RESUMO
One of the major hitches for statins' utilization is the development of myotoxicity. Versatile studies reported that the underlining molecular mechanisms including coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)/ubiquinone depletion, as well as the disturbance in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ homeostasis. Therefore, we investigated the consequences of supplementing CoQ10 and dantrolene, a cytoplasmic Ca2+ reducing agent, in combination with simvastatin. This adjuvant therapy normalized the simvastatin-mediated elevation in serum ALT, AST, CK-MM, as well as tissue Ca2+ content, in addition to suppressing the simvastatin-mediated oxidative stress in simvastatin-treated rats, while having no effect upon statin-induced antihyperlipidemic effect. Additionally, the combination inhibited the simvastatin-induced TGF-ß/ Smad4 pathway activation. Collectively, the current study emphasizes on the potential utilization of dantrolene and CoQ10 as an adjuvant therapy to statins treatment for improving their side effect profile.
Assuntos
Dantroleno , Dieta Hiperlipídica , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Transdução de Sinais , Sinvastatina , Proteína Smad4 , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta , Ubiquinona , Ubiquinona/análogos & derivados , Animais , Dantroleno/farmacologia , Dantroleno/uso terapêutico , Ubiquinona/farmacologia , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Sinvastatina/farmacologia , Proteína Smad4/metabolismo , Ratos , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Dieta Hiperlipídica/efeitos adversos , Doenças Musculares/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Musculares/metabolismo , Doenças Musculares/prevenção & controle , Quimioterapia Combinada , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare pharmacogenetic disorder that can lead to a life-threatening reaction during general anaesthesia with triggering agents. Prompt life-saving treatment includes the immediate administration of the antidote dantrolene. This study investigated Swedish healthcare providers' awareness and adherence to guidelines and recommendations with respect to MH and whether adherence to safe MH-praxis varies with hospital care-complexity level and private versus public management form. METHOD: Agreements and procurement specifications between all 21 Swedish County Councils and privately run surgical care providers were reviewed alongside with questionnaire-aided collection of information from 62 publicly funded health care providers (both privately and publicly run). RESULTS: No procurement requirement specification or contract contained requirements on anaesthesia or aspects of MH. All publicly run hospitals stocked dantrolene and 28 out of 52 (54%) stocked the recommended amount. Seven out of nine (78%) of the privately run institutions stocked dantrolene, and one stocked the recommended amount. Publicly run hospitals adhered to recommendations to a greater extent than privately run institutions, both with respect to stocking of dantrolene (p = .02) and to stocking the recommended amount (p = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Contracts between Swedish county councils and private surgical care subcontractors rarely outline expectations of standards for the safe practice of anaesthesia such as preparedness to handle a life-threatening MH reaction. Among Swedish publicly funded anaesthesia providers there is room for improvement in adherence to the EMHG guideline on dantrolene availability. Publicly run hospitals seem to have better compliance with these recommendations than privately run institutions. Raising awareness about current guidelines is important to improve safety for known and unknown MH-susceptible individuals.
Assuntos
Dantroleno , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Hipertermia Maligna , Humanos , Suécia , Dantroleno/uso terapêutico , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Relaxantes Musculares CentraisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dantrolene binds to the Leu601-Cys620 region of the N-terminal domain of cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2), which corresponds to the Leu590-Cys609 region of the skeletal ryanodine receptor, and suppresses diastolic Ca2+ leakage through RyR2. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether the chronic administration of dantrolene prevented left ventricular (LV) remodeling and ventricular tachycardia (VT) after myocardial infarction (MI) by the same mechanism with the mutation V3599K of RyR2, which indicated that the inhibition of diastolic Ca2+ leakage occurred by enhancing the binding affinity of calmodulin (CaM) to RyR2. METHODS AND RESULTS: A left anterior descending coronary artery ligation MI model was developed in mice. Wild-type (WT) were divided into four groups: sham-operated mice (WT-Sham), sham-operated mice treated with dantrolene (WT-Sham-DAN), MI mice (WT-MI), and MI mice treated with dantrolene (WT-MI-DAN). Homozygous V3599K RyR2 knock-in (KI) mice were divided into two groups: sham-operated mice (KI-Sham) and MI mice (KI-MI). The mice were followed for 12 weeks. Survival was significantly higher in the WT-MI-DAN (73%) and KI-MI groups (70%) than the WT-MI group (40%). Echocardiography, pathological tissue, and epinephrine-induced VT studies showed that LV remodeling and VT were prevented in the WT-MI-DAN and KI-MI groups compared to the WT-MI group. An increase in diastolic Ca2+ spark frequency and a decrease in the binding affinity of CaM to the RyR2 were observed at 12 weeks after MI in the WT-MI group, although significant improvements in these values were observed in the WT-MI-DAN and KI-MI groups. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacological or genetic stabilization of RyR2 tetrameric structure improves survival after MI by suppressing LV remodeling and proarrhythmia.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca , Infarto do Miocárdio , Taquicardia Ventricular , Camundongos , Animais , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina/metabolismo , Dantroleno/farmacologia , Remodelação Ventricular , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Taquicardia Ventricular/etiologia , Taquicardia Ventricular/genética , Arritmias Cardíacas/metabolismo , Insuficiência Cardíaca/tratamento farmacológico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/metabolismo , Calmodulina/metabolismo , Infarto do Miocárdio/complicações , Infarto do Miocárdio/tratamento farmacológico , Infarto do Miocárdio/metabolismoRESUMO
Dantrolene (DAN) directly binds to cardiac ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) through Leu601-Cys620 in the N-terminal domain and subsequently inhibits diastolic Ca2+ leakage through RyR2. We previously reported that therapy using RyR2 V3599K mutation, which inhibits diastolic Ca2+ leakage by enhancing calmodulin (CaM) binding ability to RyR2, prevents left ventricular (LV) remodeling in transverse aortic constriction (TAC) heart failure. Here, we examined whether chronic administration of DAN prevents LV remodeling in TAC heart failure via the same mechanism as genetic therapy. A pressure-overloaded hypertrophy mouse model was developed using TAC. Wild-type (WT) mice were divided into three groups: sham-operated mice (Sham group), TAC mice (TAC group), and TAC mice treated with DAN (TAC-DAN group, 20 mg/kg/day, i.p.). They were then followed up for 8 weeks. The survival rate was higher in the TAC-DAN group (83%) than in the TAC group (49%), and serial echocardiography studies and pathological tissue analysis showed that LV remodeling was significantly prevented in the TAC-DAN group compared to the TAC group. An increase in the diastolic Ca2+ spark frequency and a decrease in the binding affinity of CaM to RyR2 were observed at 8 weeks in the TAC group but not in the TAC-DAN group. Stabilization of RyR2 with DAN prevented LV remodeling and improved survival after TAC by enhancing CaM binding to RyR2 and inhibiting RyR2-mediated diastolic Ca2+ leakage.
Assuntos
Estenose da Valva Aórtica , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Camundongos , Animais , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina/genética , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina/metabolismo , Dantroleno/farmacologia , Dantroleno/uso terapêutico , Remodelação Ventricular/genética , Insuficiência Cardíaca/metabolismo , Sinalização do CálcioRESUMO
Currently, many challenges are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as the failure of early diagnosis, and the lack of effective therapy. This study aimed to investigate the possible role of tuftelin 1 (TUFT 1) in the early diagnosis of HCC and evaluate the potential contribution of the TUFT 1/Ca+2 /phosphinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathway in dantrolene sodium (Dan) therapeutic outcomes. The study was performed on two sets of rats, the staging (30 rats) and treatment sets (80 rats). HCC was induced by a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DENA). The hepatic content of TUFT 1 protein was assayed via western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC), while PI3K, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Cyclin D1, and matrix-metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) contents were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hepatic and serum calcium were measured colorimetrically. Furthermore, the nuclear proliferation marker, (Ki-67), (Kiel [Ki] where the antibody was produced in the University Department of Pathology and the original clone number is 67)-expression was assessed by IHC. TUFT 1/Ca+2 /PI3K signaling pathway was progressively activated in the 3 studied stages of HCC with subsequent upregulation of angiogenesis, cell cycle, and metastasis. More interestingly, Dan led to TUFT 1/Ca+2 /PI3K pathway disruption by diminution of the hepatic contents of TUFT 1, calcium, PI3K, VEGF, Cyclin D1, and MMP-9 in a dose-dependent pattern. TUFT 1 can serve as a theranostic biomarker in HCC. Moreover, Dan exerted an antineoplastic effect against HCC via the interruption of TUFT 1/Ca+2 /PI3K pathway.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Humanos , Ratos , Animais , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/farmacologia , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Ciclina D1 , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Medicina de Precisão , Cálcio , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Diagnóstico Precoce , Proliferação de Células , Linhagem Celular TumoralRESUMO
Dantrolene (DTN) is a ryanodine receptor (RyR) antagonist that inhibits Ca2+ release from stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. DTN is mainly used in the management of malignant hyperthermia. RyRs are highly expressed in immune cells and are involved in different viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), because Ca2+ is necessary for viral replication, maturation and release. DTN can inhibit the proliferation of SARS-CoV-2, indicating its potential role in reducing entry and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. DTN may increase clearance of SARS-CoV-2 and promote coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) recovery by shortening the period of infection. DTN inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) mediated platelets aggregations and thrombosis. Therefore, DTN may inhibit thrombosis and coagulopathy in COVID-19 through suppression of platelet NMDA receptors. Moreover, DTN has a neuroprotective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced brain injury through modulation of NMDA receptors, which are involved in excitotoxicity, neuronal injury and the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. In conclusion, DTN by inhibiting RyRs may attenuate inflammatory disorders in SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated cardio-pulmonary complications. Therefore, DNT could be a promising drug therapy against COVID-19. Preclinical and clinical studies are warranted in this regards.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Trombose , Humanos , Dantroleno/farmacologia , Dantroleno/uso terapêutico , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina , SARS-CoV-2 , Receptores de N-Metil-D-AspartatoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: A cerebral vasospasm (CVSP) is a potent vasoconstriction of the cerebral vasculature and the primary cause of morbidity and mortality following a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is commonly affected by CVSPs. Concomitant administration of dantrolene and nimodipine synergistically reduces vasospasms in aortic rings from Sprague Dawley rats. To determine if the effects observed in the systemic vasculature extend to the cerebral circulation, we investigated the effect of intravenous administration of dantrolene (2.5 mg/kg) and nimodipine (1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg) on MCA blood flow velocity (BFV) 7 days after the induction of CVSPs. METHODS: Vasospasms were induced by bathing the left common carotid artery with autologous whole blood. Age-matched sham rats were used as controls. BFV, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were measured with a PeriFlux 5000 Laser Doppler System, and a CODA non-invasive blood pressure system, before and after administering the drugs. Morphometric evaluations were also performed to assess vascular alterations. RESULTS: BFV was reduced by 37% with dantrolene alone (n = 6, p ≤ 0.05) and by 27% with 2 mg/kg nimodipine (n = 6, p < 0.05), while it was not affected by 1 mg/kg nimodipine. The combination of 1 mg/kg nimodipine with dantrolene, however, decreased BFV by 35% (from 435.70 ± 21.53 to 284.30 ± 23.13 perfusion units, n = 7, p ≤ 0.05). A similar reduction (31%) was obtained with dantrolene and 2 mg/kg nimodipine (from 536.00 ± 32.61 to 367.80 ± 40.93 perfusion units, n = 6, p ≤ 0.05). Neither MAP nor HR was affected by dantrolene or nimodipine alone. The combination of dantrolene with 2 mg/kg nimodipine, however, decreased MAP and increased HR. Furthermore, 7 days after the induction of vasospasms, lumen area of the left common carotid artery decreased, whereas media thickness and the wall-to-lumen ratio increased when compared to contralateral controls. The latter finding suggests that vascular remodeling was present at this stage. CONCLUSION: Altogether, our results indicate that 2.5 mg/kg dantrolene significantly reduces BFV in the MCA without altering systemic hemodynamic parameters to a similar extent than the highest dose of nimodipine or the combination of dantrolene and the lowest dose of nimodipine. Therefore, dantrolene may provide a promising alternative to lower the risk, or partially revert, CVSP.
Assuntos
Nimodipina , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea , Ratos , Animais , Nimodipina/farmacologia , Nimodipina/uso terapêutico , Dantroleno/farmacologia , Dantroleno/uso terapêutico , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/complicações , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/tratamento farmacológico , Circulação CerebrovascularRESUMO
Dantrolene is an intra-cellularly acting skeletal muscle relaxant used for the treatment of the rare genetic disorder, malignant hyperthermia (MH). In most cases, MH susceptibility is caused by dysfunction of the skeletal ryanodine receptor (RyR1) harboring one of nearly 230 single-point MH mutations. The therapeutic effect of dantrolene is the result of a direct inhibitory action on the RyR1 channel, thus suppressing aberrant Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Despite the almost identical dantrolene-binding sequence exits in all three mammalian RyR isoforms, dantrolene appears to be an isoform-selective inhibitor. Whereas RyR1 and RyR3 channels are competent to bind dantrolene, the RyR2 channel, predominantly expressed in the heart, is unresponsive. However, a large body of evidence suggests that the RyR2 channel becomes sensitive to dantrolene-mediated inhibition under certain pathological conditions. Although a consistent picture of the dantrolene effect emerges from in vivo studies, in vitro results are often contradictory. Hence, our goal in this perspective is to provide the best possible clues to the molecular mechanism of dantrolene's action on RyR isoforms by identifying and discussing potential sources of conflicting results, mainly coming from cell-free experiments. Moreover, we propose that, specifically in the case of the RyR2 channel, its phosphorylation could be implicated in acquiring the channel responsiveness to dantrolene inhibition, interpreting functional findings in the structural context.
Assuntos
Dantroleno , Hipertermia Maligna , Animais , Humanos , Dantroleno/farmacologia , Dantroleno/química , Dantroleno/uso terapêutico , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Hipertermia Maligna/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertermia Maligna/genética , Hipertermia Maligna/metabolismo , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Mamíferos/metabolismoRESUMO
Systolic Ca2+ transients are shaped by the concerted summation of Ca2+ sparks across cardiomyocytes. At high pacing rates, alterations of excitation-contraction coupling manifest as pro-arrhythmic Ca2+ alternans that can be classified as concordant or discordant. Discordance is ascribed to out-of-phase alternation of local Ca2+ release across the cell, although the triggers and consequences of this phenomenon remain unclear. Rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were paced at increasing rates. A discordance index (SD of local alternans ratios) was developed to quantify discordance in confocal recordings of Ca2+ transients. Index values were significantly increased by rapid pacing, and negatively correlated with Ca2+ transient amplitude change, indicating that discordance is an important contributor to the negative Ca2+ transient-frequency relationship. In addition, the largest local calcium transient in two consecutive transients was measured to build a potential "best release" profile, which quantitatively confirmed discordance-induced Ca2+ release impairment (DICRI). Diastolic Ca2+ homeostasis was also observed to be disrupted by discordance, as late Ca2+ release events elicited instability of resting Ca2+ levels. Finally, the effects of two RyR2 inhibitors (VK-II-86 and dantrolene) were tested. While both compounds inhibited Ca2+ wave generation, only VK-II-86 augmented subcellular discordance. Discordant Ca2+ release is a quantifiable phenomenon, sensitive to pacing frequency, and impairs both systolic and diastolic Ca2+ homeostasis. Interestingly, RyR2 inhibition can induce discordance, which should be considered when evaluating pharmacological RyR2 modulators for clinical use.
Assuntos
Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio , Sinalização do Cálcio , Miócitos Cardíacos , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina , Animais , Arritmias Cardíacas/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/farmacologia , Acoplamento Excitação-Contração , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Ratos , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina/metabolismo , Retículo SarcoplasmáticoRESUMO
Dantrolene is a ryanodine receptor blocker that is used clinically for treatment of malignant hyperthermia. This study was conducted using murine aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (MOVAS) and a mouse arterial injury model to investigate the inhibitory effect of dantrolene on smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. We investigated whether dantrolene suppressed platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in vitro. The effect of dantrolene on smooth muscle phenotype was evaluated using immunostaining. In addition, smooth muscle cell proliferation and phenotype switching were tested by applying dantrolene around blood vessels using a mouse arterial injury model. Dantrolene inhibited PDGF-induced cell proliferation and migration of MOVAS. Dantrolene also inhibited the switch from contractile to synthetic phenotype both in vitro and in vivo. Dantrolene is effective at inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and neointimal formation following arterial injury in mice.
Assuntos
Músculo Liso Vascular , Lesões do Sistema Vascular , Animais , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Dantroleno/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismo , Neointima/patologia , Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/farmacologia , Lesões do Sistema Vascular/tratamento farmacológico , Lesões do Sistema Vascular/patologiaRESUMO
Dantrolene inhibits Ca2+ leakage from destabilized ryanodine receptors and therefore may serve as a therapeutic agent against endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated diseases. However, its effectiveness in treating autoimmune diseases remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of dantrolene on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Oral administration of dantrolene resulted in significantly lower arthritic scores in both male and female CIA mice than in the control mice. Micro-computed tomographic and histological analyses showed that dantrolene suppressed bone and chondral destruction. The serum levels of anti-type II collagen (CII) IgG were positively correlated with the arthritic scores (r = 0.704, p < 0.01). In addition, the serum levels of anti-CII IgG were significantly lower in the dantrolene group than in the control group (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that oral administration of dantrolene to CIA mice inhibits the production of serum anti-CII IgG and consequently prevents arthritis. Therefore, dantrolene may be a potential anti-rheumatic drug.
Assuntos
Artrite Experimental , Animais , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Colágeno Tipo II , Dantroleno/farmacologia , Dantroleno/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Imunoglobulina G , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos DBA , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de RianodinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is strongly associated with the phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerosis. Depletion of the ER Ca2+ content is one of the leading causes of increased ER stress in VSMCs. The ryanodine receptor (RyR) is a major Ca2+ release channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. Calmodulin (CaM), which binds to RyR (CaM-RyR), stabilizes the closed state of RyR in the resting state in normal cells. Defective CaM-RyR interactions can cause abnormal Ca2+ leakage through RyR, resulting in decreased Ca2+ content, indicating that defective CaM-RyR interactions may be a cause of increased ER stress. Herein, we used a mouse VSMCs to assess whether CaM-RyR plays a pivotal role in VSMCs phenotypic switching, which is caused by ER stress, and whether dantrolene, which enhances the binding affinity of CaM to RyR, affects VSMCs phenotypic switching. METHODS AND RESULTS: Tunicamycin was used to mimic ER stress in vitro. Tunicamycin-induced ER stress caused CaM to dissociate from the RyR and translocate to the nucleus, which stimulated phenotypic switching through the activation of MEF2 and KLF5. Dantrolene suppressed tunicamycin-induced apoptosis, ER stress (restoring ER Ca2+ content), and phenotypic switching of VSMCs. Suramin, which directly unbinds CaM from RyR, promoted nuclear CaM accumulation with parallel VSMCs phenotypic switching, and dantrolene prevented these effects. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that ER stress causes CaM translocation to the nucleus and drives the phenotypic switching of VSMCs. Thus, restoration of the binding affinity of CaM to RyR may be a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
Assuntos
Aterosclerose , Calmodulina , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Músculo Liso Vascular , Animais , Aterosclerose/metabolismo , Calmodulina/metabolismo , Dantroleno , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/fisiologia , Camundongos , Músculo Liso Vascular/citologia , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina/metabolismo , Suramina , Tunicamicina/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Intravenous dantrolene is often prescribed for hypermetabolic syndromes other than the approved indication of malignant hyperthermia (MH). To clarify the extent of and indications for dantrolene use in conditions other than MH, we sought to document current practices in the frequency, diagnoses, clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with dantrolene treatment in critical care settings. METHODS: Inpatients receiving intravenous dantrolene from October 1, 2004 to September 30, 2014 were identified retrospectively in the U.S. Veterans Health Administration national database. Extracted data included; diagnoses of hypermetabolic syndromes; triggering drugs; dantrolene dosages; demographics; vital signs; laboratory values; in-hospital mortality; complications; and lengths of stay. Frequency and mortality of patients who did not receive dantrolene were obtained in selected diagnoses for exploratory comparisons. RESULTS: Dantrolene was administered to 304 inpatients. The most frequent diagnoses associated with dantrolene treatment were neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS; N = 108, 35.53%) and sepsis (N = 47, 15.46%), with MH accounting for only 13 (4.28%) cases. Over half the patients had psychiatric comorbidities and received psychotropic drugs before dantrolene treatment. Common clinical findings in patients receiving dantrolene included elevated temperature (mean ± SD; 38.7 ± 1.3 °C), pulse (116.33 ± 22.80/bpm), respirations (27.75 ± 9.58/min), creatine kinase levels (2,859.37 ± 6,646.88 IU/L) and low pO2 (74.93 ± 40.16 mmHg). Respiratory, renal or cardiac failure were common complications. Mortality rates in-hospital were 24.01% overall, 7.69% in MH, 20.37% in NMS and 42.55% in sepsis, compared with mortality rates in larger and possibly less severe groups of unmatched patients with MH (5.26%), NMS (6.66%), or sepsis (41.91%) who did not receive dantrolene. CONCLUSIONS: In over 95% of cases, dantrolene administration was associated with diagnoses other than MH in critically-ill patients with hypermetabolic symptoms and medical and psychiatric comorbidities. Exploratory survey data suggested that the efficacy and safety of dantrolene in preventing mortality in hypermetabolic syndromes other than MH remain uncertain. However, randomized and controlled studies using standardized criteria between groups matched for severity are essential to guide practice in using dantrolene.
Assuntos
Hipertermia Maligna , Sepse , Creatina Quinase/uso terapêutico , Dantroleno/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Hipertermia Maligna/diagnóstico , Hipertermia Maligna/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertermia Maligna/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sepse/complicações , Saúde dos VeteranosRESUMO
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a major cause of mortality worldwide. In this study, we hypothesized that the combination of Dantrolene and Polymyxin-B will provide cardioprotective action against isoproterenol-induced hypertrophic cardiomyopathy via attenuation of Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was induced in rats by subcutaneous administration of isoproterenol (5â mg/kg) for 14â days. Simultaneously, animals were treated with Polymyxin-B per se, Dantrolene per se, and Dantrolene and Polymyxin-B combination for 14â days. Hemodynamic parameters, biochemical parameters, and histological analysis were performed. Administration of isoproterenol for 14â days resulted in severe myocardial damage, characterized by cardiac hypertrophy and increase serum CK-MB, CK-Nac, LDH, AST, and ALT levels. It also caused alteration in electrocardiogram and blood pressure. A significant increase in CaMKII was observed in heart homogenate. Treatment with the Polymyxin-B and Dantrolene combination significantly ameliorated cardiac hypertrophy, biochemical parameters, ECG parameters, and heart histopathology. Further, significant attenuation in CaMKII levels was observed. The effect of the combination was more than per se treatment. Results of the current study showed that the combination of Polymyxin-B and Dantrolene prevented the development of isoproterenol-induced hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in rats via attenuation of the CaMKII.
Assuntos
Proteína Quinase Tipo 2 Dependente de Cálcio-Calmodulina , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica , Ratos , Animais , Isoproterenol/efeitos adversos , Proteína Quinase Tipo 2 Dependente de Cálcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Dantroleno/efeitos adversos , Polimixina B/efeitos adversos , Cardiomegalia/induzido quimicamente , Cardiomegalia/metabolismo , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/induzido quimicamente , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Cardiac diseases are the leading causes of death, with a growing number of cases worldwide, posing a challenge for both healthcare and research. Therefore, the most relevant aim of cardiac research is to unravel the molecular pathomechanisms and identify new therapeutic targets. Cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2), the Ca2+ release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, is believed to be a good therapeutic target in a group of certain heart diseases, collectively called cardiac ryanopathies. Ryanopathies are associated with the impaired function of the RyR, leading to heart diseases such as congestive heart failure (CHF), catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia type 2 (ARVD2), and calcium release deficiency syndrome (CRDS). The aim of the current review is to provide a short insight into the pathological mechanisms of ryanopathies and discuss the pharmacological approaches targeting RyR2.
Assuntos
Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina , Taquicardia Ventricular , Displasia Arritmogênica Ventricular Direita , Cálcio/metabolismo , Sinalização do Cálcio , Humanos , Mutação , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina/genética , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina/metabolismo , Retículo Sarcoplasmático/metabolismo , Taquicardia Ventricular/etiologia , Taquicardia Ventricular/metabolismo , Taquicardia Ventricular/terapiaRESUMO
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal, hereditary neurodegenerative disorder that predominantly affects striatal medium-sized spiny neurons and cortical pyramidal neurons (CPNs). It has been proposed that perturbations in Ca2+ homeostasis could play a role in CPN alterations. To test this hypothesis, we used the R6/2 mouse model of juvenile HD at different stages of disease progression; presymptomatic, early symptomatic, and late symptomatic. We combined whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of layer 2/3 CPNs with two-photon laser scanning microscopy to image somatic and dendritic Ca2+ transients associated with evoked action potentials (APs). We found that the amplitude of AP-induced Ca2+ transients recorded at the somata of CPNs was significantly reduced in presymptomatic and late symptomatic R6/2 mice compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. However, reduced amplitudes were compensated by increases in decay times, so that Ca2+ transient areas were similar between genotypes. AP-induced Ca2+ transients in CPN proximal dendrites were variable and differences did not reach statistical significance, except for reduced areas in the late symptomatic group. In late symptomatic mice, a specific store-operated Ca2+ channel antagonist, EVP4593, reduced somatic Ca2+ transient amplitude similarly in WT and R6/2 CPNs. In contrast, dantrolene, a ryanodine receptor (RyR) antagonist, and nifedipine, an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, significantly reduced both somatic Ca2+ transient amplitude and area in R6/2 but not WT CPNs. These findings demonstrate that perturbations of Ca2+ homeostasis and compensation occur in CPNs before and after the onset of overt symptoms, and suggest RyRs and L-type Ca2+ channels as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used two-photon microscopy to examine calcium influx induced by action potentials in cortical pyramidal neurons from a mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD), the R6/2. The amplitude of somatic calcium transients was reduced in R6/2 mice compared with controls. This reduction was compensated by increased decay times, which could lead to reduced calcium buffering capacity. L-type calcium channel and ryanodine receptor blockers reduced calcium transient area in HD neurons, suggesting new therapeutic avenues.
Assuntos
Potenciais de Ação/fisiologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Doença de Huntington/metabolismo , Células Piramidais/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Técnicas de Patch-ClampRESUMO
Progressive neuronal demise is a key contributor to the key pathogenic event implicated in many different neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). There are several therapeutic strategies available; however, none of them are particularly effective. Targeted neuroprotective therapy is one such therapy, which seems a compelling option, yet remains challenging due to the internal heterogeneity of the mechanisms underlying various NDDs. An alternative method to treat NDDs is to exploit common modalities involving molecularly distinct subtypes and thus develop specialized drugs with broad-spectrum characteristics. There is mounting evidence which supports for the theory that dysfunctional ryanodine receptors (RyRs) disrupt intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, contributing to NDDs significantly. This review aims to provide direct and indirect evidence on the intersection of NDDs and RyRs malfunction, and to shed light on novel strategies to treat RyRs-mediated disease, modifying pharmacological therapies such as the potential therapeutic role of dantrolene, a RyRs antagonist.
Assuntos
Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Sinalização do Cálcio/fisiologia , Dantroleno/administração & dosagem , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina/metabolismo , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Sinalização do Cálcio/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/tratamento farmacológico , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismoRESUMO
Malignant hyperthermia is defined in the International Classification of Diseases as a progressive life-threatening hyperthermic reaction occurring during general anaesthesia. Malignant hyperthermia has an underlying genetic basis, and genetically susceptible individuals are at risk of developing malignant hyperthermia if they are exposed to any of the potent inhalational anaesthetics or suxamethonium. It can also be described as a malignant hypermetabolic syndrome. There are no specific clinical features of malignant hyperthermia and the condition may prove fatal unless it is recognised in its early stages and treatment is promptly and aggressively implemented. The Association of Anaesthetists has previously produced crisis management guidelines intended to be displayed in all anaesthetic rooms as an aide memoire should a malignant hyperthermia reaction occur. The last iteration was produced in 2011 and since then there have been some developments requiring an update. In these guidelines we will provide background information that has been used in updating the crisis management recommendations but will also provide more detailed guidance on the clinical diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia. The scope of these guidelines is extended to include practical guidance for anaesthetists dealing with a case of suspected malignant hyperthermia once the acute reaction has been reversed. This includes information on care and monitoring during and after the event; appropriate equipment and resuscitative measures within the operating theatre and ICU; the importance of communication and teamwork; guidance on counselling of the patient and their family; and how to make a referral of the patient for confirmation of the diagnosis. We also review which patients presenting for surgery may be at increased risk of developing malignant hyperthermia under anaesthesia and what precautions should be taken during the peri-operative management of the patients.
Assuntos
Dantroleno/uso terapêutico , Hipertermia Maligna/tratamento farmacológico , Relaxantes Musculares Centrais/uso terapêutico , Acidose/tratamento farmacológico , Acidose/etiologia , Temperatura Corporal , Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Síndromes Compartimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Síndromes Compartimentais/etiologia , Coagulação Intravascular Disseminada/etiologia , Coagulação Intravascular Disseminada/terapia , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Hiperpotassemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperpotassemia/etiologia , Hipertermia Maligna/complicações , Hipertermia Maligna/diagnóstico , Mioglobinúria/tratamento farmacológico , Mioglobinúria/etiologia , Ventilação Pulmonar , Fatores de Risco , Bicarbonato de Sódio/administração & dosagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Malignant hyperthermia is a rare but life-threatening pharmacogenetic muscle disorder characterized by abnormal hypermetabolic reactions and commonly triggered in susceptible individuals by volatile anesthetics or succinylcholine, or both. Unfortunately, the specific medicine dantrolene is not readily available in many countries including China. The aim of this study was to find the characteristics of malignant hyperthermia under the situation that dantrolene is not readily available. METHODS: The cases of malignant hyperthermia reported on the most commonly used databases in China from 1985 to 2020 were analyzed. The inclusion criteria were the MH episodes only related to anesthesia. The exclusion criteria were dubious MH episodes only caused by Ketamine administration or MH episodes irrelevant to anesthesia. Independent samples t-test and Pearson's chi-squared test were applied to assess the difference between the survived and death cases. RESULTS: Ninety-two cases of malignant hyperthermia reported on the most commonly used databases in China from 1985 to 2020 were analyzed. Median (IQR [range]) age was 18.5 (11.8-37.0 [0-70.0]) years. Compared with the survived cases, the death cases had higher maximum end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 (P = 0.033), the maximum arterial partial pressure of CO2 (P = 0.006), temperature first measured when the patient was first discovered abnormal (P = 0.012), and maximum temperature (P < 0.001). Besides, the death cases had less minimum pH (P < 0.001) and higher potassium (P < 0.001) and were more likely to have coagulation disorders (p = 0.018). Concerning treatment, cases used furosemide (P = 0.024), mannitol (P = 0.029), blood purification treatment (P = 0.017) had the advantage on the outcome. Creatine phosphokinase, myoglobin, and MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase differed greatly among cases during the first week. 43 (46.7%) cases had congenital diseases. 12 (13.0%) cases were reported with abnormal laboratory test results or abnormal signs that are possibly relevant before anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: In countries that dantrolene is not readily available, early warning, diagnosis, and prompt effective therapies are crucial for MH patients to survive.
Assuntos
Hipertermia Maligna/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Pressão Arterial , Transtornos da Coagulação Sanguínea/epidemiologia , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Creatina Quinase/sangue , Creatina Quinase Forma MB/sangue , Dantroleno/provisão & distribuição , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Relaxantes Musculares Centrais/provisão & distribuição , Mioglobina/sangue , Potássio/sangue , Volume de Ventilação Pulmonar , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a severe hypermetabolic disorder associated with dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and is triggered by inhalational anesthetics (isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane) and a depolarizing muscle relaxant (succinylcholine). We report the case of a 16-day-old infant undergoing laparoscopic surgery. The patient developed hyperthermia and hypercarbia with muscle rigidity. After the diagnosis of MH, dantrolene was administered with sufficient hydration. The patient was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit for monitoring and treatment of acute renal injury due to myoglobinuria. Subsequently, two variants of the ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) gene were identified in the patient as the mutation point at c.1589G > A p.Arg530His and c.1841G > T p.Arg614Leu, which are known to be associated with MH. This was a rare case of MH in a 16-day-old infant that might be related to two RYR1 mutations inherited from the parents.