Electrodiagnosis and muscle biopsy in asymptomatic hyperckemia.

Purpose/aim of the study: An increased serum level of creatine kinase (CK) in asymptomatic individuals is a diagnostic challenge, as it may be associated with either physiological conditions, such as exercise or even signal an ominous neuromuscular disease at a presymptomatic stage. The electromyogram (EMG) and the muscle biopsy play a key role in the evaluation of asymptomatic hyperckemia. The objective of this study was to investigate asymptomatic individuals with increased CK levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We comparatively studied EMG, quantitative EMG and muscle biopsy in asymptomatic clinically normal individuals with repeatedly increased CK levels. RESULTS: Conventional EMG was abnormal in 76% of patients, while quantitative EMG showed abnormal results in 88.9%. Muscle biopsy was diagnostic in 28%, one patient had neurogenic findings, 40% showed non-specific changes and 28% had normal results. CONCLUSIONS: EMG and especially quantitative EMG are highly sensitive in detecting subclinical neuromuscular diseases, whereas muscle biopsy may better contribute in the final diagnosis. No strong correlations were found between histological abnormalities and electrophysiological data, but further research is needed.

A comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of anti-LRP4 in myasthenia gravis.

Double-seronegative myasthenia gravis (dSN-MG, without detectable AChR and MuSK antibodies) presents a serious gap in MG diagnosis and understanding. Recently, autoantibodies against the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) have been identified in several dSN-MG sera, but with dramatic frequency variation (∼2-50%). We have developed a cell based assay (CBA) based on human LRP4 expressing HEK293 cells, for the reliable and efficient detection of LRP4 antibodies. We have screened about 800 MG patient sera from 10 countries for LRP4 antibodies. The overall frequency of LRP4-MG in the dSN-MG group (635 patients) was 18.7% but with variations among different populations (range 7-32.7%). Interestingly, we also identified double positive sera: 8/107 anti-AChR positive and 10/67 anti-MuSK positive sera also had detectable LRP4 antibodies, predominantly originating from only two of the participating groups. No LRP4 antibodies were identified in sera from 56 healthy controls tested, while 4/110 from patients with other neuroimmune diseases were positive. The clinical data, when available, for the LRP4-MG patients were then studied. At disease onset symptoms were mild (81% had MGFA grade I or II), with some identified thymic changes (32% hyperplasia, none with thymoma). On the other hand, double positive patients (AChR/LRP4-MG and MuSK/LRP4-MG) had more severe symptoms at onset compared with any single positive MG subgroup. Contrary to MuSK-MG, 27% of ocular dSN-MG patients were LRP4 antibody positive. Similarly, contrary to MuSK antibodies, which are predominantly of the IgG4 subtype, LRP4 antibodies were predominantly of the IgG1 and IgG2 subtypes. The prevalence was higher in women than in men (female/male ratio 2.5/1), with an average disease onset at ages 33.4 for females and 41.9 for males. Overall, the response of LRP4-MG patients to treatment was similar to published responses of AChR-MG rather than to MuSK-MG patients.

Alterations of T cell subsets in ALS: a systemic immune activation?

INTRODUCTION: There is evidence that immunological factors may involved in pathogenetic mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Few studies to date have explored the status of the systemic immune response in patients with ALS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In order to examine whether systemic immune activation is observed in patients with ALS, we measured the number of T cell subsets by flow cytometry in 36 patients with ALS and 35 normal controls. RESULTS: CD8 cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) T cells were significantly increased in our patients with ALS compared with the control group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04, respectively). Treg cells were significantly reduced compared with normal controls (P = 0.01). Treg cells were also negatively correlated with progression of the disease (P = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest a systemic immune activation in patients with ALS. The high production of CD8(+) T and NKT cells may suggest an immunological reaction to some unknown or undetected endogenous proteins or viruses. A probably dual (neurodestructive or neuroprotective) inflammatory function of Treg cells cannot be excluded.

Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein polyneuropathy coexistent with CREST syndrome.

Clinical involvement of the peripheral nervous system in the calcinosis cutis, raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dismotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia (CREST) variant of systemic sclerosis occurs infrequently and is characterized by axonal degeneration due to necrotizing vasculitis. We report a female patient with a known history of CREST syndrome, which developed a slowly progressive, distal symmetric demyelinating sensorimotor polyneuropathy (PN), with tremor and ataxia as prominent features, compatible with anti-myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) PN. The diagnosis of PN was established by the presence of monoclonal immunoglobulin M anti-MAG antibodies (Thin-Layer Chromatography, Western Blot and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay). Given the evidence that in CREST activation of T-helper cells is observed and that anti-MAG antibodies, despite the fact that they are T-cell-independent, may be influenced by an increase in T-helper function, the coexistence of these two rare autoimmune disorders in the same patient may not be incidental but related to the underlying immunological mechanisms involved.

Interleukin-17 and interleukin-23 are elevated in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with ALS: a reflection of Th17 cells activation?

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that immunological factors may involved in pathogenetic mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Th17 cells are characterized by predominant production of IL-17 and are suggested to be crucial in destructive autoimmunity. Interleukin-23 (IL-23) appears to play a supporting role in the continued stimulation and survival of Th17. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We measured by enzyme-like immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of IL-17 and IL-23 in 22 patients with ALS and 19 patients with other non-inflammatory neurological disorders (NIND) studied as a control group. IL-17 and IL-23 serum and CSF levels were also correlated with duration of the disease, the disability level and the clinical subtype of the disease onset in patients with ALS. RESULTS: IL-17 and IL-23 serum levels were higher in patients with ALS as compared with patients with NIND (P = 0.015 and P = 0.002 respectively). IL-17 and IL-23 CSF levels were also increased in patients with ALS (P = 0.0006 and P = 0.000001 respectively). IL-17 and IL-23 levels were not correlated with disease duration, disability scale or clinical subtype of the disease onset in ALS patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that these molecules may be involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms acting as potential markers of Th17 cells activation in ALS.

Titin antibodies in "seronegative" myasthenia gravis--A new role for an old antigen.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies targeting the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles. Triple-seronegative MG (tSN-MG, without detectable AChR, MuSK and LRP4 antibodies), which accounts for ~10% of MG patients, presents a serious gap in MG diagnosis and complicates differential diagnosis of similar disorders. Several AChR antibody positive patients (AChR-MG) also have antibodies against titin, usually detected by ELISA. We have developed a very sensitive radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) for titin antibodies, by which many previously negative samples were found positive, including several from tSN-MG patients. The validity of the RIPA results was confirmed by western blots. Using this RIPA we screened 667 MG sera from 13 countries; as expected, AChR-MG patients had the highest frequency of titin antibodies (40.9%), while MuSK-MG and LRP4-MG patients were positive in 14.6% and 16.4% respectively. Most importantly, 13.4% (50/372) of the tSN-MG patients were also titin antibody positive. None of the 121 healthy controls or the 90 myopathy patients, and only 3.6% (7/193) of other neurological disease patients were positive. We thus propose that the present titin antibody RIPA is a useful tool for serological MG diagnosis of tSN patients.

Patients with ocular symptoms referred for electrodiagnosis: how many of them suffer from myasthenia gravis?

The aim of this study was the diagnosis of patients with isolated ocular manifestations (ptosis and/or diplopia) referred for electrophysiological evaluation to the electrodiagnostic laboratory of a University Neurological Department. Examination was performed either in inpatient status or in outpatient basis. We analyzed the clinical, electrophysiological and other laboratory data in 79 subjects. Myasthenia gravis (MG) was diagnosed in 38 %, 45.6 % in other diseases (Graves disease, blepharospasm, IIId cranial verve palsy, multiple sclerosis, stroke, etc.), while in 16.5 %, the cause remained unidentified. Symptoms fluctuation was significantly more frequent in the myasthenic patients, compared to patients with other diseases. The presence of both diplopia and ptosis are more likely due to MG rather than other pathology.

MuSK autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis detected by cell based assay--A multinational study.

Seronegative myasthenia gravis (MG) presents a serious gap in MG diagnosis and understanding. We applied a cell based assay (CBA) for the detection of muscle specific kinase (MuSK) antibodies undetectable by radioimmunoassay. We tested 633 triple-seronegative MG patients' sera from 13 countries, detecting 13% as positive. MuSK antibodies were found, at significantly lower frequencies, in 1.9% of healthy controls and 5.1% of other neuroimmune disease patients, including multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. The clinical data of the newly diagnosed MuSK-MG patients are presented. 27% of ocular seronegative patients were MuSK antibody positive. Moreover, 23% had thymic hyperplasia suggesting that thymic abnormalities are more common than believed.

Effect of rhythmic gymnastics on volumetric bone mineral density and bone geometry in premenarcheal female athletes and controls.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Weight-bearing exercise during growth exerts positive effects on the skeleton. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that long-term elite rhythmic gymnastics exerts positive effects on volumetric bone mineral density and geometry and to determine whether exercise-induced bone adaptation is associated with increased periosteal bone formation or medullary contraction using tibial peripheral quantitative computed tomography and bone turnover markers. DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a cross-sectional study at a tertiary center. SUBJECTS: We studied 26 elite premenarcheal female rhythmic gymnasts (RG) and 23 female controls, aged 9-13 yr. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured bone age, volumetric bone mineral density, bone mineral content (BMC), cortical thickness, cortical and trabecular area, and polar stress strength index (SSIp) by peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the left tibia proximal to the distal metaphysis (trabecular) at 14, 38 (cortical), and 66% (muscle mass) from the distal end and bone turnover markers. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable according to height and chronological and bone age. After weight adjustment, cortical BMC, area, and thickness at 38% were significantly higher in RG (P < 0.005-0.001). Periosteal circumference, SSIp, and muscle area were higher in RG (P < 0.01-0.001). Muscle area was significantly associated with cortical BMC, area, and SSIp, whereas years of training showed positive association with cortical BMC, area, and thickness independent of chronological age. CONCLUSIONS: RG in premenarcheal girls may induce positive adaptations on the skeleton, especially in cortical bone. Increased duration of exercise is associated with a positive response of bone geometry.

Superficial siderosis of central nervous system mimicking multiple sclerosis.

INTRODUCTION: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system is a neurologic disorder mainly characterized by cerebellar involvement, myelopathy, neurosensory hearing loss, and possibly progressive cognitive impairment. Root avulsion due to traumatic plexus injury has been recognized as an extremely rare cause of hemosiderin deposition on leptomeninges and subpial layers of brain and spinal cord parenchyma. CASE REPORT: A 49-year-old man presented with progressively evolving ataxia and spastic paraparesis. CSF oligoclonal bands were indicative of an underlying inflammatory process and raised the possibility of a demyelinating disorder. However, spinal cord and brain MRI revealed hemosiderin deposition along the entire neuraxis. A rigorous electrophysiologic study confirmed a functional impairment in many different levels of the nervous system. CONCLUSION: The demonstration of CSF oligoclonal bands in the reported patient implies that inflammation might be involved in the pathogenesis of superficial siderosis. The diagnosis of this newly recognizable entity needs a high clinical suspicion, but further research is needed to fully elucidate the involved mechanisms.

An unusual case of insomnia associated with Whipple encephalopathy: first case reported from Greece.

Whipple disease is a relapsing systemic illness caused by Tropheryma whippelii. Central nervous system involvement occurs in 5%-40% of all patients. Hypothalamic manifestations occur in 31% of Whipple encephalopathy, including polydipsia, hyperphagia, change in libido and insomnia. We report a case of a 48-year-old man with severe insomnia, depression, dementia, dysarthria, myoclonic movements of the limbs and ophthalmoplegia. The diagnosis of Whipple encephalopathy was confirmed by PCR analysis of blood and faeces. He received a full dose of antibiotic treatment. Despite clinical improvement, resolution of the lesions detected in MRI scan of the brain and negative results of the PCR in blood, faeces and cerebrospinal fluid six months later, insomnia persisted and finally subsided after the administration of carbamazepine (600 mg/day). Our case supports the finding that carbamazepine might be useful in the treatment of insomnia associated with Whipple encephalopathy.