[Endoscopic prevention of bleeding during resection of mucous membrane neoplasms of hollow organs of gastrointestinal tract]. / Vybor sposoba endoskopicheskoi profilaktiki krovotecheniya pri udalenii obrazovanii slizistoi obolochki polykh organov zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta.

OBJECTIVE: To optimize endoscopic prevention of bleeding during resection of mucous membrane neoplasms of hollow organs of gastrointestinal tract and minimize the risk of intra- and postoperative complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A S: Ystematic review and meta-analysis were made in accordance with the PRISMA recommendations. Statistical analysis was performed in Cohrane Review Manager ver. 5.4. RESULTS. THERE ARE 3: Methods of endoscopic prevention of bleeding during polypectomy, i.e. 0.01% adrenaline injection, endoscopic clip placement and endoscopic polyp band ligation. Endoscopic polyp band ligation is characterized by minimum complication rate. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic polyp band ligation is preferable due to minimum complication rate. If ligation is impossible, prophylactic clip placement may be performed. Adrenaline injection is the least effective method and may be used only if two above-mentioned methods are ineffective.

[Prevention of bleeding in polypectomy]. / Profilaktika krovotecheniya pri udalenii obrazovanii slizistoi obolochki polykh organov putem primeneniya endoskopicheskoi ligiruyushchei petli.

OBJECTIVE: To improve early treatment outcomes in patients with gastrointestinal polyps using a new device designed for prevention of bleeding during endoscopic minimally invasive polypectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective trial included 35 patients with 36 colonic polyps (stalk diameter >5 mm). Polyp ligation procedure was performed using a novel device providing delivery and tightening the knot before polypectomy. RESULTS: All polyps were successfully removed without any technical difficulties and exposed to histological examination. Mean age of patients was 64 years (52-81), mean dimension of polyps - 15.6 mm (10-40), mean thickness of stalk - 8 mm (5-12). There were no intraoperative and early postoperative complications. All patients were discharged after 2 postoperative days. CONCLUSION: The proposed method for prevention of bleeding during polypectomy is simple, effective and safe for clinical practice.

Scanning Compton X-ray microscopy.

X-ray microscopy offers the opportunity to image biological and radiosensitive materials without special sample preparations, bridging optical and electron microscopy capabilities. However, the performance of such microscopes, when imaging radiosensitive samples, is not limited by their intrinsic resolution, but by the radiation damage induced on such samples. Here, we demonstrate a novel, to the best of our knowledge, radio-efficient microscope, scanning Compton X-ray microscopy (SCXM), which uses coherently and incoherently (Compton) scattered photons to minimize the deposited energy per unit of mass for a given imaging signal. We implemented SCXM, using lenses capable of efficiently focusing 60 keV X-ray photons into the sub-micrometer scale, and probe its radio-efficient capabilities. SCXM, when implemented in high-energy diffraction-limited storage rings, e.g., European Synchrotron Radiation Facility Extremely Brilliant Source and PETRA IV, will open the opportunity to explore the nanoscale of unstained, unsectioned, and undamaged radiosensitive materials.

The impact of genome evolution on the allotetraploid Nicotiana rustica - an intriguing story of enhanced alkaloid production.

BACKGROUND: Nicotiana rustica (Aztec tobacco), like common tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), is an allotetraploid formed through a recent hybridization event; however, it originated from completely different progenitor species. Here, we report the comparative genome analysis of wild type N. rustica (5 Gb; 2n = 4x = 48) with its three putative diploid progenitors (2.3-3 Gb; 2n = 2x =24), Nicotiana undulata, Nicotiana paniculata and Nicotiana knightiana. RESULTS: In total, 41% of N. rustica genome originated from the paternal donor (N. undulata), while 59% originated from the maternal donor (N. paniculata/N. knightiana). Chloroplast genome and gene analyses indicated that N. knightiana is more closely related to N. rustica than N. paniculata. Gene clustering revealed 14,623 ortholog groups common to other Nicotiana species and 207 unique to N. rustica. Genome sequence analysis indicated that N. knightiana is more closely related to N. rustica than N. paniculata, and that the higher nicotine content of N. rustica leaves is the result of the progenitor genomes combination and of a more active transport of nicotine to the shoot. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of four new Nicotiana genome sequences provide insights into how speciation impacts plant metabolism, and in particular alkaloid transport and accumulation, and will contribute to better understanding the evolution of Nicotiana species.

Nanostructure changes in the intervertebral discs after experimental laser irradiation.

Laser-induced changes in the intervertebral discs were studied by the method of atomic force microscopy. Alteration of the proximal caudal intervertebral discs was modeled in rats: puncture and exposure to diode laser (2, 3, or 5 W) in constant or pulse regimens or only puncture (control). Nanostructure of disc surface was estimated by surface skewness, root mean square and average roughness, and coefficient of kurtosis. Maximum positive effect and signs of regenerative changes in the surface microstructure of the intervertebral discs were found after exposure to laser (2-3 W) in constant or pulse regimens.

Cortical thickness of superior frontal cortex predicts impulsiveness and perceptual reasoning in adolescence.

Impulsiveness is a pivotal personality trait representing a core domain in all major personality inventories. Recently, impulsiveness has been identified as an important modulator of cognitive processing, particularly in tasks that require the processing of large amounts of information. Although brain imaging studies have implicated the prefrontal cortex to be a common underlying representation of impulsiveness and related cognitive functioning, to date a fine-grain and detailed morphometric analysis has not been carried out. On the basis of ahigh-resolution magnetic resonance scans acquired in 1620 healthy adolescents (IMAGEN), the individual cortical thickness (CT) was estimated. Correlations between Cloninger's impulsiveness and CT were studied in an entire cortex analysis. The cluster identified was tested for associations with performance in perceptual reasoning tasks of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC IV). We observed a significant inverse correlation between trait impulsiveness and CT of the left superior frontal cortex (SFC; Monte Carlo Simulation P<0.01). CT within this cluster correlated with perceptual reasoning scores (Bonferroni corrected) of the WISC IV. On the basis of a large sample of adolescents, we identified an extended area in the SFC as a correlate of impulsiveness, which appears to be in line with the trait character of this prominent personality facet. The association of SFC thickness with perceptual reasoning argues for a common neurobiological basis of personality and specific cognitive domains comprising attention, spatial reasoning and response selection. The results may facilitate the understanding of the role of impulsiveness in several psychiatric disorders associated with prefrontal dysfunctions and cognitive deficits.

[Establishment and activities of scientific school of industrial toxicology in institute].

The article deals with stages of establishment and development of toxicologic studies in the Institute over 90 years. The authors stress the role of professor N.S. Pravdin and RAMSc Corresponding Member I.V. Sanotsky in formulation and solving major problems of toxicology, in specifying its methodologic background. Priority directions in theoretic and applied research are presented, main results are given.

[Hygienic standardization of biotechnological strains in water reservoirs: current state and perspectives].

The question of need for standardization and validation of the complex methods to establish the maximum concentration limit (MCL) ofbiotechnological strains in the water of water bodies is under discussion. On the basis of the experimental studies it has been shown that a unified quantitative criterion for safety could not to be recommended for biotechnological strains and therefore requires the study of each strain in order to substantiate the safe level in water of water bodies. Proposed biosafety program should include the study of pathogenic properties in acute experiments and specific effects in subchronic experiments to study the influence of strains on the process of water purification and a risk assessment of transformation products of chemicals and the justification of the safety factor when establishing MCL t in terms of the toxic effect.

Genomic impact of cigarette smoke, with application to three smoking-related diseases.

There is considerable evidence that inhaled toxicants such as cigarette smoke can cause both irreversible changes to the genetic material (DNA mutations) and putatively reversible changes to the epigenetic landscape (changes in the DNA methylation and chromatin modification state). The diseases that are believed to involve genetic and epigenetic perturbations include lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD), all of which are strongly linked epidemiologically to cigarette smoking. In this review, we highlight the significance of genomics and epigenomics in these major smoking-related diseases. We also summarize the in vitro and in vivo findings on the specific perturbations that smoke and its constituent compounds can inflict upon the genome, particularly on the pulmonary system. Finally, we review state-of-the-art genomics and new techniques such as high-throughput sequencing and genome-wide chromatin assays, rapidly evolving techniques which have allowed epigenetic changes to be characterized at the genome level. These techniques have the potential to significantly improve our understanding of the specific mechanisms by which exposure to environmental chemicals causes disease. Such mechanistic knowledge provides a variety of opportunities for enhanced product safety assessment and the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions.

The epizootic situation of cattle moraxellosis in several economic entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; conjunctivitis) is a widespread eye disease in cattle. In 1960, the Gram-negative bacillus Moraxella bovis was discovered as one of IBK's etiological causal agents. This study aimed to clarify the epidemiological (epizootic) situation of cattle moraxellosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study also maps the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the epidemiological (epizootic) process to develop more effective antiepizootic measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We clinically examined both imported and local cattle species based on existing epidemiological (epizootological) units of economic entities in Kazakhstan. Then, we selected biomaterials for laboratory tests to screen for moraxellosis. RESULTS: We clarified the epizootic situation for moraxellosis of cattle in Kazakhstan using data from the Meat Union of Kazakhstan, veterinary reports from the Veterinary Control and Surveillance Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, Kazakhstan, and our results, obtained during visits to farms in the various regions of the republic. CONCLUSION: Based on the data of the conducted studies, we developed epizootic visualization maps with quantitative indicators of the cattle moraxellosis epizootic-transfer processes within various regions of Kazakhstan for 2019. The data obtained from studies of the properties of the isolated cultures compared with the characteristics of reference strains gave grounds to classify them as belonging to the Moraxella genus.

[Comparative studies of microbial strains used in biotechnology for the elaboration of biosafety standards].

Comparative studies of different microbial strains used in biotechnology as potentially hazardous for human health agents demonstrated their ability to cause adverse effects such as toxicity, immunotropic action, sensitization, and alteration of normal intestinal microflora in rats. It was shown that certain microscopic fungi of genera Aspergillus, Penicillum, and Candida as well as some gram-negative bacteria can affect the immune system and disturb the balance of microflora in rat intestines. Actinomycetes were found to produce minimal adverse effects. These observations can be used to elaborate hygienic safety standards for the work with industrial microorganisms and thereby reduce or minimize the risk of occupational infection and immune disorders.

[Scientific basis for hygienic classification of jeopardy caused by microorganisms applied in biotechnologies].

Based on studies of action characteristics (pathogeneity, general toxicity, immunotropic and dysbiotic effects) of 28 biotechnologic strains assigned to various taxonomy groups (Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, nocardial actinobacteria and actinobacteria, mold fungi and yeast-like fungi) and literature data, the authors suggested hygienic classification of microorganisms according to their jeopardy effects in the body and adjusted this classification to recommendations of international organizations (WHO, OECD).

[Investigation of biotechnological strains of microorganisms for their hygienic standardization].

By analyzing the findings and databases on the hygienic standardization of industrial microorganisms, the authors have improved a research program for industrial strains on substantiating their safe exposure levels in workplace and ambient airs. A shortened program is proposed to investigate gram-positive bacteria and nocardioformic actinomycetes (Lactobacillus, Micrococcus, Propionibacterim, Brevibacterim, Rhodococcus), which have no negative effect. It is necessary to study gram-negative bacteria and micromycetes (Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, Aspergillus, Penicillum, Candida), which have pronounced immunotropic and dysbiotic properties by the full program, by including the evaluation of all observed negative effects. On the basis of this group, the priority microorganisms that confer a real danger to workers' health in developing allergic diseases have been listed.

[Problem in the hygienic regulation and standardization of biotechnological strains in reservoir water].

The pattern of the negative effect of biotechnological strains belonging to different taxons was experimentally studied. The effect of the strains manifested as imbalance of immunocompetent cells, development of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity, and altered qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the autochtonic microflora of the intestine. The minimum acting (10(5) cells/l) and non-acting (10(4) cells/l) enteral exposure levels were determined for the bulk of the test strains. Analysis of the authors' findings and the data available in the literature made it possible to propose a study program on the hygienic regulation and standardization of industrial microorganisms and their based microbiological products in the reservoir water.

[Problems and perspectives in the hygienic regulation of biotechnological strains of microorganisms].

The state-of-the-art of hygienic standardization of biotechnological strains of microorganisms is considered. The last century's investigations accumulated abundant experimental data on the estimation of the adverse effect of the strains, formulated main guidelines for evaluating the negative activity of producing strains, and proposed a schematic diagram for toxicological and hygienic investigations of new biotechnological strains. Further studies made it possible to elaborate their human hazard classification, to improve study programs, to substantiate a priority list, and to develop approaches to assessing the occupational microbiological risk.

Determination of Venus Winds by Ground-Based Radio Tracking of the VEGA Balloons.

A global array of 20 radio observatories was used to measure the three-dimensional position and velocity of the two meteorological balloons that were injected into the equatorial region of the Venus atmosphere near Venus midnight by the VEGA spacecraft on 11 and 15 June 1985. Initial analysis of only radial velocities indicates that each balloon was blown westward about 11,500 kilometers (8,000 kilometers on the night side) by zonal winds with a mean speed of about 70 meters per second. Excursions of the data from a model of constant zonal velocity were generally less than 3 meters per second; however, a much larger variation was evident near the end of the flight of the second balloon. Consistent systematic trends in the residuals for both balloons indicate the possibility of a solar-fixed atmospheric feature. Rapid variations in balloon velocity were often detected within a single transmission (330 seconds); however, they may represent not only atmospheric motions but also self-induced aerodynamic motions of the balloon.

Systems toxicology meta-analysis of in vitro assessment studies: biological impact of a candidate modified-risk tobacco product aerosol compared with cigarette smoke on human organotypic cultures of the aerodigestive tract.

Systems biology combines comprehensive molecular analyses with quantitative modeling to understand the characteristics of a biological system as a whole. Leveraging a similar approach, systems toxicology aims to decipher complex biological responses following exposures. This work reports a systems toxicology meta-analysis in the context of in vitro assessment of a candidate modified-risk tobacco product (MRTP) using three human organotypic cultures of the aerodigestive tract (buccal, bronchial, and nasal epithelia). Complementing a series of functional measures, a causal network enrichment analysis of transcriptomic data was used to compare quantitatively the biological impact of aerosol from the Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, a candidate MRTP, with 3R4F cigarette smoke (CS) at similar nicotine concentrations. Lower toxicity was observed in all cultures following exposure to THS2.2 aerosol compared with 3R4F CS. Because of their morphological differences, a smaller exposure impact was observed in the buccal (stratified epithelium) compared with the bronchial and nasal (pseudostratified epithelium). However, the causal network enrichment approach supported a similar mechanistic impact of CS across the three cultures, including the impact on xenobiotic, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. At comparable nicotine concentrations, THS2.2 aerosol elicited reduced and more transient effects on these processes. To demonstrate the benefits of additional data modalities, we employed a newly established targeted mass-spectrometry marker panel to further confirm the reduced cellular stress responses elicited by THS2.2 aerosol compared with 3R4F CS in the nasal culture. Overall, this work demonstrates the applicability and robustness of the systems toxicology approach for in vitro inhalation toxicity assessment.

[Spatial position of the cranium in craniofacial establishment of identity].

A total of 90 images of male cranes from different groups of horizontal profiling (120 +/- 10 degrees, 140 +/- 10 degrees, 160 +/- 10 degrees) were studied in experiment with the coordinate-controlled complex for turning angle (from the position full face to the right and left by 14 degrees with spacing 2 degrees). Each image was marked according to the system of 18 control points. Precision of the angle fixation was 0.1 degrees. Calculation of the angles of horizontal profiling and turning of the crane were made according to a specially devised program INPUTTING. Statistic processing of the computer data base made it possible to calculate precision rates of marking points and regression equation describing the pattern of cranial control points in turning. It is shown that presicion of the turning angle estimation with reference to horizontal profiling is much higher than without it. Basing on the data obtained a method of zeroing of coordinates of the control points (placing in position for correct scaling of the objects of craniofacial identification) was devised. The method allows greater reliability of the results of personal craniofacial identification.

Studies of damage to hippocampal neurons in inbred mouse lines in models of epilepsy using kainic acid and pilocarpine.

Identification of the mechanisms of damage to neurons is an important task in contemporary neuroscience and is of enormous importance in medicine. This report compares two models of neuron damage due to hyperexcitation induced by kainic acid and pilocarpine, using two lines of mice, C57BL/6J and FVB/NJ. Neuron damage was more marked in FVB mice, though lethality was greater in C57BL mice. The levels of convulsive activity were not significantly different. Kainic acid had greater tropism for the hippocampus than pilocarpine. Hsp-70 and Egr-1 expression was not significantly different in C57BL and FVB mice. Analysis of the isolated mitochondrial fraction showed that free radical production was different in these mouse lines; this may be one of the reasons for the differential resistance of neurons to hyperexcitation.

Reliability of quantal parameter estimates and their changes during long-term potentiation in guinea pig hippocampal slices.

Previously we found increases in quantal content (m) and smaller increases in quantal size (v) during long-term potentiation (LTP) in CA1 of hippocampal slices. However, the validity of the deconvolution technique was questioned recently because v estimates correlated with the noise standard deviation (Sn). In computer simulations we show a double-step dependence of v on Sn/v: correct v estimates (within +/- 20%) for Sn/v < or = 0.5 and overestimates (correlated with Sn) for Sn/v > 0.5. A novel 'noise addition' procedure is proposed for accepting reliable solutions on the basis of the double-step relationship between v and Sn. Quantal analysis of LTP for more reliable solutions confirmed previous conclusions.