Species assemblages of insular Caribbean Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigerales) over ecological and evolutionary time scales.

Phylogenetic approaches to macroevolution have provided unique insight into evolutionary relationships, ancestral ranges, and diversification patterns for many taxa. Similar frameworks have also been developed to assess how environmental and/or spatial variables shape species diversity and distribution patterns at different spatial/temporal scales, but studies implementing these are still scarce for many groups, including lichens. Here, we combine phylogeny-based ancestral range reconstruction and diversification analysis with community phylogenetics to reconstruct evolutionary origins and assess patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic relatedness between island communities of the lichenized fungal genus Sticta in the Caribbean. Sampling was carried out in the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico) and Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Guadeloupe, and Martinique). Data for six molecular loci were obtained for 64 candidate Caribbean species and used to perform both macroevolutionary phylogenetics, which also included worldwide taxa, and phylobetadiversity analyses, which emphasized island-level communities. Our work uncovered high levels of island endemism (∼59%) in Caribbean Sticta. We estimate initial colonization of the region occurred about 19 Mya from a South American ancestor. Reverse migration events by Caribbean lineages to South America were also inferred. We found no evidence for increased diversification rates associated with range expansion into the Caribbean. Taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover between island-level communities was most strongly correlated with environmental variation rather than with geographic distance. We observed less dissimilarity among communities from the Dominican Republic and Jamaica than between these islands and the Lesser Antilles/Puerto Rico. High levels of hidden diversity and endemism in Caribbean Sticta reaffirm that islands are crucial for the maintenance of global biodiversity of lichenized fungi. Altogether, our findings suggest that strong evolutionary links exist between Caribbean and South American biotas but at regional scales, species assemblages exhibit complex taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships that are determined by local environments and shared evolutionary histories.

Cophylogenetic patterns in algal symbionts correlate with repeated symbiont switches during diversification and geographic expansion of lichen-forming fungi in the genus Sticta (Ascomycota, Peltigeraceae).

Species in the fungal genus Sticta form symbiotic associations primarily with either green algae or cyanobacteria, but tripartite associations or photosymbiodemes involving both types of photobionts occur in some species. Sticta is known to associate with green algae in the genus Symbiochloris. However, previous studies have shown that algae from other genera, such as Heveochlorella, may also be suitable partners for Sticta. We examined the diversity of green algal partners in the genus Sticta and assessed the patterns of association between the host fungus and its algal symbiont. We used multi-locus sequence data from multiple individuals collected in Australia, Cuba, Madagascar, Mauritius, New Zealand, Reunion and South America to infer phylogenies for fungal and algal partners and performed tests of congruence to assess coevolution between the partners. In addition, event-based methods were implemented to examine which cophylogenetic processes have led to the observed association patterns in Sticta and its green algal symbionts. Our results show that in addition to Symbiochloris, Sticta associates with green algae from the genera Chloroidium, Coccomyxa, Elliptochloris and Heveochlorella, the latter being the most common algal symbiont associated with Sticta in this study. Geography plays a strong role in shaping fungal-algal association patterns in Sticta as mycobionts associate with different algal lineages in different geographic locations. While fungal and algal phylogenies were mostly congruent, event-based methods did not find any evidence for cospeciation between the partners. Instead, the association patterns observed in Sticta and associated algae, were largely explained by other cophylogenetic events such as host-switches, losses of symbiont and failure of the symbiont to diverge with its host. Our results also show that tripartite associations with green algae evolved multiple times in Sticta.

Dorsolateral prefrontal γ-aminobutyric acid in patients with treatment-resistant depression after transcranial magnetic stimulation measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Background: The therapeutic mechanism of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) may involve modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels. We used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to assess changes in GABA levels at the site of rTMS in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Methods: In 26 adults with TRD, we used Mescher­Garwood point-resolved spectroscopy (MEGA-PRESS) spectral-editing MRS to measure GABA in the left DLPFC before and after standard clinical treatment with rTMS. All participants but 1 were medicated, including 12 patients on GABA agonist agents. Results: Mean GABA in the DLPFC increased 10.0% (p = 0.017) post-rTMS in the overall sample. As well, GABA increased significantly in rTMS responders (n = 12; 23.6%, p = 0.015) but not in nonresponders (n = 14; 4.1%, p = not significant). Changes in GABA were not significantly affected by GABAergic agonists, but clinical response was less frequent (p = 0.005) and weaker (p = 0.035) in the 12 participants who were receiving GABA agonists concomitant with rTMS treatment. Limitations: This study had an open-label design in a population receiving naturalistic treatment. Conclusion: Treatment using rTMS was associated with increases in GABA levels at the stimulation site in the left DLPFC, and the degree of GABA change was related to clinical improvement. Participants receiving concomitant treatment with a GABA agonist were less likely to respond to rTMS. These findings were consistent with earlier studies showing the effects of rTMS on GABA levels and support a GABAergic model of depression.

Oligocene origin and drivers of diversification in the genus Sticta (Lobariaceae, Ascomycota).

A major challenge to evolutionary biologists is to understand how biodiversity is distributed through space and time and across the tree of life. Diversification of organisms is influenced by many factors that act at different times and geographic locations but it is still not clear which have a significant impact and how drivers interact. To study diversification, we chose the lichen genus Sticta, by sampling through most of the global range and producing a time tree. We estimate that Sticta originated about 30 million years ago, but biogoegraphic analysis was unclear in estimating the origin of the genus. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of dispersal ability finding that Sticta has a high dispersal rate, as collections from Hawaii showed that divergent lineages colonized the islands at least four times. Symbiont interactions were investigated using BiSSE to understand if green-algal or cyanobacterial symbiont interactions influenced diversification, only to find that the positive results were driven almost completely by Type I error. On the other hand, another BiSSE analysis found that an association with Andean tectonic activity increases the speciation rate of species.

Mexico City normal weight children exposed to high concentrations of ambient PM2.5 show high blood leptin and endothelin-1, vitamin D deficiency, and food reward hormone dysregulation versus low pollution controls. Relevance for obesity and Alzheimer disease.

Millions of Mexico, US and across the world children are overweight and obese. Exposure to fossil-fuel combustion sources increases the risk for obesity and diabetes, while long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above US EPA standards is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mexico City Metropolitan Area children are chronically exposed to PM2.5 and O3 concentrations above the standards and exhibit systemic, brain and intrathecal inflammation, cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer disease neuropathology. We investigated adipokines, food reward hormones, endothelial dysfunction, vitamin D and apolipoprotein E (APOE) relationships in 80 healthy, normal weight 11.1±3.2 year olds matched by age, gender, BMI and SES, low (n: 26) versus high (n:54) PM2.5 exposures. Mexico City children had higher leptin and endothelin-1 (p<0.01 and p<0.000), and decreases in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP 1), ghrelin, and glucagon (<0.02) versus controls. BMI and leptin relationships were significantly different in low versus high PM2.5 exposed children. Mexico City APOE 4 versus 3 children had higher glucose (p=0.009). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<30 ng/mL was documented in 87% of Mexico City children. Leptin is strongly positively associated to PM 2.5 cumulative exposures. Residing in a high PM2.5 and O3 environment is associated with 12h fasting hyperleptinemia, altered appetite-regulating peptides, vitamin D deficiency, and increases in ET-1 in clinically healthy children. These changes could signal the future trajectory of urban children towards the development of insulin resistance, obesity, type II diabetes, premature cardiovascular disease, addiction-like behavior, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Increased efforts should be made to decrease pediatric PM2.5 exposures, to deliver health interventions prior to the development of obesity and to identify and mitigate environmental factors influencing obesity and Alzheimer disease.

Contemporary practices of physical trainers in professional soccer: A qualitative study.

Introduction: Physical trainers (PTs) are integral for managing load, reducing injury and optimizing performance in professional soccer. However, little is known about how this practitioners operate in the applied setting and how some of the nuances experienced influence practice. Methods: This study explored the contemporary practices of PTs in professional soccer. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with eight PTs from different professional teams in European and South American leagues. Interview questions were designed to extract information on the evaluation of physical abilities, monitoring and control of training and injury prevention. Subsequently, the interviews were video-recorded, transcribed, translated and analyzed using a content analysis approach. Results: The results suggest that the evaluation of physical capacities is carried out by PTs at the beginning of the preseason. It also appears that it is attempted that this process of regular testing is applied during the competitive period, with most participants conducting partial physiological and physical evaluations at different stages throughout the competitive season. In relation to the monitoring and control of training, subjective feedback scales are used to estimate the internal load, and the use of GPS devices is common to quantify external loads. Injury prevention programmes were implemented by all participants and were generally in a multi-component format focused on preventing or optimizing physical capabilities. Discussion: These insights can be used as a scientific reference point to inform applied practice in professional soccer, especially for practitioners that are inexperienced and aspiring to enhance how they operate in the field. Future investigations should explore the practices of PTs in detail and across a wider network in order to gain deeper and comprehensive insights into the applied soccer environment.

A new species of Megalaria (Ramalinaceae, Ascomycota) from Thailand, and recognition of subgenus Catillochroma.

Tropical regions harbor a substantial diversity of lichenized fungi, but face numerous threats to their persistence, often even before previously unknown species have been described and their evolutionary relationships have been elucidated. Megalaria (Ramalinaceae) is a lichen-forming genus of fungi that produces crustose thalli, and includes a number of lineages occupying tropical rain forests; however, taxonomic and phylogenetic work on this clade is limited. Here we leverage both morphological and sequence data to describe a new species from the tropics, M.pachaylenophila. This taxon forms a crustose thallus, lacks secondary metabolites, and occurs in mangrove forests of Thailand. We supplemented molecular data from this species with data from other species, including two genera related to and occasionally included in Megalaria, namely Catillochroma and Lopezaria. Our analyses revealed Catillochroma species form a monophyletic group embedded within Megalaria, and we therefore recognize this clade at the subgeneric level. Since we only included the type species of Lopezaria in this study, we refrain from proposing a taxonomic conclusion for that clade at the moment. Several taxonomic combinations are made to reflect phylogenetic evidence supporting the inclusion of these species in Megalaria.

[From the Antonine Plague to the Cyprian Plague: Scopes and consequences of global plagues in the Roman Empire in the 3rd century AD.] / De la Peste Antonina a la Peste de Cipriano: Alcances y consecuencias de las pestes globales en el Imperio Romano en el siglo III d.C.

Between the 2nd and 3rd centuries the Roman Empire suffered two great plagues, the Antonine Plague, of which there is a bibliography, and the lesser known Plague of Cyprian. As an overview, both pandemics resemble the crisis that in 2020 the Coronavirus is generating in many aspects of human life. This article focuses on the impact that the Cyprian plague had in the context of the crisis of the third century, its mortality is estimated between 10-20% of the population in the affected places, finally its effects generated several of the necessary conditions for the transition from the ancient to the medieval world. It is about understanding how the cycle of plagues that went from the 2nd century to the 3rd century changed the appearance of the Roman world and what lessons history gives us 1700 years later.

Multiple historical processes obscure phylogenetic relationships in a taxonomically difficult group (Lobariaceae, Ascomycota).

In the age of next-generation sequencing, the number of loci available for phylogenetic analyses has increased by orders of magnitude. But despite this dramatic increase in the amount of data, some phylogenomic studies have revealed rampant gene-tree discordance that can be caused by many historical processes, such as rapid diversification, gene duplication, or reticulate evolution. We used a target enrichment approach to sample 400 single-copy nuclear genes and estimate the phylogenetic relationships of 13 genera in the lichen-forming family Lobariaceae to address the effect of data type (nucleotides and amino acids) and phylogenetic reconstruction method (concatenation and species tree approaches). Furthermore, we examined datasets for evidence of historical processes, such as rapid diversification and reticulate evolution. We found incongruence associated with sequence data types (nucleotide vs. amino acid sequences) and with different methods of phylogenetic reconstruction (species tree vs. concatenation). The resulting phylogenetic trees provided evidence for rapid and reticulate evolution based on extremely short branches in the backbone of the phylogenies. The observed rapid and reticulate diversifications may explain conflicts among gene trees and the challenges to resolving evolutionary relationships. Based on divergence times, the diversification at the backbone occurred near the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary (65 Mya) which is consistent with other rapid diversifications in the tree of life. Although some phylogenetic relationships within the Lobariaceae family remain with low support, even with our powerful phylogenomic dataset of up to 376 genes, our use of target-capturing data allowed for the novel exploration of the mechanisms underlying phylogenetic and systematic incongruence.

[Enzymatic activities of bacteria isolated from the digestive tract of caterpillars and the pupal content of Automeris zugana and Rothschildia lebeau (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)]. / Actividades enzimáticas en aislamientos bacterianos de tractos digestivos de larvas y del contenido de pupas de Automeris zugana y Rothschildia lebeau (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).

The enzymatic activities of bacteria isolated from the digestive tracts of caterpillars and the pupal contents of Automeris zugana and Rothschildia lebeau was studied. This digestive tract represents an extreme microenvironment due to its high pH and presence of antimicrobial substances secreted by the insect or derived from ingested plant tissue. At the same time, it contains large amounts of nutrient-rich food, for which microbes may compete among themselves and with the caterpillar. There is little information about the microbiota associated with tropical caterpillar guts, although bacteria from different genera have been isolated from gut and pupae samples. The study of the enzymatic activities generated by these organisms constitutes a starting point to understand their metabolic and physiological relationships with their hosts, and to find enzymes that have potential biotechnological applications. In this study we evaluated several enzymatic activities in two collections of bacteria isolated from caterpillar guts and pupae of the tropical lepidopteran species A. zugana and R. lebeau. Bacteria grown under aerobic conditions were tested for an array of enzymes, including gelatinases, caseinases, lipases, esterases, cellulases, xylanases, amylases and chitinases. Both collections displayed similar patterns of enzymatic activity. No isolate showed activity for all enzymatic tests, but as a whole, at least some bacteria in each collection were able to degrade each substrate tested. Isolates with the same taxonomic identification obtained from caterpillar guts and pupae had almost the same enzymatic activities. In both collections, it was possible to group bacterial isolates according to their enzyme activity pattern. In addition to a heterogeneous ensemble of isolates exhibiting two or less enzymatic activities, there were two groups with at least five activities that showed an apparent specialization for the substrates they were able to use. The first consisted exclusively of isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae, which were positive for lipolytic and chitinolytic activities, but completely lacked amylasic, cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities. The second group, composed mainly of Gram-positive rods, exhibited the opposite pattern: they were positive for amylasic, cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities, lacked chitinolytic activity and had few isolates with lipolytic activity. This work forms the foundation for future research to explore the biotechnological potential of bacterial isolates from caterpillar guts.

De la Peste Antonina a la Peste de Cipriano: alcances y consecuencias de las pestes globales en el Imperio Romano en el siglo III dC / From the Antonine Plague to the Cyprian Plague: scopes and consequences of global plagues in the Roman Empire in the 3rd century AD

Resumen El Imperio Romano sufrió entre el siglo II y III dos grandes pestes, la Peste Antonina, de la cual existe bibliografía, y la Peste de Cipriano, que es menos conocida. Como una visión de conjunto, ambas pandemias se asemejan a la crisis que en el 2020 el coronavirus está generando en muchos aspectos de la vida humana. Este artículo se centra en el impacto que la peste de Cipriano tuvo en el contexto de la crisis del siglo III; su mortalidad se estima entre 10-20% de la población en los lugares afectados y finalmente sus efectos generaron varias de las condiciones necesarias para la transición del mundo antiguo al medieval. Se trata de comprender cómo el ciclo de pestes que va desde el siglo II al siglo III cambió la fisonomía del mundo romano y que lecciones nos entrega la historia 1700 años después.

Abstract Between the 2nd and 3rd centuries the Roman Empire suffered two great plagues, the Antonine Plague, of which there is a bibliography, and the lesser known Plague of Cyprian. As an overview, both pandemics resemble the crisis that in 2020 the Coronavirus is generating in many aspects of human life. This article focuses on the impact that the Cyprian plague had in the context of the crisis of the third century, its mortality is estimated between 10-20% of the population in the affected places, finally its effects generated several of the necessary conditions for the transition from the ancient to the medieval world. It is about understanding how the cycle of plagues that went from the 2nd century to the 3rd century changed the appearance of the Roman world and what lessons history gives us 1700 years later.

A Critical Proton MR Spectroscopy Marker of Alzheimer's Disease Early Neurodegenerative Change: Low Hippocampal NAA/Cr Ratio Impacts APOE ɛ4 Mexico City Children and Their Parents.

Severe air pollution exposures produce systemic, respiratory, myocardial, and brain inflammation and Alzheimer's disease (AD) hallmarks in clinically healthy children. We tested whether hippocampal metabolite ratios are associated with contrasting levels of air pollution, APOE, and body mass index (BMI) in paired healthy children and one parent sharing the same APOE alleles. We used 1H-MRS to interrogate bilateral hippocampal single-voxel in 57 children (12.45 ± 3.4 years) and their 48 parents (37.5 ± 6.78 years) from a low pollution city versus Mexico City (MC). NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and mI/Cr metabolite ratios were analyzed. The right hippocampus NAA/Cr ratio was significantly different between cohorts (p = 0.007). The NAA/Cr ratio in right hippocampus in controls versus APOE ɛ4 MC children and in left hippocampus in MC APOE ɛ4 parents versus their children was significantly different after adjusting for age, gender, and BMI (p = 0.027 and 0.01, respectively). The NAA/Cr ratio is considered reflective of neuronal density/functional integrity/loss of synapses/higher pTau burden, thus a significant decrease in hippocampal NAA/Cr ratios may constitute a spectral marker of early neurodegeneration in young urbanites. Decreases in NAA/Cr correlate well with cognitive function, behavioral symptoms, and dementia severity; thus, since the progression of AD starts decades before clinical diagnosis, our findings support the hypothesis that under chronic exposures to fine particulate matter and ozone above the standards, neurodegenerative processes start in childhood and APOE ɛ4 carriers are at higher risk. Gene and environmental factors are critical in the development of AD and the identification and neuroprotection of young urbanites at high risk must become a public health priority.

La publicación científica en Médica Electrónica. Trienio 2016-2018 / Scientific publication in Médica Electrónica. Triennium 2016-2018

RESUMEN Introducción: la producción científica sirve, en alguna medida, para valorar el capital humano de una institución académica, científica o de asistencia médica. La actividad científica que se genera en el área de la salud en Cuba, generalmente se divulga a través de las diferentes revistas médicas. Por ello, evaluar el progreso de estas publicaciones permite identificar logros, deficiencias y establecer estrategias para su solución. Objetivo: valorar el comportamiento de la publicación científica de la Revista Médica Electrónica, en el trienio 2016-2018. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo donde se cuantificaron y analizaron todos los artículos publicados en Revista Médica Electrónica entre los años 2016-2018. Se evaluaron las variables: cantidad de artículos, tipo de artículos, contribución de autores por artículos y cantidad de referencias bibliográficas en cada uno. Resultados: durante los tres años estudiados se publicaron un total de 494 artículos, cifra que supera la de años anteriores. Aumentó el número de artículos originales. Predominó en la revista la contribución entre 5 y 6 autores. El total de referencias bibliográficas citadas fue de 7 819. El año 2018 fue el que más citas aportó, lo que se corresponde con la cantidad de artículos publicados, porque fue el volumen contentivo de mayor cantidad de artículos. Conclusiones: se apreció un incremento de la cantidad de artículos. Predominaron los artículos originales y las presentaciones de caso. Se evidenció una tendencia de aumento en la cantidad de artículos históricos y de opinión. Predominó la contribución colectiva, una gran cantidad de artículos declararon 5 y 6 autores.

ABSTRACT Introduction: scientific production serves, in some cases, to evaluate the human staff of a health care, scientific and academic institutions. Scientific activity generated in the health are in Cuba, is generally disseminated in the different medical journals. For that assessing the progress of these publications allows to identify achievements, deficiencies and to establish strategies for solving them. Objective: to assess the behavior of scientific publication in Revista Médica Electrónica, in the triennium 2016-2018. Materials and methods: descriptive, observational study where the articles published in Revista Médica Electrónica were quantified and analyzed. The assessed variables were: quantity of articles, kind of articles, authors´ contribution per article and quantity of bibliographic references in each of them. Results: during the three studied years, a total of 494 articles was published, a quantity outnumbering the previous years. The number of original articles increased. The contribution between 5 and 6 authors predominated in the journal. The total of cited bibliographic references was 7 819. 2018 was the year providing more quantity of quotations, in correspondence with the quantity of published articles, because it was the volume containing more quantity of articles. Conclusions: an increase of the articles quantity was appreciated. Original articles and case presentations predominated. It was evidenced an increase of the historic and opinion cases. Collective contribution predominated; a great quantity of articles declared 5 and 6 authors.

Faustino Pérez Hernández, honestidad y entrega / Faustino Pérez Hernández, honesty and consecration

La historia de Cuba la han hecho sus mejores hijos. Entre los que contribuyeron protagónicamente a la etapa que condujo al triunfo de 1959 y la construcción de la sociedad socialista se destaca Faustino Pérez Hernández, fruto de la tierra espirituana ligado a la historia matancera por más de una página de honestidad y entrega. El principal hospital de la provincia de Matanzas, ubicado en su capital, lleva su nombre. El presente trabajo pretende, en su brevedad, despertar la necesidad de conocer más profundamente su vida y su obra (AU).

Cuban history has been made by its best children. Faustino Perez, born in Sancti Spiritus and linked to Matanzas by more than one page of honesty and devotion, is among the ones who played the most important roles in the stage leading to the triumph of 1959 revolution and the socialist construction. The main hospital of the province of Matanzas, located in its capital, is named after him. The current work pretends to arouse the necessity of knowing deeply his life and his work (AU).

Publicación en Revista Médica Electrónica. Un acercamiento al estudio de sus citas. Año 2015 / Publishing in Medica Electrónica. An approach to studying its quotations. Year 2015

Introducción: las revistas científicas cumplen un importante papel en el proceso de comunicación científica y en la validación del nuevo conocimiento. Resulta oportuno estudiar la cantidad y calidad de sus publicaciones. Las referencias bibliográficas constituyen pilares básicos para conocer el proceso de la comunicación científica. Objetivos: analizar, mediante técnicas bibliométricas, la actividad científica y la producción de información de la Revista Médica Electrónica, como publicación científica de la provincia de Matanzas, en el año 2015. Las variables estudiadas fueron: cantidad de artículos publicados, tipos de documentos y referencias bibliográficas. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal sobre los artículos publicados en la Revista Médica Electrónica. Año 2015. La muestra fueron todos los artículos publicados en el periodo analizado. Las variables estudiadas fueron: cantidad de artículos publicados, tipos de documentos y referencias bibliográficas. Al analizar la Referencias Bibliográficas se tuvo en cuenta: cantidad por número y por secciones de la revista, tipos de documentos citados y obsolescencia de las primeras. Para determinar el grado de antigüedad se empleó el índice de Price Resultados: aumentó la cantidad de trabajos a partir del tercer número del año 2015. Hubo correspondencia entre la cantidad de referencias y de artículos por número. El índice de actualidad se comportó entre un 62,56 y 74,61 %. Conclusiones: prevalecen los artículos originales. Disminución en cuanto a la cantidad de publicaciones por números comparado con años anteriores. Los manuscritos cumplen con el porcentaje de actualidad que se exige para las referencias bibliográficas (AU).

Introduction: scientific journals play an important role in the process of scientific communication and in validating new knowledge. It is opportune to study the quality and quantity of the published articles. Bibliographical references are a main support to assess the process of scientific communication. Objectives: to analyze, through bibliometric techniques, the scientific activity and information production of Revista Médica Electrónica, as a scientific publication of the province of Matanzas in 2015. The studied variables were: quantity of published articles, kind of documents and bibliographical references. Material and Methods: a descriptive, longitudinal study was carried out on the articles published in Revista Medica Electrónica during 2015. The sample were articles published in the analyzed period. The studied variables were: quantity of published articles, kind of documents and bibliographical references. When analyzing the bibliographical references, it were taken into account the quantity of them per issue and per journal section, the kind of quoted documents and their obsolescence. The Price index was used to determine the grade of antiquity. Results: the quantity of works increased beginning from the third issue of 2015. There it was correspondence between the quantity of references and the quantity of articles per issue. The antiquity index ranged from 62.56 to 74.61 %. Conclusions: Original articles were prevalent. The quantity of articles per issue decreased in comparison with previous years. The originals have the antiquity percentage required for the bibliographical references (AU).

Factores asociados a la demanda insatisfecha en la consulta externa de un hospital de Ica, 2015 / Factors associated with unmet demand in the outpatient department of a hospital in Ica, 2015

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados de la demanda insatisfecha en la consulta externa del Hospital Regional de Ica en Marzo del 2015. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, observacional, descriptivo y correlacional, para lo cual se entrevistó a 2088 usuarios que acudieron en busca de atención por consultorio externo en el 2015, empleando un cuestionario confeccionado por los investigadores, que fue previamente validado mediante prueba piloto. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados con estadística descriptiva univariada y bivariada, con modelo matemático de regresión logística a un nivel de significancia de p<0,05. Resultados: La mayoría de usuarios fueron adultos (59,8%), de género femenino (62,3%). La demanda insatisfecha fue de 36,9%, con variaciones por diarias que van desde 23,1% hasta 53,9% siendo mayor para los consultorios de Cirugia especialidades (42,2%), se halló asociación con la edad (p=0,002), estado civil (p=0,001), años de estudios aprobados (p=0,0003), ingreso económico (p=0.00003), ocupación (p=0,003) y tiempo de espera (p=0,00001). Dentro de las categorías que presentaron mayor riesgo de demanda insatisfecha se encuentran: adultos mayores (OR 1,6, p=0,001), viudos (OR 2, p=0,000), analfabetos (OR 2,5, p=0,002), profesionales (OR 1,9, p=0,008), tiempo de espera menor a una hora (OR 2,000 y P=0,006). Conclusión: La demanda insatisfecha fue de 36,9%, los factores asociados fueron: edad, estado civil, años de estudio aprobados, ocupación y tiempo de espera. (AU)

Objective: To determine the factors associated with unmet demand in the outpatient clinic of theRegional Hospital of Ica in March 2015.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional, observational, de-scriptive and correlational study was conducted, for which we interviewed 2088 users attending seekingoutpatient care during the last week of March 2015, using a questionnaire prepared by the researchers,which was previously validated through pilot testing. The data obtained were analyzed with univariate andbivariate descriptive statistics, mathematical model with logistic regression to a significance level of p<0.05.Results:Most users were adults (59,8%) females (62,3%). The unmet demand was 36,9%, with dailyvariations ranging from 23,1% to 53,9% being higher for Surgery specialty clinics (42,2%), an association wasfound with age (p = 0,002), marital status (p = 0,001), completed years of education (p = 0,0003), income(p = 0,00003), occupation (p = 0,003) and waiting time (p = 0,00001). Within the categories that showedincreased risk of unmet demand are: elderly (OR 1,6, p = 0,001), widowed (OR 2, p = 0,000), illiterate (OR2,5, p = 0,002), professional (OR 1,9, p = 0,008), duration of less than one hour (OR 2,000 and P = 0,006)expected.Conclusion: The unmet demand was 36,9%, associated factors were age, marital status, years ofstudy, occupation and timeout. (AU)