Formation of soy protein isolate-dextran conjugates by moderate Maillard reaction in macromolecular crowding conditions.

BACKGROUND: Several methods have been reported for the conjugation of proteins with polysaccharides. Protein-polysaccharide conjugates can be formed by traditional dry heating, but this process is not attractive from an industrial viewpoint, and no commercial conjugates have been manufactured in this way. In the present study, in order to develop a more practical reaction method, macromolecular crowding was used to attach polysaccharides to proteins. RESULTS: Soy protein isolate-dextran conjugates (SDCs) were prepared via the initial stage of the Maillard reaction in macromolecular crowding conditions. The impact of various processing conditions on the formation of SDCs was investigated. The optimal conditions chosen from the experiments were a soy protein isolate/dextran ratio of 1:1 (w/w), a pH of 6.5, a reaction temperature of 60 °C and a reaction time of 30 h. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that the secondary and tertiary structures of the conjugates were changed significantly. Structural flexibility increased, allowing better display of their functional characteristics. The conjugates had a composition with various sizes, especially macromolecules, according to gel permeation chromatography. Thermal analysis showed that the thermal stability of the conjugates was improved. CONCLUSION: The production of SDCs under macromolecular crowding conditions appears to be an effective and promising technique, representing an advance over classic protein glycosylation methods.

One-Step Generation of O/W/O Double Pickering Emulsions Utilizing Biocompatible Gliadin/Ethyl Cellulose Complex Particles as the Exclusive Stabilizer.

Double emulsions hold great potential for various applications due to their compartmentalized internal structures. However, achieving their long-term physical stability remains a challenging task. Here, we present a simple one-step method for producing stable oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) double emulsions using biocompatible gliadin/ethyl cellulose complex particles as the sole stabilizer. The resulting O/W/O systems serve as effective platforms for encapsulating enzymes and as templates for synthesizing porous microspheres. We investigated the impact of particle concentration and water fraction on the properties of Pickering O/W/O emulsions. Our results demonstrate that the number and volume of inner oil droplets increased proportionally with both the water fraction and particle concentration after a 60-day storage period. Moreover, the catalytic reaction rate of the encapsulated lipase within the double emulsion exhibited a significant acceleration, achieving a substrate conversion of 80.9% within 15 min. Remarkably, the encapsulated enzyme showed excellent recyclability, enabling up to 10 cycles of reuse. Additionally, by utilizing the O/W/O systems as templates, we successfully obtained porous microspheres whose size can be controlled by the outer water droplet. These findings have significant implications for the future design of Pickering complex emulsion-based systems, opening avenues for extensive applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, material synthesis, and (bio)catalysis.

Biocompatible gliadin-sericin complex colloidal particles used for topical delivery of the antioxidant phloretin.

Oxidative stress caused by environmental exposures results in numerous skin diseases. Phloretin (PHL) is often used to relieve various skin symptoms, however, precipitation or crystallization of PHL in aqueous systems limits its ability to diffuse through the stratum corneum, making it difficult to exert effect at the target. To address this challenge, we herein report a method for the generation of core-shell nanostructure (G-LSS) via the growth of sericin crust around gliadin nanoparticle as a topical nanocarrier of PHL to improve its cutaneous bioavailability. Physicochemical performance, morphology, stability, and antioxidant activity of the nanoparticles were characterized. G-LSS-PHL exhibited uniformed spherical nanostructures with the robust encapsulation on PHL (∼90 %). This strategy protected PHL from UV-induced degradation, facilitating to inhibit erythrocyte hemolysis and quench free radicals in a dose-dependent manner. Transdermal delivery experiments and porcine skin fluorescence imaging indicated that G-LSS facilitated the penetration of PHL across the epidermis layer of skin to reach deep-seated sites, and promoted cumulative turnover of PHL with a 2.0-fold increase. Cell cytotoxicity and uptake assay confirmed that as-prepared nanostructure was nontoxic to HSFs, and promoted cellular absorption of PHL. Therefore, this work opened up new promising avenues for developing robust antioxidant nanostructure for topical applications.

Physicochemical and structural characterisation of protein isolate, globulin and albumin from soapnut seeds (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.).

The amino acid (AA) composition and physicochemical and conformational properties of protein isolate (SNPI), globulin (SNG) and albumin (SNA) fractions from soapnut seeds were evaluated. The essential AA of SNG, SNA and SNPI (except sulfur-containing AA) are sufficient for the FAO/WHO suggested requirements for 2-5year old infants. SNG and SNPI showed similar electrophoresis patterns and AA compositions, the subunit of those proteins consisted of two polypeptides linked by disulfide bonds. In contrast, SNA showed a different AA compositions and SDS-PAGE pattern. Both SNG and SNPI presented a typical U-shape protein solubility (PS)-pH profile, SNA showed a completely different PS-pH profile, especially at pH 2.0-4.0. The near-UV circular dichroism (CD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and tryptophan fluorescence spectra analyses indicated that the flexibility in tertiary conformations decreased in the order: SNA>SNPI>SNG, while soapnut proteins had a similar secondary conformation, with a highly ordered structure (the ß-types), as evidenced by far-UV CD spectra.

Conformational and thermal properties of phaseolin, the major storage protein of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

BACKGROUND: A previous study of various functional and physicochemical properties of phaseolin indicated good potential of phaseolin for application in food formulations in view of its excellent functional properties. The aim of the present study was to explore the conformational and thermal properties of phaseolin in the presence of protein structural perturbants by intrinsic fluorescence emission spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Raman spectroscopy was also used to characterise the secondary structures of phaseolin. RESULTS: The Raman spectrum of phaseolin indicated that ß-sheets and random coils were the major secondary structures. Intrinsic fluorescence emission spectroscopy confirmed the structural peculiarity and compactness of phaseolin, as evidenced by the absence of any shift in emission maximum (λ(max)) in the presence of structural perturbants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), guanidine hydrochloride, urea and dithiothreitol (DTT). Increasing NaCl concentration enhanced the thermal stability of phaseolin. Addition of chaotropic salts (1 mol L(-1)) caused progressive decreases in thermal stability following the lyotropic series of anions. Decreases in thermal denaturation temperature (T(d)) and enthalpy change (ΔH) were observed in the presence of protein perturbants such as SDS, urea and ethylene glycol, indicating partial denaturation and a decrease in thermal stability. DTT and N-ethylmaleimide had little effect on the thermal properties of phaseolin, confirming that phaseolin, a 7S globulin, is devoid of inter-polypeptide disulfide bonds. CONCLUSION: The data presented here demonstrate the contributions of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding to the conformational stability of phaseolin.

Wettability, surface microstructure and mechanical properties of films based on phosphorus oxychloride-treated zein.

BACKGROUND: Zein, the predominant protein in corn, has been extensively studied as an alternative packaging material in edible and biodegradable films. However, films made from 100% zein are brittle under normal conditions. The aim of this investigation was to improve the film-forming properties of zein by chemical phosphorylation. The surface hydrophobicity, surface microstructure and mechanical properties of films based on untreated and phosphorus oxychloride (POCl(3))-treated zein were evaluated and compared. The effect of POCl(3) treatment on the rheological properties of zein solutions was also studied. RESULTS: POCl(3) treatment, especially at pH 7 and 9, led to an increase in the apparent viscosity of zein solutions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis showed that the film based on POCl(3) -treated zein at pH 7 had a stone-like surface microstructure with a higher roughness (R(q)) than the untreated zein film. The AFM data may partially account for the phenomenon that this film exhibited high surface hydrophobicity (H(0) ). POCl(3) treatment diminished the tensile strength (TS) of zein films from 4.83-6.67 to 1.3-2.29 MPa. However, the elongation at break (EAB) of the films at pH 7 and 9 increased from 3.0-4.5% (control film) to 150.1-122.7% (POCl(3) -treated film), indicating the potential application of zein films in wrapping foods or in non-food industries such as sugar, fruit or troche that need good extension packing materials. CONCLUSION: The data presented suggest that the properties of zein films could be modulated by chemical phosphorylation treatment with POCl(3) at an appropriate pH value.

Bioavailability of quercetin in zein-based colloidal particles-stabilized Pickering emulsions investigated by the in vitro digestion coupled with Caco-2 cell monolayer model.

Protein-based Pickering emulsions have received considerable attention as nutraceutical vehicles. However, the oral bioavailability of nutraceuticals encapsulated in Pickering emulsions was not well established. In this work, a simulated gastrointestinal tract/Caco-2 cell culture model was applied to investigate the oral bioavailability of quercetin encapsulated in zein-based Pickering emulsions with quercetin in zein particles as the control. Pickering emulsions with shell (ZCP-QE) and core quercetin (ZCPE-Q) were constructed, and quercetin bioaccessibility, cell uptake and secretion, and the overall bioavailability were evaluated and compared. The overall oral bioavailability of quercetin was increased from 2.71% (bulk oil) to 38.18% (ZCPs-Q) and 18.97% (ZCPE-Q), particularly reached 41.22% for ZCP-QE. This work took new insights into the contributions of bioaccessibility and absorption (cell uptake plus secretion) to the overall oral bioavailability of quercetin. A schematic representation is proposed to relate the types of colloidal nanostructures in the digesta to the uptake, cell absorption, and overall oral bioavailability of quercetin. This study provided an attractive basis for identifying effective strategies to improve the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic nutraceuticals.

Functional and conformational properties of phaseolin (Phaseolus vulgris L.) and kidney bean protein isolate: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgris L.) seed is an underutilised plant protein source with good potential to be applied in the food industry. Phaseolin (also named G1 globulin) represents about 50 g kg(-1) of total storage protein in the seed. The aim of the present study was to characterise physicochemical, functional and conformational properties of phaseolin, and to compare these properties with those of kidney bean protein isolate (KPI). RESULTS: Compared with kidney bean protein isolate (KPI), the acid-extracted phaseolin-rich protein product (PRP) had much lower protein recovery of 320 g kg(-1) (dry weight basis) but higher phaseolin purity (over 950 g kg(-1)). PRP contained much lower sulfhydryl (SH) and disulfide bond contents than KPI. Differential scanning calorimetry analyses showed that the phaseolin in PRP was less denatured than in KPI. Thermal analyses in the presence or absence of dithiothreitol, in combination with SH and SS content analyses showed the contributions of SS to the thermal stability of KPI. The analyses of near-UV circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence spectra indicated more compacted tertiary conformation of the proteins in PRP than in KPI. PRP exhibited much better protein solubility, emulsifying activity index, and gel-forming ability than KPI. The relatively poor functional properties of KPI may be associated with protein denaturation/unfolding, with subsequent protein aggregation. CONCLUSION: The results presented here suggest the potential for acid-extracted PRP to be applied in food formulations, in view of its functional properties.

Hofmeister Effect-Assistant Fabrication of All-Natural Protein-based Porous Materials Templated from Pickering Emulsions.

Porous materials derived from natural and biodegradable polymers have received growing interest. We demonstrate here an attractive method for the preparation of protein-based porous materials using emulsions stabilized by gliadin-chitosan hybrid particles (GCHPs) as the template, with the addition of gelatin and kosmotropic ions to improve the mechanical strength. The microstructure, mechanical properties, cytotoxicity, and fluid absorption behavior of porous materials were systematically investigated. This strategy facilitated the formation of porous materials with highly open and interconnected pore structure, which can be manipulated by altering the mass ratio of hexane or gelatin in the matrix. The Hofmeister effect resulted from kosmotropic ions greatly enhanced the Young's modulus and the compressive stress at 40% strain of porous materials from 0.56 to 6.84 MPa and 0.26 to 1.11 MPa, respectively. The developed all-natural porous materials were nontoxic to HaCaT cells; they also had excellent liquid (i.e., simulated body fluid and rabbit blood) absorption performance and advantages in resisting stress and maintaining geometry shape. The effects of different concentration amounts and type of salts in the Hofmeister series on the formation and performance of porous materials were also explored. Mechanical strength of porous materials was gradually enhanced when the (NH4)2SO4 concentration increased from 0 to 35 wt %, and the other four kosmotropic salts, including Na2S2O3, Na2CO3, NaH2PO4, and Na2SO4, also showed positive effects. This work opens a simple and feasible way to produce nontoxic and biodegradable porous materials with favorable mechanical strength and controllable pore structure. These materials have broad potential application in many fields involving biomedical and material science, such as cell culture, (bio)catalysis, and wound or bone defect healing.

Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Water-Insoluble Protein Porous Materials Derived from Pickering High Internal-Phase Emulsions Stabilized by Gliadin-Chitosan-Complex Particles.

Pickering high internal-phase emulsions (HIPEs) and porous materials derived from the Pickering HIPEs have received increased attention in various research fields. Nevertheless, nondegradable inorganic and synthetic stabilizers present toxicity risks, thus greatly limiting their wider applications. In this work, we successfully developed nontoxic porous materials through the Pickering HIPE-templating process without chemical reactions. The obtained porous materials exhibited appreciable absorption capacity to corn oil and reached the state of saturated absorption within 3 min. The Pickering HIPE templates were stabilized by gliadin-chitosan complex particles (GCCPs), in which the volume fraction of the dispersed phase (90%) was the highest of all reported food-grade-particle-stabilized Pickering HIPEs so far, further contributing to the interconnected pore structure and high porosity (>90%) of porous materials. The interfacial particle barrier (Pickering mechanism) and three-dimensional network formed by the GCCPs in the continuous phase play crucial roles in stabilization of HIPEs with viscoelastic and self-supporting attributes and also facilitate the development of porous materials with designed pore structure. These materials, with favorable biocompatibility and biodegradability, possess excellent application prospects in foods, pharmaceuticals, materials, environmental applications, and so on.

Protein-Based Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsions as Nutraceutical Vehicles of and the Template for Advanced Materials: A Perspective Paper.

Pickering high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) are normally highly concentrated emulsions stabilized by colloidal particles with a minimum internal phase volume fraction of 0.74. They have received considerable attention in many fields, including pharmaceuticals, tissue engineering, foods, and personal care products. The aim of this perspective is to update the current knowledge on the field of protein-based Pickering HIPEs, emphasizing those aspects that need to be explored and clarified. Research progress in constructing HIPEs by protein-type colloid particles and promising research trends in basic research and potential applications were highlighted. Promising studies in this field include (1) clarifying bioavailability and evolution of activity of active ingredients in Pickering HIPEs by oral administration, (2) constructing a Pickering interfacial catalysis platform using protein colloidal particles, and (3) expanding the emerging applications of Pickering HIPEs in fields, such as partially hydrogenated oil replacers, probiotic encapsulation, and the template for porous materials.

Lactobacillus reuteri improves gut barrier function and affects diurnal variation of the gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet.

Lactobacillus reuteri FN041 is a secretory IgA-targeted Lactobacillus strain from human breast milk that has probiotic potential. The aim of this study was to test whether FN041 can alleviate dyslipidaemia and mucosal-barrier damage caused by a high-fat diet (HFD) and whether it can affect diurnal variation of the intestinal microbiota. C57BL/6 mice were fed either a normal chow diet or high-fat diet (HFD) for 7 weeks and were treated with either PBS as a control or L. reuteri FN041 for 4 weeks. Our results showed that FN041 treatment significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight gain (P < 0.01), accumulation of testicular fat, an increase in locomotor activity during the active phase (P < 0.01), triglyceridaemia, hypercholesterolaemia (P < 0.05), liver Fas overexpression, and Srebp1c mRNA expression inhibition. Moreover, FN041 treatment improved intestinal epithelial barrier function and induced a daily oscillation-dependent change in short-chain fatty acid production by the gut microbiota. A deeper understanding of the molecular pathways participating in intestinal barrier and microbiota modifications, and changes to lipid metabolism under the influence of FN041, will have important implications by potentially opening new horizons for the development of relevant foods to prevent metabolic disorders and unrelated intestinal diseases.

Functional properties and in vitro trypsin digestibility of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) protein isolate: Effect of high-pressure treatment.

The effects of high-pressure (HP) treatment at 200-600MPa, prior to freeze-drying, on some functional properties and in vitro trypsin digestibility of vicilin-rich red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) protein isolate (KPI) were investigated. Surface hydrophobicity and free sulfhydryl (SH) and disulfide bond (SS) contents were also evaluated. HP treatment resulted in gradual unfolding of protein structure, as evidenced by gradual increases in fluorescence strength and SS formation from SH groups, and decrease in denaturation enthalpy change. The protein solubility of KPI was significantly improved at pressures of 400MPa or higher, possibly due to formation of soluble aggregate from insoluble precipitate. HP treatment at 200 and 400MPa significantly increased emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsion stability index (ESI); however, EAI was significantly decreased at 600MPa (relative to untreated KPI). The thermal stability of the vicilin component was not affected by HP treatment. Additionally, in vitro trypsin digestibility of KPI was decreased only at a pressure above 200MPa and for long incubation time (e.g., 120min). The data suggest that some physiochemical and functional properties of vicilin-rich kidney proteins can be improved by means of high-pressure treatment.

Development and characterization of novel antimicrobial bilayer films based on Polylactic acid (PLA)/Pickering emulsions.

Biodegradable food packaging is sustainable and has a great application prospect. PLA is a promising alternative for petroleum-derived polymers. However, PLA packaging suffers from poor barrier properties compared with petroleum-derived ones. To address this issue, we designed bilayer films based on PLA and Pickering emulsions. The formed bilayer films were compact and uniform and double layers were combined firmly. This strategy enhanced mechanical resistance, ductility and moisture barrier of Pickering emulsion films, and concomitantly enhanced the oxygen barrier for PLA films. Thymol loadings in Pickering emulsion layer endowed them with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The release profile of thymol was well fitted with Fick's second law. The antimicrobial activity of the films depended on film types, and Pickering emulsion layer presented larger inhibition zone than PLA layer, hinting that the films possessed directional releasing role. This study opens a promising route to fabricate bilayer architecture creating synergism of each layer.

Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Antioxidant Activity of Zein/Chitosan Nanoparticles Incorporated with Quercetin.

In this work, zein/chitosan nanoparticles (ZCPs-Q) were developed for encapsulating quercetin to overcome its lower water solubility and instability, and to concomitantly enhance its cellular uptake and intracellular antioxidant activity. This strategy enhanced quercetin solubility 753.6 and 9.95 times in water and PBS (7.4), respectively, and quercetin encapsulated in ZCPs remained stable after UV irradiation and heat treatment. ZCPs-Q could significantly attenuate AAPH induced erythrocyte hemolysis through the inhibition of ROS generation. It restored intracellular antioxidant enzyme (SOD and GSH-Px) activities to normal levels and inhibited intracellular malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. Simultaneously, ZCPs-Q showed a strong antioxidant activity in HepG2 cells with an EC50 value of 31.18 µg/mL, which was lower than free quercetin's 41.02 µg/mL. ZCPs enhanced the uptake efficiency of quercetin in Caco-2 cells, which contributed to the improvement of cellular antioxidant activities (CAA) evaluated with the CAA assay and AAPH-induced erythrocyte hemolysis assay. The designed route is particularly suitable for the encapsulation of water-insoluble nutraceuticals and for enhancing cell uptake and CAA.

Development of Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Gliadin/Proanthocyanidins Hybrid Particles (GPHPs) and the Fate of Lipid Oxidation and Digestion.

This work attempted to engineer emulsions' interface using the special affinity between proline-rich gliadin and proanthocyanidins (PA), to develop surfactant-free antioxidant Pickering emulsions with digestive-resistant properties. This binding interaction between gliadin and PA benefited the interfacial adsorption of the particles to corn oil droplets. Pickering droplets as building units assembled into an interconnected three-dimensional network structure, giving the emulsions viscoelasticity and ultrastability. Oxidative markers in Pickering emulsions were periodically monitored under thermally accelerated storage. Lipid digestion and oxidation fates were characterized using in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) models. The interfacial membrane constructed by antioxidant particles served as a valid barrier against lipid oxidation and digestion, in a PA dose-dependent manner. Briefly, lipid oxidation under storage and simulated GI tract was retarded. Free fatty acid (FFA) fraction released decreased by 55% from 87.9% (bulk oil) to 39.5% (Pickering emulsion), implying engineering interfacial architecture potentially benefited to fight obesity. This study opens a facile strategy to tune lipid oxidation and digestion profiles through the cooperation of the Pickering principle and the interfacial delivery of antioxidants.

Fabrication of Zein/Pectin Hybrid Particle-Stabilized Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsions with Robust and Ordered Interface Architecture.

Diets containing partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) expose the human body to trans fatty acids, thus endangering cardiovascular health. Pickering high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) is a promising alternative of PHOs. This work attempted to construct stable Pickering HIPEs by engineering interface architecture through manipulating the interfacial, self-assembly, and packing behavior of zein particles using the interaction between protein and pectin. Partially wettable zein/pectin hybrid particles (ZPHPs) with three-phase contact angles ranging from 84° to 87° were developed successfully. ZPHPs were irreversibly anchored at the oil-water interface, resulting in robust and ordered interfacial structure, evidenced by the combination of LB-SEM and CLSM. This situation helped to hold a percolating 3D oil droplet network, which facilitated the formation of Pickering HIPEs with viscoelasticity, excellent thixotropy (>91.0%), and storage stability. Curcumin in HIPEs was well protected from UV-induced degradation and endowed HIPEs with ideal oxidant stability. Fabricated Pickering HIPEs possess a charming application prospect in foods and the pharmaceutical industry.

Properties of cast films from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and soy protein isolates. A comparative study.

The properties of cast films from hemp protein isolate (HPI) including moisture content (MC) and total soluble mass (TSM), tensile strength (TS) and elongation at the break (EAB), and surface hydrophobicity were investigated and compared to those from soy protein isolate (SPI). The plasticizer (glycerol) level effect on these properties and the interactive force pattern for the film network formation were also evaluated. At some specific glycerol levels, HPI films had similar MC, much less TSM and EAB, and higher TS and surface hydrophobicity (support matrix side), as compared to SPI films. The TS of HPI and SPI films as a function of plasticizer level (in the range of 0.3-0.6 g/g of protein) were well fitted with the exponential equation with coefficient factors of 0.991 and 0.969, respectively. Unexpectedly, the surface hydrophobicity of HPI films (including air and support matrix sides) increased with increasing the glycerol level (from 0.3 to 0.6 g/g of protein). The analyses of protein solubility of film in various solvents and free sulfydryl group content showed that the disulfide bonds are the prominent interactive force in the HPI film network formation, while in the SPI case, besides the disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions are also to a similar extent involved. The results suggest that hemp protein isolates have good potential to be applied to prepare protein film with some superior characteristics, e.g., low solubility and high surface hydrophobicity.

Hierarchical high internal phase emulsions and transparent oleogels stabilized by quillaja saponin-coated nanodroplets for color performance.

Herein, we report novel high internal phase emulsions and transparent oleogels that exhibit a hierarchical configuration by manipulating the spatial assembly of a natural small molecular-weight quillaja saponin for color performance. Quillaja saponin (QS) is a natural triterpenoid bidesmosidic from the soapbark tree (Quillaja saponaria Molina). Fairly monodispersed QS-coated nanodroplets (∼154 nm) were prepared using the ultrasonic emulsification strategy, and then used as block stabilizers for the fabrication of stable oil-in-water high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs, ϕ = 0.75). The resulting HIPEs can be easily converted into transparent oleogels with a very high oil loading (99.7%) through oven drying (70 °C). The jelly-like oleogels exhibit weak elastic, shear thinning behavior, good thixotropic recovery, and thermostabilization properties, which might be provided by the percolating 3D network of QS fibrils in the oil phase. We spatially tuned the color performance of the HIPEs and subsequent oleogels by locating the compositions of food colorants in different sections of their hierarchal architecture. The design and construction of hierarchical HIPEs and oleogels provide a promising new route for multitask functional delivery applications in various fields including food, cosmetics, and medical applications.

Tunable volatile release from organogel-emulsions based on the self-assembly of ß-sitosterol and γ-oryzanol.

A current challenge in the area of food emulsion is the design of microstructure that provides controlled release of volatile compounds during storage and consumption. Here, a new strategy addressed this problem at the fundamental level by describing the design of organogel-based emulsion from the self-assembly of ß-sitosterol and γ-oryzanol that are capable of tuning volatile release. The results showed that the release rate (v0), maximum headspace concentrations (Cmax) and partition coefficients (ka/e) above structured emulsions were significantly lower than unstructured emulsions and controlled release doing undergo tunable though the self-assembled interface and core fine microstructure from internal phase under dynamic and static condition. This result provides an understanding of how emulsions can behave as delivery system to better design novel food products with enhanced sensorial and nutritional attributes.