Intervención educativa sobre el examen y autoexamen de próstata en pacientes mayores de 45 años / Educational Intervention on Prostate Examination and Self-Examination in Patients older than 45

Introducción: El examen físico mediante el tacto rectal es una manera de encontrar temprano el cáncer de próstata. Aunque este resulta de suma importancia en las pesquisas, tiene poca aceptación debido a los tabúes arraigados en la sociedad. Por tanto, es necesario educar a la población masculina. Objetivo: Elevar el nivel de conocimientos sobre el examen y autoexamen de próstata en pacientes mayores de 45 años. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental de intervención educativa en un universo constituido por 62 pacientes mayores de 45 años pertenecientes al Policlínico Docente Área Este, de la ciudad de Camagüey. La muestra quedó conformada por 55 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de selección del estudio. Se analizaron las variables grupo de edades, nivel educacional; así como los conocimientos sobre las características generales del cáncer de próstata, prevención y control de los factores de riesgo, examen y autoexamen de próstata, antes y después de aplicada la intervención educativa. Resultados: En la muestra analizada predominaron los pacientes de entre 45-49 años (30,9 por ciento) y el nivel educacional técnico medio (43,6 por ciento), mientras se logró elevar el conocimiento en relación a las características generales del cáncer de próstata (40,0/94,6 por ciento), prevención y control de los factores de riesgo (20,0/92,7 por ciento), y de 7,3/87,3 por ciento en lo concerniente al examen y autoexamen de próstata. Conclusiones: Se alcanzaron valores estadísticamente significativos, de manera que se logró elevar el nivel de conocimientos en la muestra estudiada(AU)

Introduction: Examination by digital rectal examination is a way to early find prostate cancer. Although this examination is utmost important in the investigations, it has little acceptance due to the taboos rooted in society. In this sense, it is necessary to educate the male population. Objective: To raise the level of knowledge about prostate examination and self-examination in patients older than 45 years of age. Methods: A quasi-experimental study of educational intervention was carried out in a universe consisting of 62 patients older than 45 years of age from Área Este Teaching Polyclinic, in the city of Camagüey. The sample was made up of 55 patients who met the study selection criteria. The variables were analyzed age group, educational level; as well as knowledge about the general characteristics of prostate cancer, prevention and control of risk factors, prostate examination and self-examination before and after the educational intervention is applied. Results: In the studied sample, patients between 45-49 years of age (30.9percent) and the average technical educational level (43.6percent) predominated, while knowledge was raised in relation to the general characteristics of prostate cancer (40.0/94.6percent), prevention and control of risk factors (20.0/92.7percent), and 7.3/87.3percent regarding prostate examination and self-examination. Conclusions: Statistically significant values were reached, so that the level of knowledge was raised in the sample studied(AU)

Características clínico-patológicas de los pacientes asistidos en el Centro Docente Asociado de Oncología Médica en el Hospital Departamental de Soriano durante su primer año de funcionamiento / Clinical-pathological characteristics of patients assisted at the Associated Teaching Center of Medical Oncology at Soriano Departmental Hospital during its first year of operation / Características clínico-patológicas dos pacientes atendidos no Centro Docente Associado de Oncologia Médica no Hospital Departamental de Soriano durante seu primeiro ano de funcionamento

Introducción: Según el Ministerio de Salud las muertes por cáncer constituyen un cuarto del total de las defunciones registradas en Uruguay cada año. Objetivo: Conocer el perfíl epidemiológico de los pacientes diagnosticados de cáncer asistidos en el Hospital Departamental de Soriano. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y descriptivo que incluyó a los pacientes diagnosticados de cáncer asistidos en el Hospital Departamental de Soriano durante el 2022. Se mantuvo el anonimato de los pacientes en el análisis estadístico y se contó con la aprobación del Comité de Ética del Hospital de Clínicas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 113 pacientes nuevos; 53.1% fueron hombres, siendo la mediana de edad al diagnóstico de 69 años. Los 4 tumores más frecuentes para ambos sexos reunidos fueron: mama, próstata, pulmón y colo-recto; la distribución por estadio fue la siguiente: E IV 48.6% pacientes; EIII 22.5%; EII 26.5%; y EI 2.6%. En el 79.6% de las pacientes se contaba con la confirmación del diagnóstico mediante anatomía patológica. El tiempo entre el diagnóstico y el primer tratamiento oncológico fue ≤ 3 meses para el 88.2% de los pacientes. El total de los pacientes con EIV fueron contactados con la Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos. Únicamente el 15% de los casos fueron discutidos en Comité de Tumores. Conclusiones: Los datos analizados permitieron caracterizar el perfil epidemiológico del cáncer de los pacientes procedente de Soriano asistidos en el ámbito público y pueden contribuir a la implementación de políticas públicas orientadas a la prevención y por ende a la mejora en la asistencia pacientes asistidos.

Introduction: According to the Ministry of Health, cancer deaths constitute a quarter of the total deaths registered in Uruguay each year. Objective: To identify the epidemiological profile of patients diagnosed with cancer treated at the Departmental Hospital of Soriano. Materials and Methods: An observational, retrospective and descriptive study that included patients diagnosed with cancer attended at the Departmental Hospital of Soriano during 2022. The anonymity of the patients was maintained in the statistical analysis and approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Clínicas. Results: A total of 113 new patients were included; 53.1% were men, with a median age at diagnosis of 69 years old. The four most frequent tumors for both sexes were: breast, prostate, lung and colorectal; the distribution by stage was as follows: Stage IV 48.6% patients; Stage III 22.5%; Stage II 26.5%; and Stage I 2.6%. In 79.6% of the patients the diagnosis was confirmed by pathological anatomy. The time between diagnosis and first oncological treatment was ≤ 3 months for 88.2% of patients. The total number of patients with Stage IV were contacted by the Palliative Care Unit. Only 15% of the cases were discussed in the Tumor Committee. Conclusions: The data analyzed made it possible to characterize the epidemiological profile of cancer in patients from Soriano assisted in the public sector and may contribute to the implementation of public policies aimed at prevention and, therefore, at improving patient care.

Introdução: Segundo o Ministério da Saúde, as mortes por câncer constituem um quarto de todas as mortes registradas no Uruguai a cada ano. Objetivos: Conhecer o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes diagnosticados com câncer atendidos no Hospital Departamental de Soriano. Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional, retrospectivo e descritivo que incluiu pacientes diagnosticados com câncer atendidos no Hospital Departamental de Soriano durante o ano de 2022. O anonimato dos pacientes foi mantido na análise estatística e foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital de Clínicas. Resultados: foram incluídos 113 novos pacientes; 53,1% eram homens, com mediana de idade ao diagnóstico de 69 anos. Os 4 tumores mais frequentes para ambos os sexos combinados foram: mama, próstata, pulmão e colorretal; a distribuição por estágio foi a seguinte: E IV 48,6% pacientes; EIII 22,5%; EII 26,5%; EI 2,6%. Em 79,6% dos pacientes houve confirmação do diagnóstico pela patologia. O tempo entre o diagnóstico e o primeiro tratamento oncológico foi ≤ 3 meses para 88,2% dos pacientes. Todos os doentes com DIV foram contactados com a Unidade de Cuidados Paliativos. Apenas 15% dos casos foram discutidos no Comitê de Tumores. Conclusões: Os dados analisados ​​permitiram caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico do câncer em pacientes de Soriano atendidos na esfera pública e podem contribuir para a implementação de políticas públicas voltadas para a prevenção e, consequentemente, para a melhoria na assistência aos pacientes atendidos.

Factores de riesgo asociados a metástasis en pacientes con cáncer de próstata: Un estudio observacional de centro único / Risk factors associated with metastasis in patients with prostate cancer. A single-center observational study

Introducción: El cáncer de próstata (CP) el segundo cáncer diagnosticado en hombres, con mayor incidencia a los 66 años. La obesidad, el tabaquismo, alcoholismo y antecedentes familiares de CP se han encontrado asociados al riesgo de metástasis. El objetivo del presente estudio fue medir la aso-ciación entre factores y el estado metastásico en pacientes con CP en un centro único de referencia en Ecuador. Metodología: El presente estudio analítico, se realizó en el Hospital "Teodoro Maldonado Carbo", en Guayaquil-Ecuador, en el período enero-diciembre del 2019. El cálculo muestral fue no probabilístico, tipo censo. Se incluyeron casos con CP. Las variables fueron: edad, PSA, escala de Gleason, presencia de metástasis, sintomatología, tabaquismo, obesidad y antecedentes. Se presenta Odds Ratio como medida de asociación con intervalo de confianza del 95% y valor P. Resultados: El estudio incluyó 363 pacientes, con edad promedio de 75.2 ± 9.6 años. El grupo con metástasis fue de 202 casos (55.65%). Metástasis ósea 32.5%, pulmonar 9.6%, ganglionar 8.8% y hepático 4.75%. En la sintomatología la más frecuente fue, disuria (44.4%); el 33.6% con polaquiuria, un 13.2% hematuria y 8.8% tenesmo. El estadio Gleason-9 OR=24.85 (IC 95% 1.47-419.8) P=0.0259. El nivel de PSA >19 ng/ml OR= 6.996 (IC 95% 2.68-18.29) P=0.0001. El tabaquismo OR=2.34 (IC 95% 1.52-3.60) P=0.0001. Fueron factores protectores el valor de PSA <19 ng/ml OR=0.082 (IC 95% 0.043-0.157) P<0.0001, acudir a consulta de Hipertensión arterial OR=0.33 (IC 95% 0.161-0.691) P=0.0032 y el estadío Gleason-6 OR=0.108 (IC 95% 0.0665-9.1736) P<0.0001. Conclusión: Los niveles de PSA >19 ng/ml y el estadio Gleason >9 se asocian a la presencia de metástasis en pacientes con CP.

Introduction: Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer diagnosed in men, with the highest incidence at 66 years of age. Obesity, smoking, alcoholism, and a family history of PC are associated with the risk of metastasis. This study aimed to measure the association between factors and the metastatic state in patients with PC in a single reference center in Ecuador. Methodology: This analytical study was conducted at the "Teodoro Maldonado Carbo" Hospital in Guayaquil-Ecuador, January-December 2019. The sample calculation was nonprobabilistic, census type, and cases with PC were included. The variables were age, PSA, Gleason score, presence of me-tastases, symptoms, smoking, obesity, and history. The odds ratio was used to measure the associa-tion with a 95% confidence interval and P value. Results: The study included 363 patients, with a mean age of 75.2 ± 9.6 years. The group with me-tastasis included 202 patients (55.65%). Bone metastasis 32.5%, lung 9.6%, lymph nodes 8.8%, and liver 4.75%. In the symptomatology, the most frequent were dysuria (44.4%), 33.6% with pollakiuria, 13.2% hematuria, and 8.8% tenesmus. Gleason stage-9 OR=24.85 (95% CI 1.47-419.8) P=0.0259. PSA level >19 ng/ml OR= 6.996 (95% CI 2.68-18.29) P =0.0001. Smoking OR=2.34 (95% CI 1.52-3.60) P=0.0001. Protective factors were PSA value <19 ng/ml OR=0.082 (95% CI 0.043-0.157) P<0.0001, arterial hypertension consultation OR=0.33 (95% CI 0.161-0.691) P=0.0032 and stage Gleason-6 OR=0.108 (95% CI 0.0665-9.1736) P<0.0001. Conclusión: PSA levels >19 ng/ml and Gleason stage > nine are associated with metastases in patients with PC.

Osteonecrosis mandibular: hallazgos clínicos e imagenológicos en un paciente tratado con denosumab / Mandibular osteonecrosis: clinical and imaging findings in a patient treated with denosumab

Introducción: La administración de bifosfonatos y medicamentos antiangiogénicos en pacientes con cáncer es un esquema terapéutico usual en oncología. Existen reportes de osteonecrosis de los maxilares en pacientes sometidos a este esquema de tratamiento, luego de realizar un procedimiento dental invasivo. Objetivo: A partir de las características clínicas e imagenológicas de la patología, ilustrar al odontólogo sobre los medicamentos para el tratamiento del cáncer, susceptibles de generar osteonecrosis de los maxilares. Presentación de caso: Paciente masculino de 89 años, con cáncer de próstata tratado con denosumab, que desarrolló osteonecrosis del maxilar inferior posterior a una extracción dental. Es de vital importancia que el odontólogo identifique los medicamentos, factores de riesgo y las medidas para minimizar el riesgo de osteonecrosis de los maxilares en pacientes susceptibles(AU)

Introduction: The administration of bisphosphonates and antiangiogenic drugs in cancer patients is a usual therapeutic scheme in oncology. There are reports of osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients undergoing this treatment scheme, after performing an invasive dental procedure. Objective: Show the dentist from the clinical and imaging characteristics of the pathology on the drugs for the treatment of cancer sensitivity to generate osteonecrosis of the jaws. Case presentation: An 89-year-old male patient with prostate cancer treated with denosumab developed osteonecrosis of the lower jaw after tooth extraction. It is vitally important that the dentist identifies medications, risk factors and measures to minimize the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaws in sensitivy patients(AU)

Impact of lifestyle in prostate cancer patients. What should we do?

ABSTRACT Objective: This review aimed to analyze interventions raised within primary and tertiary prevention concerning the disease's incidence, progression, and recurrence of Prostate Cancer (PCa). Priority was given to the multidisciplinary approach of PCa patients with an emphasis on modifiable risk factors. Materials and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review in the following databases: Embase, Central, and Medline. We included the most recent evidence assessing cohort studies, case-control studies, clinical trials, and systematic reviews published in the last five years. We only included studies in adults and in vitro or cell culture studies. The review was limited to English and Spanish articles. Results: Preventive interventions at all levels are the cornerstone of adherence to disease treatment and progression avoidance. The relationship in terms of healthy lifestyles is related to greater survival. The risk of developing cancer is associated to different eating habits, determined by geographic variations, possibly related to different genetic susceptibilities. Discussion: PCa is the second most common cancer in men, representing a leading cause of death among men in Latin America. Prevention strategies and healthy lifestyles are associated with higher survival rates in PCa patients. Also, screening for anxiety and the presence of symptoms related to mood disorders is essential in the patient's follow-up concerning their perception of the condition.

Tamización del cáncer de próstata en Colombia: ¿Es posible superar la controversia? / Prostate Cancer Screening in Colombia: ¿Is It Possible to Overcome the Controversy?

La detección temprana sigue siendo pilar fundamental en el control del cáncer ya que no mas de 30% de las neoplasias malignas se pueden prevenir mediante la intervención de sus factores de riesgo,[1] y adicionalmente, la enfermedad localizada sigue teniendo mayor supervivencia que los estados metastásicos, aún con la sustancial mejora del tratamiento sistémico. A pesar de ello, existe una controversia creciente acerca de la tamización, en donde juega papel central el sobrediagnóstico. La reducción de la mortalidad es el objetivo primordial de la tamización en cáncer y dada la frecuente manifestación tardía de síntomas, la búsqueda de la enfermedad en población asintomática reviste toda lógica; no obstante, esta lógica se basa en la definición de neoplasia maligna como el crecimiento anómalo de células con capacidad de invasión progresiva, capacidad que se determina por cambios morfológicos y no por la dinámica de la enfermedad. Hoy se sabe que los cambios morfológicos tienen espectro amplio con cursos naturales variables, incluyendo neoplasias que no progresan o que progresan muy lentamente sin que lleguen a manifestarse durante la vida del paciente.

Early detection remains a fundamental pillar in cancer control since no more than 30% of malignant neoplasms can be prevented by intervention of their risk factors,[1] and additionally, localized disease continues to have longer survival than metastatic stages, even with the substantial improvement in systemic treatment. Despite this, there is a growing controversy about screening, in which overdiagnosis plays a central role. The reduction of mortality is the primary objective of cancer screening and given the frequent late manifestation of symptoms, the search for the disease in an asymptomatic population is logical; however, this logic is based on the definition of malignant neoplasm as the abnormal growth of cells with progressive invasive capacity, a capacity that is determined by morphologic changes and not by the dynamics of the disease. It is now known that morphologic changes have a broad spectrum with variable natural courses, including neoplasms that do not progress or that progress very slowly without ever manifesting themselves during the patient's lifetime.

Perfil clínico-epidemiológico de pacientes com câncer atendidos por um Serviço de Oncologia em um Hospital de Tubarão, SC / Clinical and epidemiological profile for patients with cancer treated at an Oncological Service in a hospital in Tubarão, SC

Introdução: O câncer é um conjunto de mais de 100 tipos de diferentes doenças que têm em comum o crescimento desordenado de células anormais com potencial invasivo. Além disso, sua origem se dá por condições multifatoriais. Esses fatores causais podem agir em conjunto ou em sequência para iniciar ou promover a formação do câncer. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico de pacientes atendidos na Unidade de Oncologia (UNIONCO) do Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Tubarão (SC), no período de Dezembro de 2014 a Julho de 2015. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico, observacional e descritivo através de revisão de 158 prontuários, de pacientes em tratamento na UNIONCO. Resultados: Dos 158 pacientes em tratamento para neoplasia: 58,23% são do sexo masculino e 41,77% são do sexo feminino. A faixa etária variou de 19 a 88 anos, com maior frequência entre 60 - 69 anos: 37 (23,42%). Em relação aos fatores clínicos-epidemiológicos observou-se: município de residência, idade, gênero, cor, diagnóstico clínico, diagnóstico etiológico, motivo do encaminhamento, presença de história familiar para neoplasia, exames complementares. Conclusões: A ocorrência do câncer segue o perfil: homem, branco, com idade entre 60 - 69 anos, diagnosticado com câncer de próstata. Os resultados encontrados evidenciam a necessidade de investimentos na detecção precoce e adoção de medidas educativas no sentido de promover ações que conscientizam a população quanto à importância do autocuidado com a saúde.

Introduction: Cancer is a set of more than 100 types of different diseases that share the disordered growth of abnormal cells with invasive potential. In addition, its origin is due to multifactorial conditions. These causal factors can act together or in sequence to initiate or promote cancer formation. The objective of this research was to analyze the clinical-epidemiological profile of patients treated at the Oncology Unit (UNIONCO) of Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Tubarão (SC), from December 2014 to July 2015. Methods: An epidemiological, observational and descriptive study was carried out through a review of 158 medical records of patients undergoing treatment at UNIONCO. Results: Of the 158 patients undergoing treatment for neoplasia: 58.23% were male and 41.77% were female. The age group ranged from 19 to 88 years, with a higher frequency between 60 and 69 years: 37 (23.42%). Regarding clinical-epidemiological factors, the following were observed: municipality of residence, age, gender, color, clinical diagnosis, etiological diagnosis, reason for referral, presence of family history of neoplasia, complementary exams. Conclusions: The occurrence of cancer follows the profile: male, white, aged 60-69 years, diagnosed with prostate cancer. The findings show the need for investments in early detection and adoption of educational measures in order to promote actions that raise the population's awareness of the importance of self-care in health.

Avaliação de fatores de risco e antígeno prostático específico no rastreamento de câncer de próstata / Evaluation of risk factors and prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancerscreening

Introdução: no Brasil, o câncer de maior incidência nos homens é o câncer de próstata (CaP), com 6,9% de mortalidade. Atualmente, discute-se a aplicabilidade do antígeno prostático específico (PSA) em políticas de rastreamento para CaP e os riscos associados ao sobrediagnóstico. Objetivo: correlacionar a dosagem do PSA com fatores de risco, história clínica e a presença de neoplasia prostática. Metodologia: estudo descritivo transversal que analisou, comparativamente, dados clínico-epidemiológicos e níveis séricos de PSA de 200 pacientes. Valores de PSA foram estratificados em três categorias (<2,5, 2,5­10,0 e >10 ng/ml). Resultados: os fatores de risco analisados foram relacionados significativamente com o aumento do PSA e neoplasia prostática. A prevalência de CaP (11%) e hiperplasia prostática (61%) foi observada nos pacientes com maior dosagem de PSA, enquanto 1% dos pacientes apresentou CaP sem alteração do PSA e 4% tiveram CaP com 2,5­10,0 ng/ml de PSA. Maiores níveis séricos do biomarcador foram relacionados a diabetes (70%), hipertensão (77%), uso crônico de medicações (60%) e ausência de exames periódicos (58%). O grupo com PSA >10 ng/ml teve média de idade maior que o primeiro (p = 0,002) e o segundo grupos (p = 0,027). Conclusão: a prevalência de hiperplasia prostática benigna associada à alteração do PSA, e o elevado risco de exames falso-positivos evidenciam a preocupação com o sobrediagnóstico. No contexto dos dados clinico-epidemiológicos avaliados, a possibilidade de resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos associados à dosagem do PSA deve ser considerada, ressaltando a importância de adoção de exames complementares para rastreio do CaP.

Introduction: in Brazil, the cancer with the highest incidence in men is prostate cancer (PCa), with 6.9% mortality. Currently, the applicability of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in screening policies for PCa and the risks associated with overdiagnosis are discussed. Objective: to correlate the PSA level with risk factors, clinical history and the presence of prostatic neoplasm. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study that analyzed, comparatively, clinical-epidemiological data and serum PSA levels of 200 patients. PSA values were stratified into three categories (<2.5, 2.5­10.0 and> 10 ng / ml). Results: the risk factors analyzed were significantly related to the increase in PSA and prostatic neoplasm. The prevalence of PCa (11%) and prostatic hyperplasia (61%) was observed in patients with higher levels of PSA, while 1% of patients had PCa without PSA changes and 4% had PCa with 2.5­10.0 ng/ml PSA. Increased serum levels of the biomarker were related to diabetes (70%), hypertension (77%), chronic use of medications (60%) and periodic exams (58%). The group with PSA> 10 ng/ml had a mean age greater than the first (p = 0.002) and the second group (p = 0.027). Conclusion: the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia associated with PSA change and an increased risk of false-positive tests show a concern with overdiagnosis. In the context of clinical-epidemiological data, the possibility of false-positive and false-negative results associated with the PSA measurement have to be considered, highlighting the importance of complementary tests for PCa screening.

Taxas de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares e câncer na população brasileira com idade entre 35 e 74 anos, 1996-2017 / Cardiovascular and cancer death rates in the brazilian population aged 35 to 74 years, 1996-2017

Resumo Fundamento: As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e câncer são as principais causas de morte no mundo. Essas doenças apresentam muitos fatores de risco em comum, e o controle de fatores de risco tradicionais para DCV foi associado com menor incidência de câncer. Objetivo: Analisar tendências nas taxas de mortalidade por câncer na população brasileira com idade entre 35 e 74 anos de 1996 a 2017. Métodos: As tendências nas taxas de mortalidade (bruta e ajustada por idade) foram analisadas quanto a todas as causas de morte, DCV e câncer. Os dados foram obtidos do banco de dados de mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde. O programa Joinpoint Regression foi usado para análise das tendências e ajustes nas taxas de saúde. O grau de mudanças nas taxas foi determinado pela variação percentual anual média (VPAM). O nível de significância estatística foi estabelecido em p<0,05. Resultados: A mortalidade por todas as causas (VPAM=-1,6%; p<0,001), CVD (VPAM =-2,3; p<0,001), doenças isquêmicas do coração (DIC) (VPAM =-1,6; p<0,001) e doenças cerebrovasculares (DCbV) (VPAM =-3.7; p<0.001) diminuiu. As mesmas tendências foram observadas para DCV em homens e mulheres (p<0,001). As taxas de mortalidade por todos os tipos de câncer (AAPC=-0,1; p=0,201), em homens (VPAM =-0,1; p=0,193) e mulheres (VPAM =-0,1; p=0,871) permaneceram inalteradas. Em 2002, a mortalidade por câncer excedeu a soma de mortes por DIC e DCbV. Se as tendências continuarem, a mortalidade por câncer também excederá a mortalidade por DCV até 2024. Nas mulheres, a mortalidade por câncer de mama, pulmão e cólon, aumentou, e a mortalidade por câncer de colo de útero e de estômago diminuiu. Nos homens, a mortalidade por câncer de pulmão, estômago, e esôfago diminuiu, e por câncer de próstata permaneceu inalterada. Conclusão: As DCV são atualmente as principais causas de morte no Brasil, mas as taxas de morte por câncer irão superar as taxas por DCV em poucos anos.

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer are the main causes of death worldwide. These diseases share many risk factors. Control of traditional risk factors for CVD was associated with lower incidence of cancers. Objective: To analyze CVD and cancer mortality rate trends in Brazilian population aged 35-74 years from 1996 to 2017. Methods: Crude and age-adjusted death rate trends were analyzed for all causes of death, CVD, and cancer. Data were obtained from mortality database of the Ministry of Health. Joinpoint Regression Program performed analysis of trends and adjustments in death rates. The degree of changes was determined by the average annual percent change (AAPC). Level of statistical significance was set at p <0.05. Results: Mortality from all causes of death (AAPC=-1.6%; p<0.001), CVD (AAPC=-2.3; p<0.001), ischemic heart disease (IHD) (AAPC=-1.6; p<0.001) and stroke (AAPC=-3.7; p<0.001) declined. Same trends were observed for CVD (p<0.001) in men and women. Death rates from all causes of cancer (AAPC=-0.1; p=0.201), in men (AAPC=-0.1; p=0.193) and in women (AAPC=-0.1; p=0,871) remained unchanged. In 2002, mortality from cancer exceeded the sum of deaths from IHD and stroke. If trends continue, cancer mortality will also exceed mortality from CVD by 2024. In women, death rates from breast, lung and colon cancer increased, and from cervical and gastric cancers decreased. In men, mortality from lung, stomach and esophagus cancer decreased, and from prostate cancer remained unchanged. Conclusion: CVD are currently the leading cause of death in Brazil, but death rates from cancer will exceed those from CVD in a few years.

Prevalencia de factores de riesgo y sintomatología prostática en indígenas de Tabasco / Prevalence of Prostate Cancer Risk Factors and Symptoms in Indigenous People in Tabasco, Mexico / Prevalência de fatores de risco e sintomas de próstata em indígenas de Tabasco

Resumen Introducción El cáncer de próstata, es un problema de salud pública, la neoplasia que se diagnostica con mayor frecuencia y segunda causa de muerte en los hombres. Poco se sabe de este problema en población indígena, por lo cual, los conocimientos actuales son demandantes en la prevención primaria. Objetivo analizar la prevalencia de sintomatología prostática y factores de riesgo entre varones indígenas, Centro, Tabasco. Material y Métodos estudio descriptivo correlacional, diseño transversal, muestra de 281 hombres de la etnia chontal de 40 y más años de las comunidades; Tamulté de las Sabanas, Aniceto y Tocoalt. Se utilizó el cuestionario de síntomas prostáticos y entrevista de factores de riesgo. Resultados 52.7% sin escolaridad, 47.7% son campesinos, edad media 55 años, 16.7% con sintomatología prostática de moderada a severa. Factores de riesgo; 44.5% mediano y 55.5% alto riesgo. La prueba de Chi cuadrada de Pearson entre la variable edad y sintomatología prostática tuvo una asociación de p=.000. Un valor de p=.166 entre la edad y los factores de riesgo; hombres de menor edad presentaron más factores de riesgo. Ninguno se ha realizado los exámenes de detección integral. Discusión y conclusiones coincide con otros estudios la prevalencia de síntomas prostáticos en adultos mayores, es preocupante la prevalencia de factores de riesgo en todos los participantes, mismos que se han observado en hombres con diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata, es importante crear estrategias de prevención con miras en los estilos de vida saludable.

Abstract Introduction Prostate cancer is a public health problem being the most frequently diagnosed neoplasm and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. However, there is little information about this disease in indigenous people and therefore, current knowledge calls for urgent primary prevention. Objective To analyze the prevalence of prostate cancer risk factors and symptoms in indigenous men in Centro, Tabasco. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional descriptive correlational study was conducted with 281 Chontal men aged 40 years and older from the communities of Tamulté de las Sabanas, Aniceto and Tocoalt. The Prostate Symptom Score questionnaire and interviews for assessing risk factors were both implemented. Results 52.7% had no formal schooling at all, 47.7% were peasants at an average age of 55 years, 16.7% had moderate to severe prostatic symptoms. As for risk factors, 44.5% were classified to be at medium risk and 55.5% at high risk. Pearson's chi-squared test between variables age and prostatic symptoms showed an association of p=.000 and a value of p=.166 between age and risk factors. Younger men showed to have more risk factors associated. None had undergone comprehensive screening. Discussion and Conclusions Prevalence of prostatic symptoms found in older adults is consistent with other studies. Prevalence of risk factors in all participants is a matter of concern as these are the same risk factors observed in men diagnosed with prostate cancer. It is important to develop prevention strategies based on healthy lifestyles.

Resumo Introdução O câncer de próstata é um problema de saúde pública, a neoplasia mais comumente diagnosticada e segunda causa de morte nos homens. Pouco se sabe sobre este problema na população indígena, portanto, os conhecimentos atuais são exigentes na prevenção primária. Objetivo analisar a prevalência de sintomas de próstata e fatores de risco em varões indígenas, Centro, Tabasco. Material e Métodos estudo descritivo correlacionado, desenho transversal, amostra de 281 homens da etnia chontal com 40 anos ou mais das comunidades; Tamulté de las Sabanas, Aniceto e Tocoalt. Foram utilizados o questionário de sintomas da próstata e a entrevista de fatores de risco. Resultados 52.7% sem escolaridade, 47.7% são camponeses, idade média de 55 anos, 16.7% com sintomas de próstata moderados a graves. Fatores de risco; 44.5% médio y 55.5% alto risco. O teste qui-quadrado de Pearson entre a variável idade e sintomas de próstata teve uma associação de p=.000. Um valor de p=.166 entre idade e os fatores de risco; homens menores de idade apresentaram mais fatores de risco. Nenhum realizou os exames de detecção abrangente. Discussão e conclusões coincide com outros estudos a prevalência de sintomas de próstata em idosos, é preocupante a prevalência de fatores de risco em todos os participantes, o mesmo que foi observado em homens com diagnóstico de câncer de próstata, é importante criar estratégias de prevenção com vistas a estilos de vida saudáveis.

Prevalencia de factores de riesgo y sintomatología prostática en indígenas de Tabasco / Prevalence of Prostate Cancer Risk Factors and Symptoms in Indigenous People in Tabasco, Mexico

Introducción: El cáncer de próstata, es un problema de salud pública, la neoplasia que se diagnostica con mayor frecuencia y segunda causa de muerte en los hombres. Poco se sabe de este problema en población indígena, por lo cual, los conocimientos actuales son demandantes en la prevención primaria. Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de sintomatología prostática y factores de riesgo entre varones indígenas, Centro, Tabasco. Material y Métodos: estudio descriptivo correlacional, diseño transversal, muestra de 281 hombres de la etnia chontal de 40 y más años de las comunidades; Tamulté de las Sabanas, Aniceto y Tocoalt. Se utilizó el cuestionario de síntomas prostáticos y entrevista de factores de riesgo. Resultados: 52.7% sin escolaridad, 47.7% son campesinos, edad media 55 años, 16.7% con sintomatología prostática de moderada a severa. Factores de riesgo; 44.5% mediano y 55.5% alto riesgo. La prueba de Chi cuadrada de Pearson entre la variable edad y sintomatología prostática tuvo una asociación de p=.000. Un valor de p=.166 entre la edad y los factores de riesgo; hombres de menor edad presentaron más factores de riesgo. Ninguno se ha realizado los exámenes de detección integral. Discusión y conclusiones: coincide con otros estudios la prevalencia de síntomas prostáticos en adultos mayores, es preocupante la prevalencia de factores de riesgo en todos los participantes, mismos que se han observado en hombres con diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata, es importante crear estrategias de prevención con miras en los estilos de vida saludable.

Introduction: Prostate cancer is a public health problem being the most frequently diagnosed neoplasm and the second leading cause of cancer death in men. However, there is little information about this disease in indigenous people and therefore, current knowledge calls for urgent primary prevention. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of prostate cancer risk factors and symptoms in indigenous men in Centro, Tabasco. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive correlational study was conducted with 281 Chontal men aged 40 years and older from the communities of Tamulté de las Sabanas, Aniceto and Tocoalt. The Prostate Symptom Score questionnaire and interviews for assessing risk factors were both implemented. Results: 52.7% had no formal schooling at all, 47.7% were peasants at an average age of 55 years, 16.7% had moderate to severe prostatic symptoms. As for risk factors, 44.5% were classified to be at medium risk and 55.5% at high risk. Pearson's chi-squared test between variables age and prostatic symptoms showed an association of p=.000 and a value of p=.166 between age and risk factors. Younger men showed to have more risk factors associated. None had undergone comprehensive screening. Discussion and Conclusions: Prevalence of prostatic symptoms found in older adults is consistent with other studies. Prevalence of risk factors in all participants is a matter of concern as these are the same risk factors observed in men diagnosed with prostate cancer. It is important to develop prevention strategies based on healthy lifestyles.

Introdução: O câncer de próstata é um problema de saúde pública, a neoplasia mais comumente diagnosticada e segunda causa de morte nos homens. Pouco se sabe sobre este problema na população indígena, portanto, os conhecimentos atuais são exigentes na prevenção primária. Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de sintomas de próstata e fatores de risco em varões indígenas, Centro, Tabasco. Material e Métodos: estudo descritivo correlacionado, desenho transversal, amostra de 281 homens da etnia chontal com 40 anos ou mais das comunidades; Tamulté de las Sabanas, Aniceto e Tocoalt. Foram utilizados o questionário de sintomas da próstata e a entrevista de fatores de risco. Resultados: 52.7% sem escolaridade, 47.7% são camponeses, idade média de 55 anos, 16.7% com sintomas de próstata moderados a graves. Fatores de risco; 44.5% médio y 55.5% alto risco. O teste qui-quadrado de Pearson entre a variável idade e sintomas de próstata teve uma associação de p=.000. Um valor de p=.166 entre idade e os fatores de risco; homens menores de idade apresentaram mais fatores de risco. Nenhum realizou os exames de detecção abrangente. Discussão e conclusões: coincide com outros estudos a prevalência de sintomas de próstata em idosos, é preocupante a prevalência de fatores de risco em todos os participantes, o mesmo que foi observado em homens com diagnóstico de câncer de próstata, é importante criar estratégias de prevenção com vistas a estilos de vida saudáveis.

Comportamiento de las infecciones del sistema genitourinario en el Hospital Universitario "Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández". Matanzas. 2014-2019 / Behavior of the genitourinary system infections in the University Hospital "Comandante Faustino Perez Hernandez". 2014-2019

RESUMEN Introducción: durante mucho tiempo los términos infección y sepsis han sido utilizados en forma alternativa, la tendencia actual es referirse al término infección como proceso bacteriano dependiente del germen. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de las infecciones urológicas en el servicio de urología del Hospital Universitario Comandante "Faustino Pérez Hernández", Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, a los pacientes atendidos en el servicio de urología del hospital Faustino Pérez, mediante el método de pesquisaje activo en el periodo comprendido desde enero de 2014 hasta diciembre de 2019. Resultados: se comprobó que la mayor parte de la población sometida a estudio es adulta mayor, predominando el sexo masculino. Entre las patologías crónicas asociadas a infecciones se encuentran la diabetes mellitus, la insuficiencia renal crónica, las inmunodeficiencias. El uso de catéteres se presentó en más de un 64% de los pacientes con infecciones. La echerichia coli fue el germen de mayor incidencia seguido de la klepsiella, pseudomonas. Conclusiones: la hiperplasia benigna de próstata, las litiasis, estenosis uretrales y los tumores uroteliales y prostático, son las principales causas obstructivas asociadas a infecciones. Un grupo importante de los pacientes operados presentaron infección del sitio quirúrgico. La sensibilidad bacteriana ante los antibióticos mostró mayor sensibilidad a meropenem, aztreonam y amikacina (AU).

Summary Introduction: the terms infection and sepsis have being alternatively used during many years; the current tendency is referring to the term infection as a germ- dependent bacterial process. Objective: to characterize the behavior of urologic infections in urological service of the University Hospital "Comandante Faustino Perez Hernandez". Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional research has been made to the patients who have attended the urology service of the University Hospital "Comandante Faustino Perez Hernandez", using the method of active screening in the period from January 2014 until December 2019. Results: it was proved that the biggest part of the studied population is elder adult people, predominating the male sex. Diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, immunodeficiency were found among the chronic diseases associated to infections. The use of catheters was present in more than 64% of patients. Echerichia coli was the germ with highest incidence, followed by Klepsiella, andPseudomonas. Conclusions: benign prostatic hyperplasia, lithiasis, urethral stenosis, prostatic and urothelial tumors are the main obstructive causes associated to infections. An important group of patients who underwent surgery presented infections at the surgical site. Bacteria showed higher sensitivity to antibiotics like meropenem, aztreonam and amikacin (AU).

Factores de riesgo y estrategias de prevención para el desarrollo de estrechez uretral de origen iatrogénico: Papel del urólogo / Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies for the Development of Urethral Stricture of Iatrogenic Origin: Role of the Urologist

La estrechez uretral constituye una patología con morbilidad importante en el sexo masculino. Se evidencia en la actualidad un cambio en la frecuencia de las etiologías, con la disminución de causas inflamatorias y una transición hacia la iatrogenia como la más común. Mediante la búsqueda del estado del arte en cuanto a los procedimientos diagnósticos y terapéuticos conocidos como factores asociados a la estrechez uretral iatrogénica, se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura con el fin de describir y generar estrategias para su prevención. De los procedimientos terapéuticos que originan la estrechez uretral como complicación, el sondaje vesical es la mayor causa (hasta 34,3%), seguido de la prostatectomía radical (29,9%). Una buena técnica de sondaje vesical orientada desde el adecuado entrenamiento del personal disminuye de forma considerable su incidencia. Por otra parte, la adecuada selección de tratamientos y aspectos técnicos en pacientes que requieren el manejo de patologías obstructivas del tracto urinario como la hiperplasia prostática y litiasis u oncológicas como el cáncer de próstata, son unas de las recomendaciones para la prevención de ese trastorno. El entendimiento de los factores de riesgo y la adherencia a las estr

Urethral stricture is a pathology with significant morbidity in men. There is current evidence of a change in the prevalence of etiologies, with a decrease in inflammatory causes and a transition towards iatrogenesis as the most frequent. Through the search for the state of art in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures known as associated factors to iatrogenic urethral stricture, a narrative review has been performed, in order to describe and recommend strategies for its prevention. Of the therapeutic procedures that cause urethral stricture as a complication, bladder catheterization is the main (up to 34.3%), followed by radical prostatectomy (29.9%). A good bladder catheterization technique guided by adequate training of personnel considerably reduces its incidence. On the other hand, the proper selection of treatments and technical aspects in patients who require the management of obstructive pathologies of the urinary tract such as prostatic hyperplasia and lithiasis or oncological diseases such as prostate cancer, are some of the recommendations for the prevention of this disorder. Understanding risk factors and adherence to the prevention strategies described seek to reduce the incidence of iatrogenic urethral stricture

Câncer de próstata em homens atendidos em uma unidade de alta complexidade em saúde: perfil epidemiológico / Prostate cancer in men treated at a high-complexity healthcare unit: epidemiological profile / Cáncer de próstata en hombres atendidos en una unidad de salud de alta complejidad: perfil epidemiológico

Objetivo: caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico do câncer de próstata em homens atendidos em uma unidade de alta complexidade em saúde na Bahia, Brasil. Método: Estudo descritivo, transversal, quantitativo, realizado em uma unidade de alta complexidade de referência em um município da Bahia, Brasil. Realizou-se busca exploratória de dados primários coletados em prontuários de pacientes com câncer que que estavam iniciando e/ou em tratamento, entre janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2015. A amostra foi composta de 662 registros, os quais foram submetidos à análise estatística. Resultados: Mais de 60% dos pacientes residiam na área urbana, cerca de 90% são atendidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). O câncer de próstata obteve maior prevalência em homens com idade acima de 60 anos, principalmente na faixa etária 70-79 anos. A análise histológica da biópsia indicou que a maioria dos pacientes já se encontravam na escala G2, classificado como médio risco, havendo a possibilidade de avançar para o escore G3 - alto risco. Conclusão: O perfil epidemiológico indicou prevalência elevada para o câncer de próstata, com recorte etário avançado, perfil histológico relevante para a vigilância dos pacientes e expressiva cobertura de atenção à saúde na esfera pública

Objective: to characterize the epidemiological profile of prostate cancer in men treated at a high-complexity healthcare unit in Bahia, Brazil. Method: Descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study, carried out in a high-complexity reference unit in a municipality in Bahia, Brazil. An exploratory search of primary data collected from medical records of cancer patients who were starting and/or undergoing treatment was carried out between January 2013 and December 2015. The sample consisted of 662 records, which were submitted to statistical analysis. Results: More than 60% of patients lived in urban areas, about 90% are assisted by the Unified Health System (SUS). Prostate cancer was more prevalent in men over 60 years of age, especially in the 70-79 age group. The histological analysis of the biopsy indicated that most patients were already in the G2 scale, classified as medium risk, with the possibility of advancing to the G3 score - high risk. Conclusion: The epidemiological profile indicated a high prevalence of prostate cancer, with an advanced age range, relevant histological profile for patient surveillance and significant coverage of health care in the public sphere.

Objetivo: caracterizar el perfil epidemiológico del cáncer de próstata en hombres atendidos en una unidad de salud de alta complejidad en Bahía, Brasil. Método: estudio descriptivo, transversal, cuantitativo, realizado en una unidad de referencia de alta complejidad en un municipio de Bahía, Brasil. Entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2015 se realizó una búsqueda exploratoria de datos primarios recolectados de historias clínicas de pacientes oncológicos que estaban iniciando y / o en tratamiento. La muestra estuvo conformada por 662 registros, que fueron sometidos a análisis estadístico. Resultados: Más del 60% de los pacientes vivían en áreas urbanas, alrededor del 90% son atendidos por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). El cáncer de próstata fue más prevalente en hombres mayores de 60 años, especialmente en el grupo de edad de 70 a 79 años. El análisis histológico de la biopsia indicó que la mayoría de los pacientes ya se encontraban en la escala G2, clasificada como riesgo medio, con posibilidad de avanzar a la puntuación G3 - riesgo alto. Conclusión: El perfil epidemiológico indicó una alta prevalencia de cáncer de próstata, con rango de edad avanzado, perfil histológico relevante para la vigilancia del paciente y cobertura significativa de atención de salud en la esfera pública.

Cáncer en Chile y en el mundo: una mirada actual y su futuro escenario epidemiológico

Cancer is a chronic non-communicable disease associated with a high mortality burden. The prevalence of cancer is increasing rapidly worldwide. However, this scenario will be worse in low and middle-income countries such as Chile, where 70% of cancer deaths occur. The aim of this review was to assess the epidemiological scenario of cancer and its projection for the Chilean population. In Chile, 53,365 new cases of cancer were diagnosed in 2018, led by prostate, colorectal, breast, stomach, lung and gallbladder cancer. From 1986 to 2016, cancer increased by 109%. When we reviewed mortality by sex, stomach and prostate cancer were responsible for more than 30% of cancer deaths among men. However, for women the first three places were occupied by breast, colorectal and lung cancer, as in the rest of the world. Considering that 40% of cancers are related to unhealthy lifestyles, working on the prevention of modifiable risk factors represents an opportunity for the creation of public health policies that allow changes at the environmental and individual level.

Morbimortalidade de câncer de próstata / Morbimortality of prostate cancer

Objetivo: Analisar o perfil epidemiológico da mortalidade por câncer da próstata, identificando fatores de risco para a pato- gênese. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, populacional. Os dados analisados foram coletados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mor- talidade e Informações de Saúde. O desfecho foi definido como C-61, como descrito na CID-10. Foram incluídos pacientes do sexo masculino acima de 40 anos. As variáveis para o desfecho estudado foram: zona de residência, faixa etária, cor, escolaridade e local de óbito. Na análise e na associação entre as variáveis e o desfecho, foi usado o teste qui-quadrado (p<0,05) com o método de Mantel-Haenszel (intervalo de confiança de 95%). Resultados: Foram identificados 1.254 casos de óbito por neoplasias malignas, sendo 15% de neoplasia maligna prostática e demais 85% por outras neoplasias. As variáveis que influenciaram no desfecho foram: faixa etária 60 ou mais anos (97,3%) comparada com 40 a 59 anos (2,7%), com razão de chance de 18,1, intervalo de con- fiança de 95% 0,7-0,8 e p<0,05; escolaridade com zero a 3 anos de estudo (75%) como influenciadora e 4 anos ou mais de estudo (25%), com razão de chance de 2,5, intervalo de confiança de 95% 1,6-3,0 e p<0,05; local de óbito, com significância estatística mos- trada na comparação entre hospital, com números de mortes de 76,6% e domicílio e via pública de 23,4%, com razão de chance de 0,5, intervalo de confiança de 95% 0,4-0,8 e p<0,05. Conclusão: Nas mortes por neoplasia maligna da próstata, mostraram-se associados ao desfecho idade acima de 60 anos, ambientes intra ou extra-hospitalares e escolaridade até 3 anos de estudo.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological profile of mortality due to prostate neoplasia, identifying the risk factors for its pathoge- nesis. Methods: This is a retrospective, population-based study. The data analyzed were collected from the information system of mortality and health information. The outcome was defined as described in the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision, C-61. The subjects included were male patients over 40 years of age. The variables for the outcome studied were: residen- ce area; age group; color; schooling; place of death. In the analy- sis and association among the variables and the outcome, the chi-square test (p<0.05) was used with the Mantel-Haenszel me- thod (95% Confidence Interval). Results: A total of 1,254 cases of death was identified from malignant neoplasms, with 15% of pros- tate malignant neoplasia, and 85% of other neoplasms. The varia- bles influencing the outcome were; mean age of 60 years or more (97.3%), compared to 40 to 59 years (2.7%), (Odds Ratio=18.1), 95% confidence interval (0.7-0.8), (p<0.05); level of education of 0-3 years (75%) of study as an influencer, and 4 years or more years of study (25%) (Odds Ratio= 2.5), 95% confidence interval (1.6-3.0), (p<0.05); place of death, with statistical significance shown in the comparison between hospital, with number of deaths of 76.6%, and at home and in the streets(23,4%), (Odds Ratio=0.5), 95% confidence interval (0.4-0.8), (p <0.05). Conclusion: In the deaths from malignant neoplasia of the prostate, age over 60 years, place of death inside or outside hospitals, and level of education of up to 3 years of study were associated with the outcome.

Prostate cancer screening among elderly men in Brazil: should we diagnose or not?

ABSTRACT Purpose: Prostate cancer screening in the elderly is controversial. The Brazilian government and the National Cancer Institute (INCA) do not recommend systematic screening. Our purpose was to assess prevalence and aggressiveness of prostate cancer in men aged 70 years and above, on the first Latin American database to date. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study (n=17,571) from 231 municipalities, visited by Mobile Cancer Prevention Units of a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) based opportunistic screening program, between 2004 and 2007. The criteria for biopsy were: PSA>4.0ng/ml, or PSA 2.5-4.0ng/ml with free/total PSA ratio ≤15%, or suspicious digital rectal examination findings. The screened men were stratified in two age groups (45-69 years, and ≥70 years). These groups were compared regarding prostate cancer prevalence and aggressiveness criteria (PSA, Gleason score from biopsy and TNM staging). Results: The prevalence of prostate cancer found was 3.7%. When compared to men aged 45-69 years, individuals aged 70 years and above presented cancer prevalence about three times higher (prevalence ratio 2.9, p<0.01), and greater likelihood to present PSA level above 10.0ng/ml at diagnosis (odds ratio 2.63, p<0.01). The group of elderly men also presented prevalence of histologically aggressive disease (Gleason 8-10) 3.6 times higher (p<0.01), and 5-fold greater prevalence of metastases (PR 4.95, p<0.05). Conclusions: Prostate cancer screening in men aged over 70 may be relevant in Brazil, considering the absence of systematic screening, higher prevalence and higher probability of high-risk disease found in this age range of the population studied.

Bone scan positivity in non-metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer: external validation study

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tables predicting the probability of a positive bone scan in men with non-metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer have recently been reported. We performed an external validation study of these bone scan positivity tables. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients seen at a tertiary care medical center (1996-2012) to select patients with non-metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Abstracted data included demographic, anthropometric, and disease-specific data such as patient race, BMI, PSA kinetics, and primary treatment. Primary outcome was metastasis on bone scan. Multivariable logistic regression was performed using generalized estimating equations to adjust for repeated measures. Risk table performance was assessed using ROC curves. Results: We identified 6.509 patients with prostate cancer who had received hormonal therapy with a post-hormonal therapy PSA ≥2ng/mL, 363 of whom had non-metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Of these, 187 patients (356 bone scans) had calculable PSA kinetics and ≥1 bone scan. Median follow-up after castrate-resistant prostate cancer diagnosis was 32 months (IQR: 19-48). There were 227 (64%) negative and 129 (36%) positive bone scans. On multivariable analysis, higher PSA at castrate-resistant prostate cancer (4.67 vs. 4.4ng/mL, OR=0.57, P=0.02), shorter time from castrate-resistant prostate cancer to scan (7.9 vs. 14.6 months, OR=0.97, P=0.006) and higher PSA at scan (OR=2.91, P <0.0001) were significantly predictive of bone scan positivity. The AUC of the previously published risk tables for predicting scan positivity was 0.72. Conclusion: Previously published risk tables predicted bone scan positivity in men with non-metastatic, castrate-resistant prostate cancer with reasonable accuracy.

Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or conformational radiotherapy (3D-CRT) with conventional fractionation for prostate cancer: Is there any clinical difference?

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the treatment outcomes of a cohort of prostate cancer patients treated with conventional schedule using IMRT or 3DRT technique. Materials and Methods: Between 2010-2017, 485 men with localized prostate cancer were treated with conventional radiotherapy schedule with a total dose ≥74Gy using IMRT (231) or 3DCRT (254). Late gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity were retrospectively evaluated according to modified RTOG criteria. The biochemical control was defined by the Phoenix criteria (nadir + 2ng/mL). The comparison between the groups included biochemical recurrence free survival (bRFS), overall survival (OS) and late toxicity. Results: With a median follow-up of 51 months (IMRT=49 and 3DRT=51 months), the maximal late GU for >=grade- 2 during the entire period of follow-up was 13.1% in the IMRT and 15.4% in the 3DRT (p=0.85). The maximal late GI ≥ grade- 2 in the IMRT was 10% and in the 3DRT 24% (p=0.0001). The 5-year bRFS for all risk groups with IMRT and 3D-CRT was 87.5% vs. 87.2% (p=0.415). Considering the risk-groups no significant difference for low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups between IMRT (low-95.3%, intermediate-86.2% and high-73%) and 3D-CRT (low-96.4%, intermediate-88.2% and high-76.6%, p=0.448) was observed. No significant differences for OS and DMFS were observed comparing treatment groups. Conclusion: IMRT reduces significantly the risk of late GI severe complication compared with 3D-CRT using conventional fractionation with a total dose ≥74Gy without any differences for bRFS and OS.

Is possible to rule out clinically significant prostate cancer using PI-RADS v2 for the assessment of prostate MRI?

ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic performance and interobserver agreement of PI-RADS v2. Materials and Methods In this Institutional Review Board approved single-center retrospective study, 98 patients with clinically suspected PCa who underwent 3-T multiparametric MRI followed by MRI/TRUS fusion-guided prostate biopsy were included from June 2013 to February 2015. Two radiologists (R1 and R2) with 8 and 1 years of experience in abdominal radiology reviewed the MRI scans and assigned PI-RADS v2 scores in all prostate zones. PI-RADS v2 were compared to MRI/TRUS fusion-guided biopsy results, which were classified as negative, PCa, and significant PCa (sPCa). Results Sensitivity, specificity, NPV, PPV and accuracy for PCa was 85.7% (same for all metrics) for R1 and 81.6%, 79.6%, 81.2%, 80.0% and 80.6% for R2. For detecting sPCa, the corresponding values were 95.3%, 85.4%, 95.9%, 83.7% and 89.8% for R1 and 93.0%, 81.8%, 93.7%, 86.7% and 86.7% for R2. There was substantial interobserver agreement in assigning PI-RADS v2 score as negative (1, 2, 3) or positive (4, 5) (Kappa=0.78). On multivariate analysis, PI-RADS v2 (p <0.001) was the only independent predictor of sPCa compared with age, abnormal DRE, prostate volume, PSA and PSA density. Conclusions Our study population demonstrated that PI-RADS v2 had high diagnostic accuracy, substantial interobserver agreement, and it was the only independent predictor of sPCa.