Non-Coding RNAs and Innate Immune Responses in Cancer.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and the innate immune system are closely related, acting as defense mechanisms and regulating gene expression and innate immunity. Both are modulators in the initiation, development and progression of cancer. We aimed to review the major types of ncRNAs, including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), with a focus on cancer, innate immunity, and inflammation. We found that ncRNAs are closely related to innate immunity, epigenetics, chronic inflammation, and cancer and share properties such as inducibility, specificity, memory, and transfer. These similarities and interrelationships suggest that ncRNAs and modulators of trained immunity, together with the control of chronic inflammation, can be combined to develop novel therapeutic approaches for personalized cancer treatment. In conclusion, the close relationship between ncRNAs, the innate immune system, and inflammation highlights their importance in cancer pathways and their potential as targets for novel therapeutic strategies.

O-GlcNAcylation: Crosstalk between Hemostasis, Inflammation, and Cancer.

O-linked ß-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc, O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification of serine/threonine residues of proteins. Alterations in O-GlcNAcylation have been implicated in several types of cancer, regulation of tumor progression, inflammation, and thrombosis through its interaction with signaling pathways. We aim to explore the relationship between O-GlcNAcylation and hemostasis, inflammation, and cancer, which could serve as potential prognostic tools or clinical predictions for cancer patients' healthcare and as an approach to combat cancer. We found that cancer is characterized by high glucose demand and consumption, a chronic inflammatory state, a state of hypercoagulability, and platelet hyperaggregability that favors thrombosis; the latter is a major cause of death in these patients. Furthermore, we review transcription factors and pathways associated with O-GlcNAcylation, thrombosis, inflammation, and cancer, such as the PI3K/Akt/c-Myc pathway, the nuclear factor kappa B pathway, and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. We also review infectious agents associated with cancer and chronic inflammation and potential inhibitors of cancer cell development. We conclude that it is necessary to approach both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer as a network in which multiple signaling pathways are integrated, and to search for a combination of potential drugs that regulate this signaling network.

Increased O-GlcNAcylation promotes IGF-1 receptor/PhosphatidyI Inositol-3 kinase/Akt pathway in cervical cancer cells.

O-linked ß-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a reversible post-translational modification on serine and threonine residues of cytosolic, nuclear and mitochondrial proteins. O-GlcNAcylation level is regulated by OGT (O-GlcNAc transferase), which adds GlcNAc on proteins, and OGA (O-GlcNAcase), which removes it. Abnormal level of protein O-GlcNAcylation has been observed in numerous cancer cell types, including cervical cancer cells. In the present study, we have evaluated the effect of increasing protein O-GlcNAcylation on cervical cancer-derived CaSki cells. We observed that pharmacological enhancement of protein O-GlcNAcylation by Thiamet G (an inhibitor of OGA) and glucosamine (which provides UDP-GlcNAc substrate to OGT) increases CaSki cells proliferation, migration and survival. Moreover, we showed that increased O-GlcNAcylation promotes IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) autophosphorylation, possibly through inhibition of protein tyrosine-phosphatase 1B activity. This was associated with increased IGF-1-induced phosphatidyl-Inositol 3-phosphate production at the plasma membrane and increased Akt activation in CaSki cells. Finally, we showed that protein O-GlcNAcylation and Akt phosphorylation levels were higher in human cervical cancer samples compared to healthy cervix tissues, and a highly positive correlation was observed between O-GlcNAcylation level and Akt phosphorylation in theses tissues. Together, our results indicate that increased O-GlcNAcylation, by activating IGF1R/ Phosphatidyl inositol 3-Kinase (PI-3K)/Akt signaling, may participate in cervical cancer cell growth and proliferation.

Prognostic Value of Galectin Expression in Patients with Breast Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Galectins are a family of proteins with affinity for ß-galactosides and their expression correlates with overall survival (OS) in several cancers. However, in breast cancer their prognostic potential is unclear. In this study we performed a meta-analysis to clarify the prognostic value of galectin expression in breast cancer and to identify sources of heterogeneity. For this purpose, we performed a search of related publications in PubMed, Central-Conchrane, Web of Science database, OVID-EMBASE, Scope and EBSCOhost until November 2021.Thirteen articles were included with a total of 2700 patients. High galectin expression was found not to correlate with OS in breast cancer (HR = 1.11, 95% CI 0.93-1.31). In the case of galectin-3, correlation with OS was observed when performing subgroup analysis by cellular localization (HR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.36-0.94 for cytoplasmic and HR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.00-3.29 for cytoplasmic plus nuclear). Galectin-7 correlates with DFS/PFS/DSS (HR = 2.43; 95% CI 1.36-4.31). Finally, galectin-3 correlates with some clinicopathological features such as lymph node metastasis, estrogen receptor expression and age. In conclusion, galectin-3 correlates with OS in breast cancer when cellular localization is considered while galectin-7 correlates with DFS/PFS/DSS. The cellular localization of galectins should be as fundamental aspect to be determined in future studies.

Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 mutations in Mexico, Belize, and isolated regions of Guatemala and its implication in the diagnosis.

The genomic sequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) worldwide are publicly available and are derived from studies due to the increase in the number of cases. The importance of study of mutations is related to the possible virulence and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. To identify circulating mutations present in SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala to find out if the same strain spread to the south, and analyze the specificity of the primers used for diagnosis in these samples. Twenty three complete SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences, available in the GISAID database from May 8 to September 11, 2020 were analyzed and aligned versus the genomic sequence reported in Wuhan, China (NC_045512.2), using Clustal Omega. Open reading frames were translated using the ExPASy Translate Tool and UCSF Chimera (v.1.12) for amino acid substitutions analysis. Finally, the sequences were aligned versus primers used in the diagnosis of COVID-19. One hundred and eighty seven distinct variants were identified, of which 102 are missense, 66 synonymous and 19 noncoding. P4715L and P5828L substitutions in replicase polyprotein were found, as well as D614G in spike protein and L84S in ORF8 in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. The primers design by CDC of United States showed a positive E value. The genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala present similar mutations related to a virulent strain of greater infectivity, which could mean a greater capacity for inclusion in the host genome and be related to an increased spread of the virus in these countries, furthermore, its diagnosis would be affected.

Factors related to asymptomatic or severe COVID-19 infection.

The factors that may contribute to a COVID-19 patient remaining in the asymptomatic stage, or to the infection evolving into the more serious stages are examined. In particular, we refer to the TMPRSS2 expression profile, balance of androgen and estrogen, blood group-A and/or B, nonsynonymous mutations in ORF3, and proteins NS7b and NS8 in SARS-CoV-2. Also, we review other factors related to the susceptibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2.

Aggregation and Molecular Properties of ß-Glucosidase Isoform II in Chayote (Sechium edule).

The presence of isoforms of ß-glucosidase has been reported in some grasses such as sorghum, rice and maize. This work aims to extract and characterize isoform II in ß-glucosidase from S. edule. A crude extract was prepared without buffer solution and adjusted to pH 4.6. Contaminating proteins were precipitated at 4 °C for 24 h. The supernatant was purified by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) column, molecular exclusion on Sephacryl S-200HR, and exchange anionic on QFF column. Electrophoretic analyzes revealed a purified enzyme with aggregating molecular complex on SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE, and AU-PAGE. Twelve peptides fragments were identified by nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano LC-ESI-MS/MS), which presented as 61% identical to Cucurbita moschata ß-glucosidase and 55.74% identical to ß-glucosidase from Cucumis sativus, another Cucurbitaceous member. The relative masses which contained 39% hydrophobic amino acids ranged from 982.49 to 2,781.26. The enzyme showed a specificity to ß-d-glucose with a Km of 4.59 mM, a Vmax value of 104.3 µM∙min-1 and a kcat of 10,087 µM∙min-1 using p-nitrophenyl-ß-D-glucopyranoside. The presence of molecular aggregates can be attributed to non-polar amino acids. This property is not mediated by a ß-glucosidase aggregating factor (BGAF) as in grasses (maize and sorghum). The role of these aggregates is discussed.

In vitro activity of steroidal dendrimers on Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote form with PAMAM dendrons modified by "click" chemistry.

The increasing use of dendrimers shows promise for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, Chagas disease and other conditions such as cancer. In this study, the activity of 1st and 2nd generation dendrimers over T. cruzi in the epimastigote stage was tested. Dendrimers were derived from α-ethynylestradiol (EE) modified with PAMAM-type dendrons through a triazole ring. The activity of each compound was evaluated in five doses (from 1.3 to 20 µmol/mL) by flow cytometry, including benznidazole (Bz) as positive control. The findings show that an equivalent concentration of 14.8 µmol/mL of 2nd generation (G) dendrimer is 8 times more effective than Bz at 24 h, and it maintains its superiority at 48 h with an IC50 = 1.25 ±â€¯0.19 µmol/mL. A TUNEL assay showed that dendrimers induce cell death in T. cruzi epimastigotes mostly via apoptosis, unlike Bz, which induces death via necrosis in more than 50% of cells.

Apart From Rhoptries, Identification of Toxoplasma gondii's O-GlcNAcylated Proteins Reinforces the Universality of the O-GlcNAcome.

O-linked ß-N-acetylglucosaminylation or O-GlcNAcylation is a widespread post-translational modification that belongs to the large and heterogeneous group of glycosylations. The functions managed by O-GlcNAcylation are diverse and include regulation of transcription, replication, protein's fate, trafficking, and signaling. More and more evidences tend to show that deregulations in the homeostasis of O-GlcNAcylation are involved in the etiology of metabolic diseases, cancers and neuropathologies. O-GlcNAc transferase or OGT is the enzyme that transfers the N-acetylglucosamine residue onto target proteins confined within the cytosolic and nuclear compartments. A form of OGT was predicted for Toxoplasma and recently we were the first to show evidence of O-GlcNAcylation in the apicomplexans Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum. Numerous studies have explored the O-GlcNAcome in a wide variety of biological models but very few focus on protists. In the present work, we used enrichment on sWGA-beads and immunopurification to identify putative O-GlcNAcylated proteins in Toxoplasma gondii. Many of the proteins found to be O-GlcNAcylated were originally described in higher eukaryotes and participate in cell shape organization, response to stress, protein synthesis and metabolism. In a more original way, our proteomic analyses, confirmed by sWGA-enrichment and click-chemistry, revealed that rhoptries, proteins necessary for invasion, are glycosylated. Together, these data show that regardless of proteins strictly specific to organisms, O-GlcNAcylated proteins are rather similar among living beings.

Solvent-free synthesis of 6ß-phenylamino-cholestan-3ß,5α-diol and (25R)-6ß-phenylaminospirostan-3ß,5α-diol as potential antiproliferative agents.

In this paper is described a synthetic route to 6ß-phenylamino-cholestan-3ß,5α-diol and (25R)-6ß-phenylaminospirostan-3ß,5α-diol, starting from cholesterol and diosgenin, respectively. The products were obtained in two steps by epoxidation followed by aminolysis, through an environmentally friendly and solvent-free method mediated by SZ (sulfated zirconia) as catalyst. The use of SZ allows chemo- and regioselective ring opening of the 5,6α-epoxide during the aminolysis reaction eliminating the required separation of the epoxide mixture. The products obtained were spectroscopically characterized by 1H, PENDANT 13C NMR and HETCOR experiments, and complemented with FTIR-ATR and HRMS. The antiproliferative effect of the ß-aminoalcohols was evaluated on MCF-7 cells after 48h of incubation, by MTT and CVS assays. These methodologies showed that both compounds have antiproliferative activity, being more active the cholesterol analogue. Additionally, the cell images obtained by Harris' Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining protocol, evidenced formation of apoptotic bodies due to the presence of the obtained ß-aminoalcohols in a dose-dependent manner.

Reduced platelet aggregation in women after intercourse: a possible role for the cyclooxygenase pathway.

We hypothesise that molecules in the cyclooxygenase pathway affect platelet activity when seminal fluid (SF) is present. We considered the influence of SF on platelet aggregation in women, and believe that the prostanoids in SF signalling are significant. Thirty-one female subjects were studied, 20 of whom were sexually active. Male partners were given either aspirin or indomethacin to inhibit cyclooxygenase. The 6-keto prostaglandin F1α (6-keto PGF1α) and prostaglandin E metabolite (PGE-M) in SF were measured by competitive assay. Platelets and prostanoids were evaluated in women, periodically, before and after intercourse. The platelets were tested with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (AA). To block the interaction between the uterus and SF, some couples used condoms. We found that the 6-keto prostaglandin F1α in urine at 2 hours post-intercourse (1418.75 pg/mL, Std 688.39) was greater than pre-intercourse (772.68 pg/mL, Std 116.54). Post-intercourse, a transient decrease in platelet aggregation was observed in women whose partners did not use condoms. Averages for platelet aggregation were 20.16% with ADP, and more significantly, 37.79% with AA after 2 hours. In contrast, couples using condoms showed no changes, averaging 64.02% with ADP and 72.06% with AA. Women whose partners were taking aspirin or indomethacin also showed no changes. SF from men taking aspirin or indomethacin led to no reduction in platelet aggregometry in their partners. These results indicate that in cases of exposure to SF, the transient change in women's platelet activity could be related to the cyclooxygenase pathway.

Hiperinsulinemia y resistencia insulínica en niños de dos escuelas públicas de Oaxaca, México / Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in children

Background: Obesity during childhood is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases during adulthood. Aim: To measure insulin and glucose levels and parameters of insulin resistance in obese, overweight and normal weight Mexican children. Material and Methods: Comparative study of 21 obese children with a body mass index (BMI) over percentile 95, aged 10 ± 1 years (10 males), 14 children aged 10 ± 2 (7 males) with a BMI between percentiles 85 and 94 and 16 children aged 9 ± 2 years (3 males) with a body mass index between percentiles 10 and 84. Body weight, blood pressure and waist circumference were measured and a blood sample was obtained to measure fasting glucose and insulin levels. Homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were calculated. Results: Among obese, overweight and normal weight children, insulin levels were 14.9 (95% CI 10.90-18.99), 7.20 (CI 5.12-9.28) and 4.73 (CI 95% 1.92-7.53) uU/ml, respectively. The figures for HOMA were 3.16 (95% CI 2.20-4.12), 1.49 (95% CI 1.03-1.94) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.35-1.60), respectively. The figures for QUICKI were 0.331 (95% CI 0.319-0.343), 0.371 (95% CI 0.349-0.393) and 0.419 (95% CI 0.391-0.446), respectively. Compared to their normal weight counterparts, the risk of obese children and those with a waist circumference over percentile 90 of having a HOMA over 3.16 was 17 and 10 times higher, respectively. BMI correlated better than waist circumference with insulin levels. Conclusions: Obese children have higher levels of insulin resistance than their normal weight counterparts.

Molecules in seminal plasma related to platelets in preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: Prostaglandins present in seminal fluid are actively involved in vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle maintenance, reproduction, and inflammatory processes. Seminal plasma contains molecules, such as oxylipins, which possess cell signaling functions. Several studies have shown that specific molecules in seminal fluid can increase passive diffusion, and cause interactions in the female reproductive tract. This may provoke a cascade of cellular and molecular changes in general health and certain diseases. This study examines the hypothesis that the molecules in seminal fluid are involved in platelet activity. The molecules diffuse through cells and membranes, affecting Hoxa 10, binding ganglioside pathways, and acting over platelet function. When these molecules are at low levels, they may trigger prothrombotic states, explaining the pathophysiology of haemostatic response, such as preeclampsia, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Reduction of Platelet Aggregation From Ingestion of Oleic and Linoleic Acids Found in Vitis vinifera and Arachis hypogaea Oils.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of seed oils from Vitis vinifera and Arachis hypogaea in platelet aggregation. The initial hypothesis suggested that subjects who have consumed these seed oils undergo modified platelet aggregation. This study was performed using a pre-post test design, with a control group, and double blind. The effects of the consumption of grape seed and peanut oils were measured for platelet aggregation in clinical and laboratory tests in 30 healthy subjects. In addition to this group, a control group of 4 health subjects received no treatment with oils, just 500 mg oral administration acetylsalicylic acid for 7 days. Platelet aggregation was assessed by the Born turbidimetric method, using 3 different concentrations of adenosine diphosphate as agonists (2, 54; 1, 17; and 0, 58 µM). The study subjects had very similar results; both oils were shown to have a significant reduction in platelet aggregation. Grape seed oil showed a decrease of 8.4 ± 1% in aggregation, compared with peanut oil, which decreased aggregation by 10.4 ± 1%. The control group, taking 500 mg OD aspirin for 7 days, showed a significant decrease in platelet aggregation, similar to that of oil ingestion. Each of the oils was analyzed for fatty acids, to determine which particular acids were presents in greater levels, which could explain the reduction in platelet aggregation. The oil found to be most abundant in grape seeds was linoleic acid (omega-6), and in peanuts, it was oleic acid (omega-9). However, in fact, both acids reduced platelet aggregation. Consumption of plant oils from grape seeds and peanuts had a lowering effect on platelet aggregation, in addition to containing a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. However, omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids were not specifically responsible for the reductions mentioned above.

[A GENETIC VIEW OF FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA]. / UNA VISIÓN GENÉTICA DE LA HIPERCOLESTEROLEMIA FAMILIAR.

OBJECTIVE: to show reviewed information of published studies relating to Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH), nutrition, and genes involved in the development of this pathology. RESULTS: an analysis showing familial hypercholesterolemia as a disorder occuring due to mutations in gene encoding of the LDL receptor, which can be transmitted as an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. It's diagnosis is important for those with a greater likelihood of premature coronary disease, and can significantly reduce life expectancy. CONCLUSIONS: there are no specific clinical criteria with absolute predictive value for the diagnosis of HF, Genetic diagnosis can prove functional defects in the LDL receptor gene, constituting definitive confirmation of the diagnosis, thus the importance of presenting a genetic vision of development of this disease, which can be treated adequately through diet therapy affecting future generations in the family concerned.

Objetivo: mostrar información revisada de manera sistemática de estudios publicados relacionados con la hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF), la nutrición y los genes que intervienen en el desarrollo de esta patología. Resultados: el análisis de los resultados de investigación consultados pone de manifiesto que la hipercolesterolemia familiar es un trastorno que se produce debido a mutaciones en genes que codifican el receptor de LDL, que se puede transmitir de forma autosómica dominante o bien autosómica recesiva. La importancia de su diagnóstico radica en que las personas afectas presentan una elevada frecuencia de enfermedad coronaria prematura, reduciéndose de forma importante su expectativa de vida. Conclusiones: no existen criterios clínicos específicos con un valor predictivo absoluto para el diagnóstico de HF; el diagnóstico genético permite demostrar defectos funcionales en el gen del receptor LDL, constituyendo la confirmación definitiva del diagnóstico, de ahí la importancia de presentar una visión genética del desarrollo de esta patología, que puede ser tratada para generaciones futuras de manera adecuada a través de la dietoterapia en la familia afectada.

National survey of oral/dental conditions related to tobacco and alcohol use in Mexican adults.

Oral diseases are a major burden on individuals and health systems. The aim of this study was to determine whether consumption of tobacco and alcohol were associated with the prevalence of oral/dental problems in Mexican adults. Using data from the National Performance Evaluation Survey 2003, a cross-sectional study part of the World Health Survey, dental information from a representative sample of Mexico (n = 22,229, N = 51,155,740) was used to document self-reported oral/dental problems in the 12 months prior to the survey. Questionnaires were used to collect information related to sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and other risk factors. Three models were generated for each age group (18-30, 31-45 and 46-98 years). The prevalence of oral/dental conditions was 25.7%. Adjusting for sex, schooling, socioeconomic position, diabetes, and self-reported health, those who used tobacco (sometimes or daily) (OR = 1.15, p = 0.070; OR = 1.24, p < 0.01; and OR = 1.16, p < 0.05, for each age group respectively) or alcohol (moderate or high) (OR = 1.26, p < 0.001; OR = 1.18, p < 0.01 and OR = 1.30, p < 0.001, for each age group respectively) had a higher risk of reporting oral/dental problems. Because tobacco and alcohol use were associated with self-reported oral/dental problems in one out of four adults, it appears advisable to ascertain how direct is such link; more direct effects would lend greater weight to adopting measures to reduce consumption of tobacco and alcohol for the specific purpose of improving oral health.

[Asymptomatic human infection from contact with dogs: a case of human ehrlichiosis]. / Infección humana asintomática por contacto con perros. Un caso de ehrlichiosis humana.

INTRODUCTION: Living with dogs leads one to consider the necessity of identifying canine infections found in the people with whom the dogs live. OBJECTIVE: Dogs which were clinically and serologically positive with the infections Ehirlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Dirofilaria Immitis were sought. People with the same infections were also identified. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From a population of 80 dogs identified in the villages of San Bartolo Coyotepec and San Agustín Etla (suburbs peripheral to the city of Oaxaca, Mexico), 27 dogs were selected for study, all of which had adenomegaly, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and fevers of at least 43° C. Using enzyme immunoassay in this population of dogs and their closest human contacts, antibodies for Ehirlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, and the antigen for Dirofilaria immitis were sought. Positive results in humans were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Ten dogs with the clinical signs mentioned above tested positive for antibodies to Ehrlichia canis; two cases tested positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum; one case tested positive for Dirofilaria Immitis. From human contact, one person tested positive for Ehirlichia canis; this case was confirmed by DNA amplification by means of PCR. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to identify the population of sick dogs in order to reduce related infections in people.

Association between edentulism and angina pectoris in Mexican adults aged 35 years and older: a multivariate analysis of a population-based survey.

BACKGROUND: The possible association between oral infection and chronic inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk has been studied intensively. The present study is designed to determine the strength of association between edentulism and angina pectoris in Mexican adults aged 35 years and older. METHODS: Using the tools and sampling strategies of the World Health Survey of the World Health Organization, cross-sectional data were collected in Mexico in the National Performance Assessment Survey (probabilistic, multistage, and cluster sampling). Dental information was available for 20 of the 32 states of Mexico. Angina and edentulism are self-reported in this study. Statistical analysis was performed using binary logistic regression adjusting for complex samples. RESULTS: A total of 13,966 participants, representing a population of 29,853,607 individuals, were included. Of the complete study population, 3,052,263 (10.2%) were completely toothless, and 673,810 (2.3%) were diagnosed with angina pectoris. After adjusting for smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, body mass index, and sex, the effect of edentulism on angina was modified by age (interaction), being more marked in the younger age group (odds ratio [OR] = exp(2.5597) =12.93) than in the older individuals surveyed (OR = exp(2.5597 + (-0.0334)) =12.51). Additionally, low physical activity (OR = 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03 to 2.22) and higher socioeconomic status (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.90) were more likely to be associated with angina pectoris. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results of this study, conducted in a representative sample of Mexican adults, suggest that an association exists between edentulism and angina pectoris. Additional studies are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanism for this association.

[Principal reasons for extraction of permanent tooth in a sample of Mexicans adults]. / Principales razones de extracción de dientes permanentes en una muestra de adultos mexicanos.

BACKGROUND: Tooth extractions are one of the most common procedures in oral surgery. The objective of this study was to identify the reasons for tooth extraction in adult patients seeking care at teaching dental clinics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 331 subjects between 18 and 85 (45.37 +/- 13.85) years of age seeking dental care in dental clinics of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, from January 2009 to December, 2009. Data pertaining to age, sex, tooth number and the reason for extraction according to Kay & Blinkhorn were analyzed with non-parametric tests. RESULTS: 779 extractions were undertaken. The main reason for extraction was dental caries (43.1%), periodontal disease (PD) (27.9%), and prosthetic reasons (21.5%). There was no significant difference across sex for reasons of extraction (p > 0.05). Significant differences (p < 0.001) were found for age (extraction due to periodontal disease increased with age); in patients attending in a single visit vs. patients attending a series of dental appointments (caries reasons were more common in patients having a single appointment vs. PD in those attending a series of appointments); for type of teeth (upper, posterior, and molars were extracted primarily because of caries, while lower, anterior and incisors were more often extracted because of PD). CONCLUSIONS: Dental caries was the most common reason for tooth extraction, followed by periodontal disease. Differences in the reasons for extraction were observed across patient characteristics and type of tooth.