The fate of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in a micro-aerated anaerobic membrane bioreactor and the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in the permeate.

This study investigates the effects, conversions, and resistance induction, following the addition of 150 µg·L-1 of two antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP), in a laboratory-scale micro-aerated anaerobic membrane bioreactor (MA-AnMBR). TMP and SMX were removed at 97 and 86%, indicating that micro-aeration did not hamper their removal. These antibiotics only affected the pH and biogas composition of the process, with a significant change in pH from 7.8 to 7.5, and a decrease in biogas methane content from 84 to 78%. TMP was rapidly adsorbed onto the sludge and subsequently degraded during the long solids retention time of 27 days. SMX adsorption was minimal, but the applied hydraulic retention time of 2.6 days was sufficiently long to biodegrade SMX. The levels of three antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) (sul1, sul2, and dfrA1) and one mobile genetic element biomarker (intI1) were analyzed by qPCR. Additions of the antibiotics increased the relative abundances of all ARGs and intI1 in the MA-AnMBR sludge, with the sul2 gene folding 15 times after 310 days of operation. The MA-AnMBR was able to reduce the concentration of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in the permeate by 3 log.

Pre-incubation conditions determine the fermentation pattern and microbial community structure in fermenters at mild hydrostatic pressure.

Fermentation at elevated hydrostatic pressure is a novel strategy targeting product selectivity. However, the role of inoculum history and cross-resistance, that is, acquired tolerance from incubation under distinctive environmental stress, remains unclear in high-pressure operation. In our here presented work, we studied fermentation and microbial community responses of halotolerant marine sediment inoculum (MSI) and anaerobic digester inoculum (ADI), pre-incubated in serum bottles at different temperatures and subsequently exposed to mild hydrostatic pressure (MHP; < 10 MPa) in stainless steel reactors. Results showed that MHP effects on microbial growth, activity, and community structure were strongly temperature-dependent. At moderate temperature (20°C), biomass yield and fermentation were not limited by MHP; suggesting a cross-resistance effect from incubation temperature and halotolerance. Low temperatures (10°C) and MHP imposed kinetic and bioenergetic limitations, constraining growth and product formation. Fermentation remained favorable in MSI at 28°C and ADI at 37°C, despite reduced biomass yield resulting from maintenance and decay proportionally increasing with temperature. Microbial community structure was modified by temperature during the enrichment, and slight differences observed after MHP-exposure did not compromise functionality. Results showed that the relation incubation temperature-halotolerance proved to be a modifier of microbial responses to MHP and could be potentially exploited in fermentations to modulate product/biomass ratio.

Principles, Advances, and Perspectives of Anaerobic Digestion of Lipids.

Several problems associated with the presence of lipids in wastewater treatment plants are usually overcome by removing them ahead of the biological treatment. However, because of their high energy content, waste lipids are interesting yet challenging pollutants in anaerobic wastewater treatment and codigestion processes. The maximal amount of waste lipids that can be sustainably accommodated, and effectively converted to methane in anaerobic reactors, is limited by several problems including adsorption, sludge flotation, washout, and inhibition. These difficulties can be circumvented by appropriate feeding, mixing, and solids separation strategies, provided by suitable reactor technology and operation. In recent years, membrane bioreactors and flotation-based bioreactors have been developed to treat lipid-rich wastewater. In parallel, the increasing knowledge on the diversity of complex microbial communities in anaerobic sludge, and on interspecies microbial interactions, contributed to extend the knowledge and to understand more precisely the limits and constraints influencing the anaerobic biodegradation of lipids in anaerobic reactors. This critical review discusses the most important principles underpinning the degradation process and recent key discoveries and outlines the current knowledge coupling fundamental and applied aspects. A critical assessment of knowledge gaps in the field is also presented by integrating sectorial perspectives of academic researchers and of prominent developers of anaerobic technology.

Characterization of microbial communities in anaerobic acidification reactors fed with casein and/or lactose.

Protein-rich agro-industrial waste streams are high in organic load and represent a major environmental problem. Anaerobic digestion is an established technology to treat these streams; however, retardation of protein degradation is frequently observed when carbohydrates are present. This study investigated the mechanism of the retardation by manipulating the carbon source fed to a complex anaerobic microbiota and linking the reactor performance to the variation of the microbial community. Two anaerobic acidification reactors were first acclimated either to casein (CAS reactor) or lactose (LAC reactor), and then fed with mixtures of casein and lactose. Results showed that when lactose was present, the microbial community acclimated to casein shifted from mainly Chloroflexi to Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, the degree of deamination in the CAS reactor decreased from 77 to 15%, and the VFA production decreased from 75 to 34% of the effluent COD. A decrease of 75% in protease activity and 90% in deamination activity of the microbiota was also observed. The microorganisms that can ferment both proteins and carbohydrates were predominant in the microbial community, and from a thermodynamical point of view, they consumed carbohydrates prior to proteins. The frequently observed negative effect of carbohydrates on protein degradation can be mainly attributed to the substrate preference of these populations. KEYPOINTS: • The presence of lactose shifted the microbial community and retarded anaerobic protein degradation. • Facultative genera were dominant in the presence and absence of lactose. • Substrate-preference caused retardation of anaerobic protein degradation.

The role of growth media on composition, bioconversion and susceptibility for mild thermal pre-treatment of waste activated sludge.

The highly variable characteristics of waste activated sludge (WAS) hinder the comparison of experimental results on WAS bioconversion between the different studies that use excess sludge from different origin. Sludge grown under laboratory conditions with synthetic wastewater as feed showed high resistance to commonly applied pre-treatment techniques, such as thermal pre-treatment. However, a distinctly higher bioconversion of this sludge was recorded compared to WAS from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The observed results casted concern on the suitability of the experimental laboratory-based data for practice. The physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of both WAS and lab-grown sludge are dependent on the wastewater characteristics or growth media on which the sludges were grown. The objective of this study was to formulate a growth medium that results into a lab-grown sludge which shows high similarity to the WAS coming from a specific full-scale WWTP in response to a pre-treatment technique. More specifically, in this study we targeted the formation of slowly-biodegradable lab-grown sludge that is similarly responsive to mild thermal pre-treatment with H2O2 addition. By comparing real and synthetic wastewaters, we discussed the various wastewater constituents that may lead to a higher degree of recalcitrance of the produced sludge. We then formulated a growth medium, which was fed to a lab-scale activated sludge reactor and evaluated the nutrient removal capacity, as well as the characteristics of the cultivated sludge before and after pre-treatment. Finally, the growth medium was modified to provoke a change in both the bioconversion and in the response to mild thermal pre-treatment. The growth medium proposed in this study resulted in a slowly-biodegradable sludge (195 ± 3.7 NLCH4/kgVSadded) that after thermal pre-treatment resulted in an increase in methane production of 9 %, which was similar to the WAS coming from the full-scale WWTP. It was concluded that not only the bioconversion but also the response to mild thermal pre-treatment of lab-grown sludge was determined by the composition of the growth media.

Recovery and applications of ammoniacal nitrogen from nitrogen-loaded residual streams: A review.

Total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) is considered to be a pollutant, but is also a versatile resource. This review presents an overview of the TAN recovery potentials from nitrogen (N)-loaded residual streams by discussing the sources, recovery technologies and potential applications. The first section of the review addresses the fate of TAN after its production. The second section describes the identification and categorisation of N-loaded (≥0.5 g L-1 of reduced N) residual streams based on total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), TAN, and TAN/TKN ratio. Category 1 represents streams with a low TAN/TKN ratio (<0.5) that need conversion of organic-N to TAN prior to TAN recovery, for example by anaerobic digestion (AD). Category 2 represents streams with a high TAN/TKN ratio (≥0.5) and high TSS (>1 g L-1) that require a decrease of the TSS prior to TAN recovery, whereas category 3 represents streams with a high TAN/TKN ratio (≥0.5) and low TSS (≤1 g L-1) that are suitable for direct TAN recovery. The third section focuses on the key processes and limitations of AD, which is identified as a suitable technology to increase the TAN/TKN ratio by converting organic-N to TAN. In the fourth section, TAN recovery technologies are evaluated in terms of the feed composition tolerance, the required inputs (energy, chemicals, etc.) and obtained outputs of TAN (chemical form, concentration, etc.). Finally, in the fifth section, the use of recovered TAN for three major potential applications (fertilizer, fuel, and resource for chemical and biochemical processes) is discussed. This review presents an overview of possible TAN recovery strategies based on the available technologies, but the choice of the recovery strategy shall ultimately depend on the product characteristics required by the application. The major challenges identified in this review are the lack of information on enhancing the conversion of organic-N into TAN by AD, the difficulties in comparing the performance and required input of the recovery technologies, and the deficiency of information on the required concentration and quality of the final TAN products for reuse.

Alkaline and acid solubilisation of waste activated sludge.

The influence of acidic and alkaline conditions on the solubilisation process of waste activated sludge (WAS) was investigated using HCl and NaOH at pH 2, 10, 11 and 12. The rise in concentration of solubilised compounds, the influence of reaction time, and the influence of the concentration of total solids (TS) during the solubilisation process were determined. Physical and chemical tests demonstrated that pre-treatment provided a release of compounds from the sludge floc matrix into the soluble fraction, characterising the solubilisation process. The highest degree of WAS solubilisation was observed when a pH of 12 was applied. Although largest effects were already attained after 0.25 h, WAS solubilisation continued reaching an increase in total dissolved solids by a factor 10.4 after 720 hrs. Under these conditions, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), proteins, and carbohydrates resulted in releases up to 15, 40 and 41 times, respectively; phosphorus increased 5.7 times. Results indicate that by applying alkaline pre-treatment, higher TS concentrations can be treated per reactor volume compared to non-pre-treated WAS. Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability tests showed increased bioconversion potentials in full-scale treatment plants. The respirometry tests ratify the improvement in solubilisation, with O2 consumption rates increasing 1.4 times, concomitant with an additional 261 mg·L-1 of the COD used, which represents 90% bioconversion of waste activated sludge. Biomethanisation test indicated an increase of 3.6 times relative to the blank.

Direct and Indirect Effects of Increased CO2 Partial Pressure on the Bioenergetics of Syntrophic Propionate and Butyrate Conversion.

Simultaneous digestion and in situ biogas upgrading in high-pressure bioreactors will result in elevated CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). With the concomitant increase in dissolved CO2, microbial conversion processes may be affected beyond the impact of increased acidity. Elevated pCO2 was reported to affect the kinetics and thermodynamics of biochemical conversions because CO2 is an intermediate and end-product of the digestion process and modifies the carbonate equilibrium. Our results showed that increasing pCO2 from 0.3 to 8 bar in lab-scale batch reactors decreased the maximum substrate utilization rate (rsmax) for both syntrophic propionate and butyrate oxidation. These kinetic limitations are linked to an increased overall Gibbs free energy change (ΔGOverall) and a potential biochemical energy redistribution among syntrophic partners, which showed interdependence with hydrogen partial pressure (pH2). The bioenergetics analysis identified a moderate, direct impact of elevated pCO2 on propionate oxidation and a pH-mediated effect on butyrate oxidation. These constraints, combined with physiological limitations on growth exerted by increased acidity and inhibition due to higher concentrations of undissociated volatile fatty acids, help to explain the observed phenomena. Overall, this investigation sheds light on the role of elevated pCO2 in delicate biochemical syntrophic conversions by connecting kinetic, bioenergetic, and physiological effects.

Treatment of cheese whey by a cross-flow anaerobic membrane bioreactor: Biological and filtration performance.

Whey, produced in large quantities during cheese production, is a rapidly fermentable high strength wastewater characterized by a high biodegradability and low alkalinity. In this study, a lab-scale cross-flow anaerobic membrane bioreactor was used to address the commonly experienced difficulties such as unstable reactor performance and unexpected biomass losses when treating whey wastewater with conventional anaerobic reactors. The anaerobic membrane bioreactor provided a stable treatment performance, i.e. more than 90% chemical oxygen demand removal, and moderate membrane fluxes between 8 and 11 L m-2 h-1 could be obtained, applying a low cross-flow velocity of about 0.5 m s-1. Short term critical flux tests revealed that higher fluxes up to 36 L m-2 h-1 are possible at elevated cross-flow velocities and/or reduced mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations. Sludge filterability indicated by capillary suction time and specific resistance to filtration deteriorated throughout the study. Chemical cleaning efficiency gradually decreased, indicating irreversible membrane fouling during long term operation.

Build-up and impact of volatile fatty acids on E. coli and A. lumbricoides during co-digestion of urine diverting dehydrating toilet (UDDT-F) faeces.

This study examined the potential of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides) eggs inactivation in faecal matter coming from urine diverting dehydrating toilets (UDDT-F) by applying high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) during anaerobic stabilization. The impact of individual VFAs on E. coli and A. lumbricoides eggs inactivation in UDDT-F was assessed by applying various concentrations of store-bought acetate, propionate and butyrate. High VFA concentrations were also obtained by performing co-digestion of UDDT-F with organic market waste (OMW) using various mixing ratios. All experiments were performed under anaerobic conditions in laboratory scale batch assays at 35±1 °C. A correlation was observed between E. coli log inactivation and VFA concentration. Store bought VFA spiked UDDT-F substrates achieved E. coli inactivation up to 4.7 log units/day compared to UDDT-F control sample that achieved 0.6 log units/day. In co-digesting UDDT-F and organic market waste (OMW), a ND-VFA concentration of 4800-6000 mg/L was needed to achieve E. coli log inactivation to below detectable levels and complete A. lumbricoides egg inactivation in less than four days. E. coli and A. lumbricoides egg inactivation was found to be related to the concentration of non-dissociated VFA (ND-VFA), increasing with an increase in the OMW fraction in the feed substrate. Highest ND-VFA concentration of 6500 mg/L was obtained at a UDDT-F:OMW ratio 1:1, below which there was a decline, attributed to product inhibition of acidogenic bacteria. Results of our present research showed the potential for E. coli and A. lumbricoides inactivation from UDDT-F up to WHO standards by allowing VFA build-up during anaerobic stabilization of faecal matter.

Characteristics and role of dynamic membrane layer in anaerobic membrane bioreactors.

A submerged anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR) was operated for treatment of concentrated wastewater. The dynamic membrane (DM) or cake layer was characterized on its physicochemical and biological composition and the role of the DM layer in treatment and filtration performances was assessed. The results showed that the DM layer had an important role in organic matter removal. Both organic and inorganic materials, such as sludge particles, soluble microbial products (SMP), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and Ca, N, P, Mg precipitations contributed to the DM layer formation. Thus, effective retention of very small particles by the DM layer was achieved. The DM layer had higher microbial diversity and different microbial population composition in comparison to the bulk sludge. Overall, this study provided a better understanding about the DM layer structure in AnDMBRs, which might lead to increased applicability of this promising technology for the treatment of concentrated wastewaters.

Towards a standardization of biomethane potential tests.

Production of biogas from different organic materials is a most interesting source of renewable energy. The biomethane potential (BMP) of these materials has to be determined to get insight in design parameters for anaerobic digesters. Although several norms and guidelines for BMP tests exist, inter-laboratory tests regularly show high variability of BMPs for the same substrate. A workshop was held in June 2015, in Leysin, Switzerland, with over 40 attendees from 30 laboratories around the world, to agree on common solutions to the conundrum of inconsistent BMP test results. This paper presents the consensus of the intense roundtable discussions and cross-comparison of methodologies used in respective laboratories. Compulsory elements for the validation of BMP results were defined. They include the minimal number of replicates, the request to carry out blank and positive control assays, a criterion for the test duration, details on BMP calculation, and last but not least criteria for rejection of the BMP tests. Finally, recommendations on items that strongly influence the outcome of BMP tests such as inoculum characteristics, substrate preparation, test setup, and data analysis are presented to increase the probability of obtaining validated and reproducible results.

A downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor for faecal coliform removal from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) effluent.

This research was conducted to study the faecal coliforms removal capacity of downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactors as a post-treatment for an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Three long-term continuous laboratory-scale DHS reactors, i.e. a reactor with cube type sponges without recirculation, a similar one with recirculation and a reactor with curtain type sponges, were studied. The porosities of the applied medium were 91%, 87% and 47% respectively. The organic loading rates were 0.86 kgCOD m(-3) d(-1), 0.53 kgCOD m(-3) d(-1) and 0.24 kgCOD m(-3) d(-1) correspondingly at hydraulic loading rates of 1.92 m3 m(-2) d(-1), 2.97 m3 m(-2) d(-1) and 1.32 m3 m(-2) d(-1), respectively (COD: chemical oxygen demand). The corresponding averages for faecal coliform removal were 99.997%, 99.919% and 92.121% respectively. The 1989 WHO guidelines standards, in terms of faecal coliform content for unrestricted irrigation (category A), was achieved with the effluent of the cube type DHS (G1) without recirculation. Restricted irrigation, category B and C, is assigned to the effluent of the cube type with recirculation and the curtain type, respectively. Particularly for organic compounds, the effluent of evaluated DHS reactors complies with USEPA standards for irrigation of so called non-food crops like pasture for milking animals, fodder, fibre, and seed crops.

Feasibility of using NaCl to reduce membrane fouling in anaerobic membrane bioreactors.

The objective of this research study is to assess the feasibility of naturally occurring Na+ ions in wastewater as a possible coagulant to control the fouling of AnMBR under high salinity conditions. A multi-bladed stirrer was installed in the reactor, which aimed at providing a good mixing condition for inducing coagulation. The rotation speed of the stirrer was set at 30 rpm for achieving the coagulation effect. A sludge was cultured in a saline environment with sodium concentration as high as 13 g/L. It was observed that, the applied conditions could not provide a high saline sludge with a good filterability. In addition, results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the functional groups of the cake layer formed by the saline sludge was similar to that of non-saline sludge, therefore, the high salinity should promote the formation of a gel layer.

Limitations of a biokinetic model to predict the seasonal variations of nitrous oxide emissions from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant.

A biokinetic model based on BioWin's Activated Sludge Digestion Model (ASDM) coupled with a nitrous oxide (N2O) model was setup and calibrated for a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Amsterdam West, in the Netherlands. The model was calibrated using one year of continuous data to predict the seasonal variations of N2O emissions in the gaseous phase. This, according to our best knowledge, is the most complete full-scale data set used to date for this purpose. The results obtained suggest that the currently available biokinetic model predicted the winter, summer, and autumn N2O emissions well but failed to satisfactorily simulate the spring peak. During the calibration process, it was found that the nitrifier denitrification pathway could explain the observed emissions during all seasons while a combination of the nitrifier denitrification and incomplete heterotrophic denitrification pathways seemed to be dominant during the emissions peak observed during the spring season. Specifically, kinetic parameters related to free nitrous acid (FNA) displayed significant sensitivity leading to increased N2O production. The obtained values of two kinetic parameters, i.e., the FNA half-saturation during ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB) denitrification and the FNA inhibition concentration related to heterotrophic denitrification, suggested a strong influence of the FNA bulk concentration on the N2O emissions and the observed seasonal variations. Based on the suboptimal performance and limitations of the biokinetic model, further research is needed to better understand the biochemical processes behind the seasonal peak and the influence of FNA.

Performance and microbial community composition of full-scale high-rate cascade sludge digestion system via pie-shaped reactor configuration.

A full-scale high-rate cascade anaerobic digestion (CAD) system was evaluated for its ability to enhance enzymatic sludge hydrolysis. The system included a newly built digester, innovatively divided into three pie-shaped compartments (500 m3 each), followed by an existing, larger digester (1500 m3). The system treated a mixture of waste activated sludge and primary sludge, achieving a stable total chemical oxygen demand reduction efficiency (56.1 ± 6.8 %), and enhanced sludge hydrolytic enzyme activities at a 14.5-day total solids retention time (SRT). High-throughput sequencing data revealed a consistent microbial community across reactors, dominated by consortia that govern hydrolysis and acidogenesis. Despite relatively short SRTs in the initial reactors of the CAD system, acetoclastic methanogens belonging to Methanosaeta became the most abundant archaea. ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ This study proves that the CAD system achieves stable sludge reduction, accelerates enzymatic hydrolysis at full-scale, and paves the way for its industrialization in municipal waste sewage sludge treatment.

Potentials and limitations of biomethane and phosphorus recovery from sludges of brackish/marine aquaculture recirculation systems: a review.

Brackish/marine recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) produce a relatively small but concentrated waste stream. The produced waste is perceived as a constraint for sustainable development of brackish/marine RAS. Appropriate disposal of sludge or waste from brackish/marine RAS is of great importance for widespread acceptance and implementation. Anaerobic stabilization of RAS sludge is considered as a potential cost-effective methodology to achieve effective sludge reduction and biogas production. Therefore, this review presents an overview of studies conducted on anaerobic digestion of sludge from brackish/marine RAS. Several researchers have shown that specific methane yield (SMY) of anaerobic digestion of sludges from brackish/marine RAS is relatively low, mainly in the range of 0.001-0.184 m(3) CH4 (STP)/kg COD of sludge added. The possible reasons for low SMY are reviewed in this work and can be mainly attributed to applied experimental set-ups, particularly improper inoculum, and high salinity, mainly resulting from high sodium cation levels. This review also evaluates the potentials and limitations for phosphorus recovery from the waste streams. Additionally, corresponding approaches to enhance specific methanogenic activities are proposed, particularly about the need for further thickening sludges from brackish/marine RAS in order to increase SMY from the wastes and downsize the anaerobic digestion units.

Judgment under uncertainty; a probabilistic evaluation framework for decision-making about sanitation systems in low-income countries.

This paper introduces the probabilistic evaluation framework, to enable transparent and objective decision-making in technology selection for sanitation solutions in low-income countries. The probabilistic framework recognizes the often poor quality of the available data for evaluations. Within this framework, the evaluations will be done based on the probabilities that the expected outcomes occur in practice, considering the uncertainties in evaluation parameters. Consequently, the outcome of evaluations will not be single point estimates; but there exists a range of possible outcomes. A first trial application of this framework for evaluation of sanitation options in the Nyalenda settlement in Kisumu, Kenya, showed how the range of values that an evaluation parameter may obtain in practice would influence the evaluation outcomes. In addition, as the probabilistic evaluation requires various site-specific data, sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the influence of each data set quality on the evaluation outcomes. Based on that, data collection activities could be (re)directed, in a trade-off between the required investments in those activities and the resolution of the decisions that are to be made.

Reclamation of used urban waters for irrigation purposes--a review of treatment technologies.

The worldwide fresh water scarcity is increasing the demand for non-conventional water resources. Despite the technology being available for application of treated wastewater in irrigation, the use of effluent in agriculture is not being properly managed in the majority of cases. Industrial countries, where financial resources are available but restricted, face difficulties in some cases related to the lack of a complete definition of irrigation water quality standards, as well as to the lack of monitoring components that determine if the effluent is suitable for such use. The present paper presents a critical review on urban reclamation technologies for irrigation. The technologies are presented by the four most important parameters for irrigation water quality: salinity, pathogens, nutrients and heavy metals. An overview is given of the current, on-going evaluation of different reclamation technologies for irrigation.

Phosphatase activity and specific methanogenic activity in an anaerobic reactor treating sludge from a brackish recirculation aquaculture system.

Anaerobic treatment of high salinity sludge from marine/brackish recirculation aquaculture systems is potentially limited by inhibition of enzymatic activities and cell lysis resulting from high osmotic pressures. To further address these limitations the following investigations were conducted: effect of salinity on phosphatase activity (PA), soluble microbial products (SMP) production, and presence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS); effect of iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) on PA and specific methanogenic activity (SMA); effect of addition of the compatible solute glycine betaine (GB) and potassium on PA, as well as on SMP and EPS production, all under saline conditions. The results show that salinity has different effects on PA of anaerobes under starvation and feeding conditions. FeCl3 increased the SMA of the sludge by 22.5% at 100 mg FeCl3/L compared with a control group (0 mg FeCl3/L). Furthermore, results of analysis of variance tests show that betaine increased the polysaccharide content of EPS and polypeptide content of SMP. However, addition of 1 mM potassium chloride did not show a significant effect on EPS and SMP composition. In conclusion, anaerobic digestion of salty sludges from a brackish aquaculture recirculation system may not be negatively affected by FeCl3 addition to concentrate waste streams, whereas GB boosts the production of SMP and EPS.