Incomplete Histologic Healing and Diminished Biomechanical Strength of Meniscus-Bone Interface After Medial Meniscus Posterior Root Transosseous Repair in a Goat Model.

PURPOSE: To enhance the understanding of histologic healing after repairing medial meniscal posterior root tears (MMPRTs) at an early stage, utilizing a goat model. METHODS: Eighteen adult goats, totaling 36 knee joints, were allocated into 3 groups (n = 12): sham group (Sham), root tear group (RT), and root tear with transosseous suture group (RTS). At 12- and 24-week intervals postsurgery, all the knees were harvested for imaging, macroscopic, histologic, and biomechanical assessments. RESULTS: The intact root served as a meniscus-bone interface that connected the tibial and circular fibers of the meniscus with a bony insertion and a root-meniscus transition. A direct fibrous connection was displayed at the bony insertion proximal to the synovium in the RTS group, while the remaining regions of the root displayed indirect fibrous healing. The healing in the RT group was disjointed and reminiscent of scar tissue. The RTS group exhibited a more pronounced coronal extrusion compared to the Sham group (0.42 ± 0.09 vs 0.19 ± 0.02, P = .0012) but was improved relative to that of the RT group (0.49 ± 0.02, P = .0028). The failure load and stiffness of the RTS group were notably higher than those of the RT group, with a strength of 42.67% and a stiffness of 83.75% of the intact root. All the samples ruptured at the root-meniscus transitions. CONCLUSIONS: The incomplete healing may be attributed to the histologic factors underlying the low healing rate and persistent medial meniscal extrusion. Notably, the region attached to the posterior cruciate ligament exhibited superior healing compared to other regions of the bony insertion in the repaired group. Conversely, the root-meniscus transition displayed discontinuity, representing a mechanical weakness in the healing process. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Modifications of bone tunnel positioning and suture placement could be undertaken in subsequent studies to enhance the healing of the root-meniscus transition.

[Pyroptosis in the development and progression of prostate cancer: Progress in research].

Pyroptosis, as a new programmed death mode, plays an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer, and the drugs targeting the pyroptosis pathway, as a new therapeutic strategy, may produce a significant influence on the treatment of prostate cancer . However, the precise mechanism of cellular pyroptosis remains unclear, necessitating further investigation. This paper presents a summary of the role of cellular pyroptosis in prostate cancer over recent years. It includes a discussion of the mechanism of pyroptosis, its role in prostate cancer development, and its clinical applications. This will provide clinicians with a new strategy for treatment and drug development.

Severe wound infection by MRCNS following bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy.

BACKGROUND: Wound infection after inguinal hernia surgery is not uncommon in the clinical setting. The common microbial aetiology of postoperative inguinal hernia wound infection is Gram-positive bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen causing wound infection while Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas are rare. Staphylococcus epidermidis as a cause of severe wound infection is rarely described in literature. We herein present a case of a 79-year-old man with a rare wound infection after bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy caused by MRCNS (Methicillin Resistant Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus). CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of wound infection accompanied by fever with a temperature of 38.8 °C after bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy in a 79-year-old man. Bilateral inguinal wounds were marked by redness and swelling, with skin necrosis. In addition, an abscess of approximately 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm was seen on the left wrist. A small amount of gas under the skin in the wound area was observed after pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans. No bacteria were cultured from the inguinal wound discharge, while blood culture detected MRCNS, and Acinetobacter lwoffi was cultured from the pus in the left wrist. We chose appropriate antibiotics based on the results of the bacterial culture and the drug susceptibility results. Vacuum assisted closure (VAC) therapy was used after debridement. The patient was discharged after the wounds improved. He was followed up for ten months and showed no signs of complications. We are sharing our experience along with literature review. CONCLUSIONS: We are presenting a rare case of MRCNS wound infection following open inguinal hernia surgery. Although a rarity, clinicians performing inguinal hernia surgery must consider this entity in an infected wound and follow up the patient for complications of MRCNS.

Optimal fibular tunnel direction for anterior talofibular ligament reconstruction: 45 degrees outperforms 30 and 60 degrees.

PURPOSE: There is currently no consensus on the optimal drilling direction of the fibular bone tunnel for anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) reconstruction, and few studies have investigated the potential injury to the peroneus longus and brevis tendons and the possibility of fibular fractures during the drilling process. The aim of this study was to assess the potential risk of drilling the tunnel from different directions and determine the most appropriate tunnel direction. The hypothesis was that drilling the tunnel in the 45-degree direction would be the safest and most suitable for the fibular tunnel. METHODS: Forty-eight fibular tunnels were drilled on fresh ankle specimens using a K-wire guide and a 5.0 mm hollow drill. Three tunnel orientations were created, parallel to the sagittal plane of the long axis of the fibula and angled 30°, 45°, and 60° to the coronal plane. The length of the fibular tunnel and the distances from the outlet of the K-wire to the peroneus longus and brevis tendons were measured. The occurrence of a fibula fracture was also observed. RESULTS: The lengths of the bone tunnels in the three groups were 32.9 ± 6.1 mm (30°), 27.2 ± 4.4 mm (45°) and 23.6 ± 4.0 mm (60°). The length of the tunnel drilled at 30° was the longest when compared with that of the tunnels drilled at 45° and 60° (all p values < 0.05). The distances from the outlet of the K-wire to the peroneus longus tendon were 3.0 ± 3.8 mm (30°), 3.8 ± 3.2 mm (45°) and 5.3 ± 1.8 mm (60°), and the distances to the peroneus brevis tendon were 4.2 ± 4.0 mm (30°), 6.1 ± 3.8 mm (45°), 7.9 ± 3.5 mm (60°). In terms of protecting the peroneus longus and brevis tendons, drilling in the 60° direction was better than drilling in the 30° and 45° directions (all p values < 0.05). The risk of injury to the peroneal longus and brevis tendons was 62.5% (30°), 31.3% (45°), and 0% (60°). Although no fibular fractures were observed in any of the three directions, drilling the bone tunnel in the 60° direction disrupted the lateral cortex of the fibula. CONCLUSION: This study shows that drilling the tunnel in the 45° direction is less likely to cause injury to the peroneus longus and brevis tendons, while ensuring that the tunnel has a sufficient length and avoiding fracturing the distal fibula. Drilling a fibular bone tunnel in a 45° direction is safer and recommended for ATFL reconstruction.

[Protective effect of ginsenoside Rg_1 aganist diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome in type 2 diabetic mice].

Ginsenoside Rg_1, one of the main active components of precious traditional Chinese medicine Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, has the anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, neuroprotection, and other pharmacological effects. Diabetic retinopathy(DR), the most common complication of diabetes, is also the main cause of impaired vision and blindness in the middle-aged and the elderly. The latest research shows that ginsenoside Rg_1 can protect patients against DR, but the protection and the mechanism are rarely studied. This study mainly explored the protective effect of ginsenoside Rg_1 against DR in type 2 diabetic mice and the mechanism. High fat diet(HFD) and streptozotocin(STZ) were used to induce type 2 diabetes in mice, and hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was employed to observe pathological changes in the retina of mice. The immunohistochemistry was applied to study the localization and expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors 3(NLRP3) and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) in retina, and Western blot was used to detect the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB), p-NF-κB, NLRP3, caspase-1, interleukin-1ß(IL-1ß), transient receptor potential channel protein 6(TRPC6), nuclear factor of activated T-cell 2(NFAT2), and VEGF in retina. The results showed that ginsenoside Rg_1 significantly alleviated the pathological injury of retina in type 2 diabetic mice. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg_1 significantly decreased the expression of NLRP3 and VEGF in retinal ganglion cells, middle plexiform layer, and outer plexiform layer in type 2 diabetic mice. According to the Western blot results, ginsenoside Rg_1 significantly lowered the expression of p-NF-κB, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1ß, TRPC6, NFAT2, and VEGF in retina of type 2 diabetic mice. These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rg_1 can significantly alleviate DR in type 2 diabetic mice, which may be related to inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and VEGF. This study provides experimental evidence for the clinical application of ginsenoside Rg_1 in the treatment of DR.

[Content correlation of eight phenolic acids and flavonoids in different medicinal parts of PA-type Perilla germplasms].

In this study, 10 PA-type Perilla germplasms were selected to detect the content of two phenolic acids, i.e., rosmarinic acid(RA) and caffeic acid(CA), and six flavonoids, including scutellarin-7-O-diglucuronoside(SDG), luteolin-7-O-diglucuronoside(LDG), apigenin-7-O-diglucuronoside(ADG), scutellarin-7-O-glucuroside(SG), luteolin-7-O-glucuroside(LG), and apigenin-7-O-glucuroside(AG) in leaves, stems, and fruits. The total content of phenolic acids and flavonoids in leaves was 3.991-12.028 mg·g~(-1) and 12.309-25.071 mg·g~(-1), respectively, which was much higher than that in stems(0.586-2.015 mg·g~(-1) and 0.879-1.413 mg·g~(-1), respectively) and fruits(0.004-2.222 mg·g~(-1) and 0.651-1.936 mg·g~(-1), respectively). RA was detected in five fruit samples, and RA content between leaves and fruits showed a significant negative correlation in the other five samples. For flavonoids, only LG and LDG could be detected in stems, and SG and SDG were not detected in fruits, while other flavonoids were not detected in some samples. The content of total flavonoids and LG in leaves and fruits was significantly positively correlated, and the content of LG in stems and fruits was significantly positively correlated. In 10 stem samples, seven met the standard that the content of RA in the stem should be not less than 0.1% specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition). Only one fruit sample reached the standard of RA content in the fruit not less than 0.25% specified in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Identification of prognostic values defined by copy number variation, mRNA and protein expression of LANCL2 and EGFR in glioblastoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and lanthionine synthetase C-like 2 (LanCL2) genes locate in the same amplicon, and co-amplification of EGFR and LANCL2 is frequent in glioblastoma. However, the prognostic value of LANCL2 and EGFR co-amplification, and their mRNA and protein expression in glioblastoma remain unclear yet. METHODS: This study analyzed the prognostic values of the copy number variations (CNVs), mRNA and protein expression of LANCL2 and EGFR in 575 glioblastoma patients in TCGA database and 100 glioblastoma patients in tumor banks of the Shenzhen Second People's Hospital and the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. RESULTS: The amplification of LANCL2 or EGFR, and their co-amplification were frequent in glioblastoma of TCGA database and our tumor banks. A significant correlation was found between the CNVs of LANCL2 and EGFR (p < 0.001). CNVs of LANCL2 or EGFR were significantly correlated with IDH1/2 mutation but not MGMT promoter methylation. Multivariate analysis showed that LANCL2 amplification was significantly correlated with reduced overall survival (OS) in younger (< 60 years) glioblastoma patients of TCGA database (p = 0.043, HR = 1.657) and our tumor banks (p = 0.018, HR = 2.199). However, LANCL2 or EGFR amplification, and their co-amplification had no significant impact on OS in older (≥ 60 years) or IDH1/2-wild-type glioblastoma patients. mRNA and protein overexpression of LANCL2 and EGFR was also frequently found in glioblastoma. The mRNA expression rather than the protein expression of LANCL2 and EGFR was positively correlated (p < 0.001). However, mRNA or protein expression of EGFR and LANCL2 was not significantly correlated with OS of glioblastoma patients. The protein expression level of LANCL2, rather than EGFR, was elevated in relapsing glioblastoma, compared with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. In addition, the intracellular localization of LanCL2, not EGFR, was associated with the grade of gliomas. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, amplification and mRNA overexpression of LANCL2 and EGFR, and their co-amplification and co-expression were frequent in glioblastoma patients. Our findings suggest that amplification of LANCL2 and EGFR were the independent diagnostic biomarkers for glioblastoma patients, and LANCL2 amplification was a significant prognostic factor for OS in younger glioblastoma patients.

Synergism between the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110ß isoform inhibitor AZD6482 and the mixed lineage kinase 3 inhibitor URMC-099 on the blockade of glioblastoma cell motility and focal adhesion formation.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive and malignant primary brain tumor, is characterized by rapid growth and extensive infiltration to neighboring normal brain parenchyma. Our previous studies delineated a crosstalk between PI3K/Akt and JNK signaling pathways, and a moderate anti-glioblastoma synergism caused by the combined inhibition of PI3K p110ß (PI3Kß) isoform and JNK. However, this combination strategy is not potent enough. MLK3, an upstream regulator of ERK and JNK, may replace JNK to exert stronger synergism with PI3Kß. METHODS: To develop a new combination strategy with stronger synergism, the expression pattern and roles of MLK3 in glioblastoma patient's specimens and cell lines were firstly investigated. Then glioblastoma cells and xenografts in nude mice were treated with the PI3Kß inhibitor AZD6482 and the MLK3 inhibitor URMC-099 alone or in combination to evaluate their combination effects on tumor cell growth and motility. The combination effects on cytoskeletal structures such as lamellipodia and focal adhesions were also evaluated. RESULTS: MLK3 protein was overexpressed in both newly diagnosed and relapsing glioblastoma patients' specimens. Silencing of MLK3 using siRNA duplexes significantly suppressed migration and invasion, but promoted attachment of glioblastoma cells. Combined inhibition of PI3Kß and MLK3 exhibited synergistic inhibitory effects on glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as the formation of lamellipodia and focal adhesions. Furthermore, combination of AZD6482 and URMC-099 effectively decreased glioblastoma xenograft growth in nude mice. Glioblastoma cells treated with this drug combination showed reduced phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, and decreased protein expression of ROCK2 and Zyxin. CONCLUSION: Taken together, combination of AZD6482 and URMC-099 showed strong synergistic anti-tumor effects on glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that combined inhibition of PI3Kß and MLK3 may serve as an attractive therapeutic approach for glioblastoma multiforme.

Haemolymphangioma of the small bowel mesentery in adults: two case reports and a literature review.

BACKGROUND: Haemolymphangioma arising from the small bowel and its mesentery is extremely rare in the clinical setting. To date, only 8 cases of small bowel haemolymphangioma have been reported, and there have been no previously reported cases of haemolymphangioma in the small bowel mesentery (PubMed). The formation of this tumour is mostly congenital, but the exact mechanism is still unclear. As a benign tumour, the presentation of the disease may vary from a simple well-defined cystic lesion to an aggressive ill-defined lesion mimicking malignancy. However, there are no typical symptoms, and preoperative diagnosis is difficult. CASE PRESENTATION: We present two cases of haemolymphangioma in the small bowel mesentery in a 54-year-old man and a 52-year-old woman. Both of them came to the hospital due to an abdominal mass. In the first case, a cystic teratoma in the left abdominal area was considered after abdominal plain computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. After taking an enhanced CT scan, a lipoma was considered based on the images. In the second case, cystic masses of the left upper and middle abdomen were observed on abdominal ultrasonography. An abdominal plain CT scan showed an irregular low-density mass in the left upper and middle abdomen. With an enhanced CT scan, haemolymphangioma was considered based on the images. After complete surgical removal, the masses were found to originate from the small bowel mesentery and had not invaded into the peripheral lymphatic tissue. In case 1 in this study, the routine pathology diagnosis was lymphangioma, while in case 2, the diagnosis was haemangioma. The final diagnosis was confirmed to be haemolymphangioma by immunohistochemistry in both cases. No recurrence was evident during 4 months of follow-up. We review the previous case reports of haemolymphangioma in the abdominal cavity and discuss their clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical manifestations of abdominal haemolymphangiomas can vary for both location and size. Abdominal CT examination has important clinical value for haemolymphangioma in the abdominal cavity. The final diagnosis of haemolymphangioma depends on a postoperative pathological examination. In addition, postoperative regular follow-up is necessary.

All-Inside Arthroscopic Modified Broström Technique to Repair Anterior Talofibular Ligament Provides a Similar Outcome Compared With Open Broström-Gould Procedure.

PURPOSE: To introduce an all-inside modified Broström technique to suture the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and inferior extensor retinaculum (IER) under arthroscopy and to compare its outcomes with those of the conventional open procedure. METHODS: All patients who underwent arthroscopic or open repair of the ATFL between June 2014 and December 2017 were included in this study. Visual analog scale (VAS), Karlsson and Peterson (K-P), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle/hindfoot, and Tegner activity scores, as well as manual anterior drawer test (ADT), were used to evaluate the patients preoperatively and ≥2 years after surgery. The Sefton grading system was used to assess the level of satisfaction after surgery. Detailed surgical data and intraoperative findings were documented at the time of surgery. RESULTS: A total of 67 patients, 31 in the arthroscopic group and 36 in the open group, were included in this study (43 men and 24 women, mean body mass index 24.00, range 19.53 to 30.03). The surgical duration in the arthroscopic group (median, 34 minutes; range, 25 to 74) was significantly shorter than that in the open group (mean, 43.08 ± 8.11 minutes; 95% confidence interval [CI] 40.34 to 45.83) (P = .007). At the last follow-up, the subjective functional scores and ADT results improved significantly in both cohorts (P < .001). However, no significant difference was found in the VAS score (1.74 ± 1.24, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.2, in the open group versus 1.58 ± 1.2, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.99, in the arthroscopic group; P = .581), AOFAS score (91.71 ± 5.46, 95% CI 89.71 to 93.71, versus 90.67 ± 5.59, 95% CI 88.78 to 92.56; P = .444), K-P score (87.52 ± 7.59, 95% CI 84.73 to 90.3, versus 88.75 ± 5.56, 95% CI 86.87 to 90.63; P = .446), and ADT evaluation (normal: 96.77% versus 94.44%, P = .557) between the arthroscopic and open groups, respectively. In addition, 28 cases (90.32%) in the arthroscopic group and 32 (88.89%) in the open group achieved satisfactory results based on the Sefton grading system (P = .736). Seventeen patients (47.2%) in the open group and 18 patients (58.1%) in the arthroscopic group underwent Tegner evaluation after surgery, which showed no significant difference (5, interquartile range [IQR] 1 in the open group versus 5, IQR 3 in the arthroscopic group; P = .883). Complications were reported in 4 (11.1%) and 2 (6.5%) patients who underwent open and arthroscopic surgeries, respectively (P = .813). CONCLUSIONS: Both open and arthroscopic modified Broström surgeries generated favorable outcomes, with a significant improvement compared with the preoperative condition. Compared with the open Broström-Gould procedure, the all-inside arthroscopic modified Broström technique produced equivalent functional and clinical results at a minimum of 2 years after the operation, with a shorter surgical duration. Arthroscopic repair might be a safe and viable alternative to open surgery for lateral ankle stabilization. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

H-Plasty Repair Technique Improved Tibiofemoral Contact Mechanics After Repair for Adjacent Radial Tears of Posterior Lateral Meniscus Root: A Biomechanical Study.

PURPOSE: To compare the time-zero tibiofemoral contact mechanics among the 4 different suturing repairs: transtibial pullout suture repair, suture anchor repair, side-to-side repair, and H-plasty repair. METHODS: Twenty-four human cadaveric knees were included. Each lateral meniscus condition (intact, radial tear, and repair) was tested under a 1000-N axial compressive load at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. Four different repair techniques, transtibial pullout, suture anchor, side-to-side, and H-plasty repair technique, were tested. Tibiofemoral mean and peak contact pressure and contact area in the lateral and medial compartments were measured by Tekscan sensors. RESULTS: Radial tears adjacent to the posterior lateral meniscus root produced significantly decreased contact area and increased mean and peak contact pressures in the lateral compartment across all angles (P < .05). All repair groups could improve the contact mechanics relative to the torn condition (P < .05), but only H-plasty repair showed no significant difference in the mean and peak contact pressure and contact area compared with that of the intact state at all flexion angles (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the tibiofemoral contact mechanics after adjacent radial tears of the posterior lateral meniscal root were improved to the intact level by H-plasty repair at time-zero. The additional vertical mattress sutures act as "stabilizers" to provide a more stable environment in distributing vertical tibiofemoral pressure. The other 3 repair techniques also significantly improved lateral tibiofemoral contact mechanics relative to the corresponding tear conditions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this study suggest that H-plasty repair can restore the biomechanical properties to the intact state. Since it was a time-zero cadaveric study, the results should be carefully used in clinical practices.

Tibiofemoral Contact Mechanics After Horizontal or Ripstop Suture in Inside-Out and Transtibial Repair for Meniscus Radial Tears in a Porcine Model.

PURPOSE: To compare tibiofemoral contact mechanics after horizontal or ripstop (horizontal plus vertical) sutures in inside-out and transtibial repair for meniscal radial tears with 10 porcine knees in each group. METHODS: Ten matched pairs of porcine knees were tested under a 1500-N axial compressive load at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. Each knee underwent 4 testing conditions consecutively: (1) intact, (2) medial meniscal radial tear, (3) horizontal suture repair configuration, and (4) ripstop suture repair configuration. Tekscan sensors measured tibiofemoral contact pressure and contact area in the medial and lateral compartments. RESULTS: All repair groups improved their contact mechanics when compared with the tear state among all flexion angles analyzed (all P < .05). Furthermore, ripstop sutures with both inside-out and transtibial repairs restored intact knee contact area and pressures (peak and mean) in the medial compartment at all flexion angles, whereas the horizontal sutures alone failed to do so for contact pressures at 60° and 90° and for contact surface areas at all flexion angles. However, the aforementioned parameters were not significantly different between inside-out sutures and transtibial sutures, regardless of horizontal or ripstop configuration (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Radial tears of the meniscus in a porcine model significantly decreased medial contact area and increased mean and peak contact pressure. Both inside-out and transtibial ripstop repairs for radial tears aid in restoring intact tibiofemoral contact mechanics at all assessed knee flexion angles. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our results suggest that both inside-out and transtibial ripstop repairs for radial tears can restore tibiofemoral contact mechanics to the intact state. Since the study were performed in an open fashion porcine model, the results should be carefully used in clinical practices, and the efficacy of the techniques through arthroscopic method should be further explored.

Moschamindole induces glioma cell apoptosis by blocking Mia40-dependent mitochondrial intermembrane space assembly and oxidative respiration.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent, lethal, and aggressive tumor of the central nervous system in adults. In this study, we found for the first time that moschamindole (MCD), a rare phenolic amide with 8/6/6/5/5 rings, is a major bioactive constituent derived from Phragmites communis Trin (Poaceae) that exhibits a potential cytotoxic effect on both TMZ-resistant GBM cell lines and xenograft models. MCD-induced intrinsic apoptosis signals and mitochondrial dysfunction were confirmed by cell cycle arrest, caspase-3/7 activation, and membrane potential depolarization. Furthermore, investigations exploring the mechanism showed that MCD specifically inhibits Mia40-mediated oxidative folding of mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) proteins via PCR assay and immunoblot analysis. MCD relies on its positive charge to associate with mitochondrial oxidative respiration, thus blocking energy metabolism and inducing apoptosis. Overexpression and upregulation of Mia40 were proven to reverse MCD-induced apoptosis and were correlated with the chemoresistance of GBM in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Taken together, our study demonstrates that Mia40 is a potential target of the chemoresistance of glioblastoma and suggests that MCD might be a potential agent for the individualized treatment of chemoresistant GBM based on mitochondrial metabolic characteristics and Mia40 expression.

[Contents determination of eight phenolic compounds in Perilla frutescens leaves of different cultivation years and harvesting periods].

A method was established for content determination of two kinds of phenolic acids, including rosmarinic acid)(RA) and caffeic acid(CA), and six kinds of flavonoids including scutellarein-7-O-diglucuronide(SDG), luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide(LDG), apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide(ADG), scutellarin-7-O-glucuronide(SG), luteolin-7-O-glucuronide(LG), and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide(AG) in Perilla frutescens leaves. The content of eight chemical components was measured based on ten P. frutescens germplasms of different chemotypes of volatile oil, different cultivated years, and different harvesting periods. The results showed that there was a great difference between the two kinds of constituents of different germplasms. The total content of the two phenolic acids was 2.24-34.44 mg·g~(-1), and the total content of the six flavonoids was 11.55-34.71 mg·g~(-1). Then according to content from most to least, the order of each component was RA(2.13-33.97 mg·g~(-1)), LDG(1.31-14.80 mg·g~(-1)), SG(1.97-8.45 mg·g~(-1)), ADG(2.68-7.60 mg·g~(-1)), SDG(1.16-5.87 mg·g~(-1)), LG(0.78-1.91 mg·g~(-1)), AG(0.56-1.00 mg·g~(-1)), and CA(0.11-0.68 mg·g~(-1)). The chemical contents of the 5 PA-type germplasms in 2017 were mostly higher than those in 2018 showing a large variation with the cultivation years. These contents of two kinds of phenolic acids of 9 germplasms fluctuated with the harvesting time. The content decreased before early flower spike(the 3~(rd) to 18~(th) in August) at first and began to increase in flowering and fruiting period(the 18~(th) in August to 2~(nd) in September). However, these contents had slowly decreasing trend after 2~(nd) in September till 17~(th) in the same month. Interestingly, the content raised again in the maturity of fruits. The variation tendency of contents in six kinds of flavonoids components was inconsistent in different germplasms with the variation of harvesting time. The content of flavonoids in part of germplasms was negatively correlated with the fluctuation of phenolic acids. There was no correlation between phenolic acids and chemical type of the volatile oil. This paper may provide a reference for the high-quality germplasm of P. frutescens cultivation.

[Planting density of Perilla frutescens PA-type].

Two medicinal PA type Perilla germplasms were planted at five planting densities(D1,2 500 plants/Mu;D2,5 500 plants/Mu;D3,8 500 plants/Mu;D4,11 500 plants/Mu;D5,14 500 plants/Mu;1 Mu≈667 m~2). A total of 17 traits, including leaf shape, plant type, yield, volatile oil content and composition, were recorded and studied. With the planting density increased, the leaves appeared narrow, plants small, the deciduous leaves increased, and the leaf yield per plant was low, but the leaf yield per Mu increases significantly with the planting density, and was basically stable after reaching D4. The extraction rate of volatile oil from leaves at planting density D2-D5 was about 0.1% higher than that of D1, and there was no significant difference in the relative content of perillaldehyde, among 5 density. In order to achieve high leaf yield, it is recommended to plant at a density of D4, 11 500 plants/Mu(plant spacing is 15 cm, and row spacing is 40 cm); while comprehensive leaf yield and leaf morphology are recommended to be planted at a density of D2, 5 500 plants/Mu(plant spacing is 30 cm, and row spacing is 40 cm). At the same time, dense planting resistance of two germplasms were different. Number of secondary branches, first section with leaves and plant types were most important feature for the evaluation of the density tolerance of PA-type Perilla. This study provided a reference for the suitable density of PA-type Perilla, and laid a foundation for further study of the tolerance characteristics of different Perilla.

Impaired decidualization caused by downregulation of circadian clock gene BMAL1 contributes to human recurrent miscarriage†.

Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is characterized by two or more consecutive losses of a clinically established intrauterine pregnancy at early gestation. To date, the etiology of RM remains poorly understood. Impaired decidualization is thought to predispose women to subsequent pregnancy failure. The transcriptional factor brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like (BMAL1) controls circadian rhythms and regulates a very large diversity of physiological processes. BMAL1 is essential for fertility. Here, we investigated the expression and function of BMAL1 in human decidualization and its relation with RM. A total of 39 decidua samples were collected. We also examined human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) and primary endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), and primary decidual stromal cells (DSCs) isolated from decidua of first-trimester pregnancies. Compared to normal pregnant women, the expression of BMAL1 was reduced in the decidual tissues from individuals with RM. After in vitro induction of decidualization, the transcription of BMAL1 in both HESCs and primary ESCs was increased. This is in line with the relatively higher expression of BMAL1 in DSCs than in ESCs. Silencing of BMAL1 resulted in impaired decidualization. Moreover, levels of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) increased significantly upon decidualization. Further experiments demonstrated that BMAL1 silencing curtails the ability of DSCs to restrict excessive trophoblast invasion via downregulation of TIMP3. Our study demonstrates a functional role for BMAL1 during decidualization: the downregulation of BMAL1 in RM leads to impaired decidualization and aberrant trophoblast invasion by regulating TIMP3 and consequently predisposing individuals for RM.

Furanodienone overcomes temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma through the downregulation of CSPG4-Akt-ERK signalling by inhibiting EGR1-dependent transcription.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive type of brain tumour. Patients with GBM respond poorly to chemotherapy and have poor survival outcomes. Neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), also known as chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), has been shown to contribute to critical processes, such as cell survival, proliferation, and chemotherapy resistance, during glioma progression. In this study, we found that furanodienone (FUR), a diene-type sesquiterpene isolated from the rhizomes of Rhizoma curcumae, exhibited a potential cytotoxic effect on temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant GBM cells in vitro by inhibiting CSPG4 and related signalling pathways. Studies investigating the mechanism demonstrated that FUR suppressed CSPG4-Akt-ERK signalling, inflammatory responses, and cytokine levels but activated caspase-dependent pathways and mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, an immunofluorescence assay and a dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that inhibition of EGR1-mediated transcription might have contributed to the FUR-dependent blockade of CSPG4 signalling and glioma cell survival. These results established a link between FUR-induced CSPG4 inhibition and the suppression of EGR1-dependent transcription. Attenuation of ERK1/2 and cytokine signalling might have generated the EGR1-dependent negative feedback loop of the CSPG4 pathway during FUR-induced apoptosis. These findings suggested that FUR could be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of malignant glioma via targeting CSPG4 signalling.

Intrafollicular melatonin concentration is elevated in patients with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and can serve as an important predictor of OHSS.

PURPOSE: Melatonin is an important factor in regulating numerous processes in human female reproduction. The aim of the present study was to compare melatonin levels in the follicular fluid (FF) of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) women with those of non-OHSS women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer and to evaluate the relationship between FF melatonin levels and IVF outcomes in these women. METHODS: We determined FF melatonin levels in 20 OHSS women and 23 non-OHSS women on oocyte retrieval day. RESULTS: OHSS patients had significantly higher melatonin levels as compared to the non-OHSS women (P < 0.001). In addition, melatonin levels of the patients were significantly positively correlated with antral follicle count (AFC), serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels, serum estradiol (E2) levels on human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration day, number of retrieved oocytes, total fertilized oocytes, normally fertilized oocytes, cleaved zygotes, top quality embryos on day 3, blastocysts obtained and embryos suitable for transplantation (day 3 embryos + day 5/6 blastocysts) (P < 0.05). While, the intrafollicular melatonin levels were significantly negatively correlated with age, basal serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, serum FSH levels on HCG administration day (P < 0.01). Since younger women with more AFC, higher AMH levels, higher serum E2 levels and larger number of retrieved oocytes are much easier to encounter OHSS, while FF melatonin levels are significantly correlated with these five indices in our study, we propose that intrafollicular melatonin concentration can also be an important predictor of OHSS. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first demonstration that FF melatonin levels were significantly higher in OHSS patients than in non-OHSS group and FF melatonin levels may serve as an important predictor of OHSS.