Biocompatible fluorescent carbon dots derived from roast duck for in vitro cellular and in vivo C. elegans bio-imaging.

Biocompatible fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) were prepared via a simple and green route using duck breasts as a natural carbon source. The CDs from duck breasts were well dispersed, and their mean particle size decreased from 2.59 to 1.95 nm when the roasting temperature increased from 200 to 300 °C. Abundant functional groups such as OH, COOH, and NH2 were observed on the surface of the CDs, providing the CDs with good water solubility. These CDs emitted strong fluorescence under ultraviolet light irradiation and exhibited superior photostability. The absolute fluorescence quantum yield of CDs rose from 10.53% to 38.05% when the relative nitrogen content of CDs increased from 7.18% to 12.73%. The CDs showed low toxicity to PC12 cells for prolonged exposure. Therefore, the duck CDs were successfully developed as fluorescent probes for in vitro PC12 cells and in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans imaging. These results indicated that the CDs derived from roast duck were biocompatible and can potentially be used as probes in bio-imaging.

Preparation of Lutein Nanoparticles by Glycosylation of Saccharides and Casein for Protecting Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of visual impairment in the aging population, lacks effective treatment options due to a limited understanding of its pathogenesis. Lutein, with its strong antioxidant properties and ability to mitigate AMD by absorbing ultraviolet (UV) rays, faces challenges related to its stability and bioavailability in functional foods. In this study, we aimed to develop delivery systems using protein-saccharide conjugates to enhance lutein delivery and protect adult retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells against sodium iodate (NaIO3)-induced damage. Various saccharides, including mannose, galactose, lactose, maltose, dextran, and maltodextrin, were conjugated to casein via the Maillard reaction for lutein delivery. The resulting lutein-loaded nanoparticles exhibited small size and spherical characteristics and demonstrated improved thermal stability and antioxidant capacity compared to free lutein. Notably, these nanoparticles were found to be nontoxic, as evidenced by reduced levels of cellular reactive oxygen species production (167.50 ± 3.81, 119.57 ± 3.45, 195.15 ± 1.41, 183.96 ± 3.11, 254.21 ± 3.97, 283.56 ± 7.27%) and inhibition of the mitochondrial membrane potential decrease (58.60 ± 0.29, 65.05 ± 2.91, 38.88 ± 1.81, 42.95 ± 1.39, 23.52 ± 1.04, 25.24 ± 0.08%) caused by NaIO3, providing protection against cellular damage and death. Collectively, our findings suggest that lutein-loaded nanoparticles synthesized via the Maillard reaction hold promise for enhanced solubility, oral bioavailability, and biological efficacy in the treatment of AMD.

Salmon protein gel enhancement for dysphagia diets: Konjac glucomannan and composite emulsions as texture modifiers.

The growing prevalence of dysphagia among the aging population presents a significant challenge. Many highly nutritious foods, like salmon, are often unsuitable for the elderly due to their firm texture when heated. To address this concern, a combination of salmon myofibrillar protein (SMP), Konjac glucomannan (KGM), and different emulsion fillers-such as oil droplets, octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified potato starch emulsion, and high methoxylated pectin (HMP) emulsions-was selected to enhance the network of salmon protein gels with the aims to create potential applications as dysphagia-friendly foods. The International Dysphagia Dietary Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) test indicated that all gel samples were classified as level 5. The OSA-SMP-KGM gel exhibited notably higher cohesiveness (P < 0.05), reduced adhesion, and enhanced mouthfeel. The OSA-SMP-KGM gel exhibited a smooth surface and excellent water retention (92.4 %), rendering it suitable for individuals with swallowing difficulties, particularly those prone to experiencing dry mouth. The yield stress of OSA-SMP-KGM gel was 594.14 Pa and stable structure was maintained during chewing and swallowing (γe/γv = 62.5). This study serves as a valuable reference for developing salmon-based products that are not only highly nutritious but also fulfill the criteria for a desirable swallowing texture.

Protection effect of lutein-loaded Pickering emulsion prepared via ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction conjugates on dry age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a prominent cause of vision loss among the elderly, and the treatment options for dry AMD (dAMD) are severely limited. Lutein has a favorable effect on the treatment of dAMD. Algae oil, rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is considered an effective intervention for eye diseases. In this study, casein-mannose conjugates were prepared to form algal oil-in-water Pickering emulsions by ultrasound-assisted Maillard reaction. As the ultrasound time increased from 0 to 25 min, the droplet size decreased to 648.2 ± 21.18 nm, which substantially improved the stability of the Pickering emulsions. The retention of lutein in the Pickering emulsions under ultrasonic treatment for 20 min was significantly improved under different conditions. The simulated gastrointestinal digestion revealed that ultrasound-assisted Pickering emulsions are an effective method for improving the bioaccessibility of lutein (19.76%-53.34%). In vivo studies elucidated that the lutein-loaded Pickering emulsions could effectively alleviate retinal thinning induced by sodium iodate (NaIO3) in mice with dAMD. Mechanistically, lutein-loaded Pickering emulsions significantly reduced oxidative stress by decreasing the MDA level, increasing the SOD production, and reducing the retinal ROS production. These findings explored the protective effects of lutein-loaded Pickering emulsions on dAMD and offered promising prospects for the nutritional intervention of dAMD.

Biological activity, limitations and steady-state delivery of functional substances for precision nutrition.

Food-related functional substances with biological activity serve as a crucial material foundation for achieving precision nutrition, which has gained increasing attraction in regulating physiological functions, preventing chronic diseases, and maintaining human health. Nutritional substances typically include bioactive proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, polyphenols, functional lipids, carotenoids, probiotics, vitamins, saponins, and terpenes. These functional substances play an essential role in precise nutrition. This chapter introduces and summarizes typical functional substances to demonstrate the challenges in precision nutrition for their stability, solubility, and bioavailability. The current status of delivery systems of functional substances is described to give an insight into the development of desirable characteristics, such as food grade status, high loading capacity, site targeting, and controlled release capacity. Finally, the applications of food-borne delivery systems of functional substances for precision nutrition are emphasized to meet the requirement for precision nutrition during nutritional intervention for chronic diseases.

Change of Cell Toxicity of Food-Borne Nanoparticles after Forming Protein Coronas with Human Serum Albumin.

Nanoparticles (NPs) can form protein coronas with plasma proteins after entering the biological environment due to their surface adsorption ability. In this study, the effects of protein coronas of roast squid food-borne nanoparticles (FNPs) with human serum albumin (HSA) on the HepG-2 and normal rat kidney (NRK) cells were investigated. The hydrodynamic diameters of the HSA and HSA-FNPs were 8 and 13 nm, respectively. The cytotoxicity and cell membrane damage of FNPs to HepG-2 cells increased with the increase of roasting temperature. The presence of 4.78 × 10-3 mol/L FNPs increased the numbers of cellular necrosis and prolonged the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The formation of protein coronas of squid FNPs mitigated the autophagy phenomenon by FNPs on HepG-2 cells. Moreover, protein coronas reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential in the HepG-2 and NRK cells and the production of reactive oxygen species caused by FNPs. The abnormal contents of oxidative stress indicators such as glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and catalase in HepG-2 and NRK cells induced by FNPs were alleviated due to the presence of HSA. These results suggested that the protein coronas formed by HSA on FNPs mitigated the cytotoxicity compared with the bare FNPs, thus providing insights into the interaction of squid FNPs with HSA.

Interaction of Carbon Dots from Grilled Spanish Mackerel with Human Serum Albumin, γ-Globulin and Fibrinogen.

The potential biological effects of food-borne carbon dots (FCDs) generated during food heating procedures on human health has received great attention. The FCDs will be inevitably exposed to blood proteins along with our daily diet to produce unknown biological effects. In this study, the interaction between FCDs extracted from grilled Spanish mackerel and three main types of human plasma proteins including human serum albumin (HSA), human γ-globulin (HGG) and human fibrinogen (HF) was reported. It was found that the grilled Spanish mackerel FCDs could affect the morphology, size and surface electrical properties of the three proteins. The interaction between the FCDs and proteins had different effects on the secondary structure of the three proteins through a static mechanism. The tested HSA, HGG, and HF could adsorb FCDs to reach saturation state within 0.5 min after the adsorption happened. The binding affinity of the FCDs to the plasma proteins was sorted as follows: HF > HGG > HSA. The results of FCDs interacted with plasma proteins provided useful information in the assessment of the safety of FCDs in our daily diet.

Construction and evaluation of an iron delivery system by ultra-small nanoparticles from roast sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckiid).

Nanoparticles were extensively applied as carriers for bioactive compound delivery to improve their bio-availability. In this study, we developed novel water-soluble and ultra-small food-borne nanoparticles (FNs) from roasting sturgeon as carriers for Fe(ii) delivery. The molecular interactions between FNs and Fe(ii) ions, and the digestion and absorption of the FN-Fe(ii) complex through the gastrointestinal system were investigated. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that the FNs spontaneously interacted with Fe(ii) having negative Gibbs free energy change. The data showed that approximately one FN can bind with four Fe(ii) (n = 4.23) through hydroxyl and amino groups. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that the FN-Fe(ii) had no effect on the cell viability at concentration <1 mg mL-1. The FN-Fe(ii) complex was stable in the digestive tract with a retention rate of 95.18% ± 3.11% after gastrointestinal digestion. Moreover, 1 µg mm-2 FN-Fe(ii) complex could cross the intestinal wall for Fe(ii) delivery. This research revealed that FNs produced from roasted sturgeon have the potential as biocompatible, efficient and stable nanocarriers for Fe(ii) nutritional delivery.

Toxicity Alleviation of Carbon Dots from Roast Beef after the Formation of Protein Coronas with Human Serum Albumin.

The unique properties of nanoparticles produced during food thermal processing have attracted considerable attention. In this study, the formation of protein coronas of fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) in roast beef with human serum albumin (HSA) and the corona effect on toxicity were reported. The CDs were roughly spherical with a size in the range of 1-5 nm, which were mainly composed of carbon (68.68%), nitrogen (10.6%), and oxygen (15.98%). The CDs could readily pass through the intestine wall due to their small size and good water solubility. There was an obvious interaction between HSA and CDs, suggesting that the CDs could form protein coronas. Thermodynamic analysis results of ΔH < 0 (-13.17 ± 3.74 kJ/mol) and ΔS > 0 ( 28.04 J/mol/K) indicated that the binding of HSA-CDs was due to electrostatic interactions or hydrophobic forces. The HSA-CD coronas were distributed in the lysosomes of the cells, alleviated swelling caused by the CDs, and inhibited the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by CDs. Furthermore, the protein coronas reduced cellular reactive oxygen species production and alleviated the consumption of glutathione by the CDs, thus protecting the cells from damage. This finding provided valuable information about protein coronas in ameliorating cytotoxicity.

Protein corona formation of human serum albumin with carbon quantum dots from roast salmon.

When food-borne nanoparticles enter biological systems, they can interact with various proteins to form protein coronas, which can affect their physicochemical properties and biological identity. In this study, the protein corona formation of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from roast salmon with human serum albumin (HSA) was explored. Furthermore, the biological identity of the HSA-CQD coronas, in relation to cell apoptosis, energy, glucose and lipid metabolism and acute toxicity in mice, was also investigated. The HSA-CQD coronas were formed between HSA and CQDs via a static binding mechanism, and the binding site of CQDs on HSA was located at both Sudlow's site I and site II. After entering the cytoplasm, the HSA-CQD coronas became localized in the lysosomes and autolysosomes. Importantly, the HSA coronas reduced the cytotoxicity of the CQDs from 18.65% to 9.26%, and the energy metabolism was rectified by changing from glycolytic to aerobic metabolism. The glucose and lipid metabolite profile of cells exposed to the HSA-CQD coronas differed from that of those treated with CQDs, indicating that the HSA-CQD coronas rectified metabolic disturbances caused by CQDs. Histopathological and blood biochemical analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between the treated and control mice after a single CQDs dose of 2000 mg per kg body weight. Overall, the results confirmed the formation of protein coronas between HSA and food-borne fluorescent CQDs, and could be helpful for evaluating the safety of fluorescent CQDs in cooked food items.

Nanocorona Formation between Foodborne Nanoparticles Extracted from Roast Squid and Human Serum Albumin.

Foodborne nanoparticles (FNPs) produced by roasting have attracted the attention of people, owing to their safety risk to body health. Herein, we reported the formation, physicochemical properties, elemental composition, biodistribution, and binding with human serum albumin (HSA) of FNPs extracted from roast squid. The results showed that the FNP size gradually decreased from 4.1 to 2.3 nm as the roasting temperature changed from 190 to 250 °C. The main component elements of FNPs are carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, and the carbon and nitrogen contents of FNPs increased with the roasting temperature rising. The surface of FNPs contained hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl functional groups. The FNPs can emit fluorescence in ultraviolet light and show excitation-dependent emission behavior. Furthermore, it was found that the FNPs derived from roast squid could be accumulated in the stomach, intestine, and brain of BALB/c mice after oral feeding. Static fluorescence quenching of HSA was found by the Stern-Volmer equation and ultraviolet-visible spectrum analysis after interaction with the FNPs. After the addition of FNPs, the α-helix content of HSA decreased and the morphological height of HSA increased, which indicated that the FNPs could cause structural changes in HSA. The atomic force microscopy characterization showed the formation of nanocorona between FNPs and HSA.