in range, were smaller than the other types, produced small cystic patterns with well-defined margins, and caused a cribriform pattern of bone destruction. All tumors demonstrated heterogeneous intensity signal on T1- and T2-weighted images (T1WI and T2WI) and appeared as hypo- or isointense small cystic lesions on T1WI and hyperintense on T2WI (n = 6). Postcontrast MRI revealed marked heterogeneous enhancement for all lesions. The TIC showed a rapidly enhancing and slow washout pattern in all tubular lesions and a rapidly enhancing and rapid washout pattern in solid tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Different histologic patterns of ACCs have distinctive radiologic features, which can facilitate accurate preoperative diagnosis.