Effects of a Free Electronic Book on Systemic Anatomy with Schematics on Student Learning / Efectos de un Libro Electrónico Gratuito sobre Anatomía Sistémica con Esquemas sobre el Aprendizaje de los Estudiantes

SUMMARY: For students in schools of nursing, health sciences, and premed, a systemic anatomy textbook with minimized contents, schematics, and mnemonics may be helpful for learning an otherwise often unappealing subject. In this study, we assess the educational effect of such a textbook. Schematic drawings, anatomy comics, and easily readable text were generated for the chapters of the book (e.g., skeletal system, articular system). The book was presented without charge via a webpage (anatomy.co.kr). Nursing students who were exposed to the book and those who were not exposed were compared; a survey was administered to those who were exposed. The students who read the presented textbook were more knowledgeable than those who used other textbooks. Hours spent reading the presented textbook and scores of fill-in-the-blank questions were positively correlated. In general, the students replied that the presented textbook was helpful for learning systemic anatomy. The systemic anatomy textbook accompanies preexisting textbooks in regional anatomy, neuroanatomy, and the histology, all of which are written by the same authors. We suggest anatomy instructors generate their own books with unique style to enrich the student learning process.

Para los estudiantes de las escuelas de enfermería, ciencias de la salud y premedicina, un libro de texto de anatomía sistémica con contenidos, esquemas y mnemónicos minimizados puede ser útil para aprender un tema que de otro modo sería poco atractivo. En este estudio, evaluamos el efecto educativo de dicho libro de texto. Se generaron dibujos esquemáticos, cómics de anatomía y texto de fácil lectura para los capítulos del libro (por ejemplo, sistema esquelético, sistema articular). El libro se presentó sin costo a través de una página web (anatomy.co.kr). Se compararon los estudiantes de enfermería que estuvieron expuestos al libro y los que no estuvieron expuestos. Se administró una encuesta a quienes estuvieron expuestos. Los estudiantes que leyeron el libro de texto presentado tenían más conocimientos que aquellos que usaron otros libros de texto. Las horas dedicadas a leer el libro de texto presentado y las decenas de preguntas para completar espacios en blanco se correlacionaron positivamente. En general, los estudiantes respondieron que el libro de texto presentado fue útil para aprender anatomía sistémica. El libro de texto de anatomía sistémica acompaña a los libros de texto preexistentes de anatomía regional, neuroanatomía e histología, todos escritos por los mismos autores. Sugerimos que los instructores de anatomía generen sus propios libros con un estilo único para enriquecer el proceso de aprendizaje de los estudiantes.

Using a cartoon questionnaire to improve consent process in children: a randomized controlled survey.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an audio and animated cartoon questionnaire (AACQ) at improving consent process in child for biospecimen donation. METHODS: A multi-center randomized and controlled survey was performed at two pediatric hospitals in China from 2019 to 2020. Children aged from 7 to 18 years in the pediatric surgery wards were invited to investigate the participants' willingness and attitudes for donating biospecimens. A total of 264 children, including 119 in the AACQ group and 145 in the TQ group, and 67 parents of children were analyzed. A separate knowledge test was acquired in the questionnaires. RESULTS: Our findings showed that the response rate of the AACQ group (89.85%) was significantly higher than that of the TQ group (68.44%; p < 0.001). AACQ can improve the child's understanding, increase children's engagement in biospecimen donation, reduced the differences in selected characteristics affecting children understanding, and enhanced their risk awareness of donating biospecimens. We also found that increasing pain and privacy disclosure were the most popular concern among children for the refusal to donate biospecimens. CONCLUSIONS: AACQ is an effective and standardized tool of content delivery to children from the surgical wards. Children who fully understood of biospecimen donation are suggested to participate in the consent signing. IMPACT: Using audio and animated cartoon questionnaire is a more effective and standardized tool of content delivery to children. This study expanded the use of an animated cartoon to a children's survey. Audio and animated cartoon questionnaire (AACQ) can improve the child's understanding, increase children's engagement in biospecimen donation compared to text questionnaire (TQ) group, and enhanced their risk awareness of donating biospecimens. More AACQ should be used with children in the future to effectively deliver content to children and improve children's participation in the survey.

Creating cartoons to represent habitual leg movements / Desenvolvimento de modelos iconográficos representativos de movimentos habituais de pernas

Abstract Many people have a habit of moving their legs and believe that this behavior is due to the restless legs syndrome (RLS), a highly prevalent neurological condition that greatly impairs the quality of life of affected individuals. This behavioral pattern, characterized by the habit of moving one's legs and feet, may be an important confounding factor in the diagnosis of RLS. Objective: To describe the main movements associated with this benign behavioral state to characterize a possible clinical condition that can contribute to the differential diagnosis of RLS. Methods: Experienced sleep specialists, who primarily see RLS patients listed the most frequent movements people without RLS report while describing their suspected RLS. We first compiled a list of the lower-limb movements described by the specialists. Then, one of the authors (KC) carried out all movements of the list on camera to obtain a video footage. This footage was sent to one of the authors, EPC, who, alongside a group of students, drew graphic representations (cartoons) of the recorded movements. Results: The panel of sleep experts described 13 leg movements commonly reported by their patients. The experts reported 11 simple movements and two combined movements. Conclusion: In this study we developed an instrument that allows us to oppose and distinguish a pathological condition (RLS) from a behavioral phenomenon. This state of behavioral leg fidgeting needs to be better characterized and may eventually be recognized as a clinical entity per se.

Resumo Muitas pessoas têm o hábito de movimentar as pernas e acreditam que esse comportamento decorre da Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas (SPI), uma condição neurológica altamente prevalente com grande impacto na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos acometidos. Esse padrão de comportamento, caracterizado pelo costume de mover as pernas e os pés, pode ser um importante fator confundidor no diagnóstico da SPI. Objetivo: Descrever os principais movimentos associados a esse estado comportamental benigno, com a finalidade de caracterizar uma eventual condição clínica que possa contribuir para o diagnóstico diferencial da SPI. Métodos: Especialistas em distúrbios do sono, que atendem principalmente pacientes com SPI, listaram os movimentos que as pessoas sem SPI reportam com maior frequência enquanto descrevem a sua suspeita de síndrome. Elaboramos uma lista de movimentos dos membros inferiores descritos pelos especialistas e um dos autores (KC) realizou esses movimentos para que fossem gravados em vídeo. Essa filmagem foi enviada ao autor EPC, que, em conjunto com um grupo de alunos, realizou a representação gráfica (cartoon) dos movimentos gravados. Resultados: Os especialistas reportaram 13 movimentos de pernas, sendo 11 movimentos simples e dois movimentos combinados. Conclusão: Neste estudo, elaboramos um instrumento que permite opor, com a finalidade de diferenciá-las, uma condição patológica (SPI) de um fenômeno comportamental. Esse estado de inquietude comportamental das pernas necessita ser mais bem caracterizado, podendo eventualmente vir a ser reconhecido como uma entidade clínica per se.

Cartoon Images on E-juice Labels: A Descriptive Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Although previous studies have found cartoons in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) advertisements, social media posts, and a small sample of labels, there has yet to be an analysis of cartoons located on the labels attached to bottles of e-juice (the solution that contains nicotine and other chemicals). As such, the objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence and types of cartoons on e-juice labels. METHODS: Two researchers independently analyzed the presence and types of cartoons on the labels of e-juice flavors available on eliquid.com. Based on the Master Settlement Agreement's definition of a cartoon, the cartoons were placed into five categories: (1) comically exaggerated people, (2) comically exaggerated animals, (3) comically exaggerated creatures, (4) anthropomorphic creatures, or (5) extra-human creatures. RESULTS: There was a total of 1587 brands that offered 7135 e-juice products. Of those, 311 brands (19%) offered 1359 products (19%) that contained cartoons on the e-juice labels. From the labels that contained cartoons, 790 (58%) were of comically exaggerated people, 247 (18%) were of anthropomorphic creatures, 212 (16%) were of comically exaggerated animals, 73 (5%) were of comically exaggerated creatures, and 37 (3%) were of extra-human creatures. CONCLUSIONS: Given the previous success of Joe Camel on youth tobacco use, the prevalence of cartoon images found in this study is noteworthy. In addition, the number of brands that had cartoons on e-juice labels indicates that this issue is pervasive among businesses that sell e-juice. IMPLICATIONS: This study adds to the body of knowledge on this topic by describing a concerning number of cartoons located on e-juice labels, indicating a need for policy that prohibits the use of cartoon images in e-cigarette packaging.

Feasibility and acceptability of an animatronic duck intervention for promoting adaptation to the in-patient setting among pediatric patients receiving treatment for cancer.

BACKGROUND: During cancer treatment, children undergo potentially stressful hospitalizations and procedures. Animatronic devices are a promising means of distraction intervention. This study aimed to assess acceptability and feasibility of the My Special Aflac Duck® (MSAD) intervention among pediatric oncology patients and parents. We hypothesized that MSAD would be feasible to implement, have greater than 50% acceptance, and be useful distraction. PROCEDURES: This feasibility study enrolled oncology patients aged 3-11 years admitted to Children's Healthcare of Atlanta between May and August 2018. Patients were exposed to MSAD for 3 days and completed quantitative and qualitative assessments of acceptability. Patient and hospital data were abstracted. RESULTS: Seventeen (80.9%) of 21 eligible patients enrolled; 64.7% were <7 years, 47% were female, 52.9% had leukemia, 41.2% had solid tumors, and 5.9% had brain tumors. Patients had 1-12 previous admissions (mean 4.8, SD 3.1) and approximately 65% were planned hospitalizations. Approximately 69% reported MSAD helped reduce in-patient distress and 93.7% were satisfied with MSAD overall. Child satisfaction was high. There were no significant differences in acceptability or satisfaction with MSAD based on age, gender, number of inpatient procedures or previous hospitalizations, or hospitalization reason. Qualitative interviews revealed patients liked expressing feelings with tokens and thought MSAD was a fun distraction. CONCLUSIONS: MSAD implementation was feasible, and its acceptability was high among both patients and parents. MSAD shows potential as good distraction and an alternative means of communicating feelings. Future research should expand upon the effectiveness of MSAD on reducing distress.

Return of cartoon to market e-cigarette-related products.

INTRODUCTION: The tobacco industry's use of cartoons to market products has been shown to be effective at increasing awareness and appeal of combustible cigarettes among youth. While the Master Settlement Agreement placed restrictions on the use of cartoons for major cigarette and smokeless (chew) tobacco brands in the USA, no such restrictions exist for electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Research has shown that e-cigarette manufacturers are using cartoons to market products, but limited data exist on the extent of these practices. This study examined the extent of the use of cartoons to market e-liquids on Instagram. METHODS: Instagram posts with the hashtag #ejuice or #eliquid were collected from 3 November 2017 to 17 November 2017. Rules were established to identify Cartoon (the post contained a cartoon), Logo (the post was labelled a cartoon due to the logo) and Promo (the image of the post or accompanying text indicated it was a promotion) in the data (n=3481). RESULTS: Among all posts, 723 (20.77%) contained a Cartoon, and 479 (13.76%) were coded as a cartoon because of the Logo. In other words, 479/723 or (66.25%) of Cartoon were coded as cartoons due to the vendor's or manufacture's logo. Among all posts, 2360 (67.80%) were Promo. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that e-cigarette companies are using cartoons to market their products and many of these companies' logos are cartoons. Empirical data are needed to determine whether cartoon marketing strategies impact perceived risk and benefits, product appeal, the intention to use and actual use of e-cigarettes.

Validación de la prueba de Tiras cómicas para evaluar la empatía en una muestra de población mexicana / Validation of the Comic strip test to assess empathy in a Mexican population sample

Resumen Antecedentes: La empatía es la capacidad de un individuo para entender al otro desde el punto de vista cognitivo y emocional. La empatía es un constructo complejo que representa un reto en su evaluación, por lo cual es necesario contar con instrumentos validados en población mexicana. Objetivo: Validación de la prueba de Tiras cómicas para evaluar empatía. Método: Muestreo por conveniencia, se midió la consistencia interna, la validez convergente con el coeficiente de empatía, la validez de constructo con análisis factorial y la capacidad de discriminar entre sujetos con déficit de empatía por psicopatología con controles por medio de una curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) por sus siglas en inglés. Resultados: La escala de Tiras cómicas se evaluó en 86 controles, 19 pacientes con esquizofrenia, a de Cronbach = 0.894. La correlación con el coeficiente de empatía fue de 0.88, con una sensibilidad del 81.3% y la especificidad del 38%. Conclusiones: Se validó la prueba de Tiras cómicas con adecuados parámetros psicométricos.

Abstract Introduction: Empathy is the ability of an individual to understand it from another cognitive and emotional point of view. Empathy is a complex that represents a retouch in its evaluation, so, it is necessary to have instruments validated in the Mexican population. Objective: Validation of the Comic Strip Test to evaluate empathy. Method: Sampling for convenience, based on internal consistency, convergent validity with the Empathy coefficient, construct validity in the factorial analysis, and the ability to discriminate between subjects with lack of empathy (psychopathology) and the control subjects through a curve ROC. Results: The comic strips test was evaluated in 86 controls, 19 patients with schizophrenia (Cronbach's alpha = 0.894). The correlation with the empathy coefficient was 0.88, with sensitivity of 81.3% and specificity of 38%. Conclusions: The Comic Strip Test was validated with parametric psychometric parameters.

An Allied Anesthetic?: De Preissac's Political Cartoon of Hitler's Surgery.

During World War II, the French Resistance used political cartoons while fighting for France's freedom from Nazi domination. Reprinting Jean de Preissac's 1945 political cartoon of Allied leaders operating as Hitler's anesthetist and surgeons, a commemorative postcard was issued on the 20th anniversary of the radio broadcast credited with founding the French Resistance, General Charles de Gaulle's "Appeal of 18 June 1940."

Avosidade nos desenhos animados ocidentais: estilos de avós com netos adolescentes / Grandparenthood in western cartoons: grandparent styles with teen grandchildren

O presente artigo objetivou analisar os tipos de relações entre avós idosos e netos adolescentes exibidos em desenhos animados de longa metragem da filmografia ocidental. Foi realizada a busca dos desenhos nos sites de companhias cinematográficas, lançados no período de 1950 a 2015, que mostrassem essa relação de avosidade. Os filmes foram selecionados através da leitura das sinopses, visualização dos respectivos trailers e, posteriormente, dos filmes escolhidos. Os avós mostrados nos filmes foram analisados através de adaptação da escala de Responsividade e Exigência. Os estilos de avós encontrados foram classificados em quatro tipos: autoritativo, autoritário, indulgente ou negligente. Preencheram os critérios de inclusão 17 desenhos animados. Observou-se predomínio de desenhos animados mostrando estilos de avós indulgentes, seguidos de autoritativo. Não foram encontradas relações autoritárias. (AU)

The present article aimed to analyze the types of relationships between older grandparents and teen grandchildren exhibited in feature film cartoons of the western filmography. The cartoons were searched on film companies' sites, in the period from 1950 to 2015, looking for those who showed grandparenthood relations. The films were selected through the reading of the synopsis, visualization of the respective trailers and, later, of the selected films. The grandparenthoods shown in the films were analyzed by adaptation of the scale of Responsiveness and Requirement, being classified into four types: authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent or negligent. There were 17 cartoons that met the criteria for inclusion. What can be observed is a predominance of cartoons showing indulgent grandparenthood relations, followed by authoritative. No authoritarian relationships were found. (AU)

Skin cancer prevention campaign in childhood: survey based on 3676 children in Brazil.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Primary skin cancer prevention campaigns are essential and more effective among children, not only because of the importance of sun exposure effects during this period, but also because this age is when individuals are developing behaviours. The Brazilian Society of Dermatology - Regional State of Sao Paulo developed and conducted the programme named 'The Sun, Friend of Childhood', a school health education and disease prevention project for children and parents. Our objective was to evaluate the cognitive and behavioural effects of the children and parents before and after an education model-based intervention of sun protection. METHODS: We carried out a study on a school population of Social Service of Industry - Regional State of São Paulo, from the first to the fifth years of the regular course (6-10 years). Our educational project was planned to be based on two children's learning tools (comic magazine and a DVD cartoon). Questionnaires in relation to habits and knowledge in sun exposure were applied to the children (3776) before and (2748) after the intervention. A questionnaire was applied to 3663 parents regarding personal details and habits of their children. RESULTS: According to the McNemar's statistical test, all changes in the children in acquiring new knowledge about good practices for sun exposure were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Educative sun exposure programmes in childhood are a relevant tool to modify the history of life for next generations, to concern the skin cancer and good health practices.

Using Comics to Promote Colorectal Cancer Screening in the Asian American and Pacific Islander Communities.

There are unaesthetic aspects in teaching people about the early detection of colorectal cancer using the fecal immunochemical test. Comics were seen as a way to overcome those unaesthetic aspects. This study used the Asian grocery store-based cancer education venue to pilot-test the clarity, cultural acceptability, and alignment of five colorectal cancer education comics intended for publication in Asian American and Pacific Islander (API) community newspapers. After developing the colorectal cancer education comics, API students asked shoppers to review a comic from their collection and provide feedback on how to make the comic clearer and more culturally pertinent to API readers. To evaluate viewers' responses, the students gathered such unobtrusive data as: (1) how many of the predetermined salient information points were discussed as the student educators interacted with shoppers and (2) how many comics the shoppers were willing to review. Shoppers were also asked to evaluate how effective the comics would be at motivating colorectal cancer screening among APIs. The students were able to cover all of the salient information points with the first comic. As evidence of the comics' capacity to engage shoppers' interest, shoppers willingly evaluated all five comics. Using multiple comics enabled the educators to repeatedly address the four salient colorectal cancer information points. Thus, the comics helped student educators to overcome the unesthetic elements of colorectal cancer discussions, while enabling them to engage shoppers in animated discussions, for far more time than with their conventional didactic educational methods.

Educational animation about home care with premature newborn infants / Animación educativa sobre cuidados domiciliarios con el prematuro / Animação educativa sobre cuidados domiciliares com o prematuro

ABSTRACT Objective: to elaborate and validate animation on the care of premature newborn infants at home. Method: Methodological study in three stages: integrative review on home care; animation design based on Roper, Logan and Tierney's Model named "Activities of Living" (ALs), and validation of content and appearance by neonatology specialists. The steps to develop the animation were: creation of storyboard; definition of objects; specification of keyframes; and frame generation among key frameworks. Results: Of the 53 articles selected in the review, care was extracted and grouped into the twelve activities of living. Three storyboards were created to embrace all care and validated by 22 experts. Most of the care had matches above 80%. Conclusion: The validation of the storyboards made it possible to glimpse the changes in scenes and dialogues in a clearer and more detailed way. Animation is an innovative educational technology to support teaching and learning of parents and family.

RESUMEN Objetivo: elaborar y validar una animación sobre los cuidados con el prematuro en el domicilio. Método: Estudio metodológico en tres etapas: revisión integrativa sobre los cuidados domiciliarios; la elaboración de la animación basada en el "Modelo de Actividades de Vida" de Roper, Logan y Tierney, y validación de contenido y apariencia por especialistas en neonatología. Para desarrollar la animación se hizo: storyboard; definición de objetos; especificación de cuadros clave; y generación de cuadros entre los cuadros clave. Resultados: De los 53 artículos seleccionados en la revisión fueron extraídos los cuidados y agrupados en las doce actividades de vida. Se produjeron tres storyboards para contemplar todos esos cuidados, y fueron validados por 22 especialistas. La mayoría de los cuidados obtuvieron concordancia por encima del 80%. Conclusión: La validación de los storyboards permitió vislumbrar las modificaciones en escenas y diálogos de forma más clara y minuciosa. La animación es una tecnología educativa innovadora en el apoyo a la enseñanza-aprendizaje de padres y familiares.

RESUMO Objetivo: elaborar e validar animação sobre os cuidados com o prematuro no domicílio. Método: Estudo metodológico em três etapas: revisão integrativa sobre cuidados domiciliares; elaboração da animação com base no "Modelo de Atividades de Vida" de Roper, Logan e Tierney, e validação de conteúdo e aparência por especialistas em neonatologia. Para desenvolver a animação seguiu-se: storyboard; definição de objetos; especificação de quadros-chave; e geração de quadros entre os quadros-chave. Resultados: Dos 53 artigos selecionados na revisão foram extraídos os cuidados e agrupados nas doze atividades de vida. Foram produzidos três storyboards no sentido de contemplar todos esses cuidados, e foram validados por 22 especialistas. A maioria dos cuidados obteve concordância acima de 80%. Conclusão: A validação dos storyboards possibilitou vislumbrar as modificações em cenas e diálogos de forma mais clara e minuciosa. A animação é uma tecnologia educacional inovadora no apoio ao ensino-aprendizagem de pais e familiares.

Una notable convergencia semántica: infección y miasma / A remarkable semantic convergence: infection and miasma

Resumen Se analiza el desarrollo histórico de los términos "infección" y "miasma". Se entendía por miasma un tipo de aire corrupto o pestilente que emanaba de cuerpos en putrefacción y que propalaba las enfermedades infecciones. Dicho concepto fue el dominante para comprender la causa de las enfermedades infecciosas desde la antigüedad hasta los albores de la teoría microbiana. El concepto de infección tuvo inicialmente un significado similar al de miasma, pero actualmente se define como la invasión de un hospedero por un agente infeccioso. En este trabajo se discutirá que ambos términos derivan del mismo concepto original.

The historical development of the terms "infection" and "miasma" is analyzed. Miasma was understood as a kind of corrupt or pestilent air that emanated from putrefactive bodies and spread infectious diseases. This concept was the dominant one to understand the cause of infectious diseases from antiquity to the dawn of the microbial theory. The concept of infection initially had a similar meaning to miasma, but is currently defined as the invasion of a host by an infectious agent. It will be discussed in this paper that both terms derive from the same original concept.

[Iron Man: Between Confusion of Identity and Addiction to Technology]. / Iron Man : entre confusion identitaire et addiction à la technologie.

The fascination surrounding a successful artwork is linked to the fact it faces the viewer to unknown aspects of his/her own psychic life. The same applies to the comics Iron Man. Behind the armour is hiding a man caught up in the traumatic incidences of life. The hero demonstrates a psychic weakness which, despite being deep, is, however, showing universal aspects.The analysis of his misfortunes reveals a narcissistic disorder. The article intends to set out the identity confusion the Marvel's protagonist is trapped in while highlighting the addictive troublesome linking him to his high-tech armour. This article also seeks to attest the fact the symbiosis between Tony Stark and Iron Man is anticipating the evolution of our behaviour with regard to new technologies.To this end, the authors are recalling the episodes of the series. Through the analysis of the confrontational dialogue the hero is maintaining with his iron armour, they explore how the internal experiment related to the sense of identity disorder is figured out. Thus, going through the key moments of the saga, the authors raise the ambiguity of his hero. The metapsychological analysis of the actions undertaken by Iron Man reflects a little-known facet of his personality, revealing a character more tormented than he really looks. However, the point is not to "treat" a fictional man, but to observe how he can help us to understand the internal behaviour of our patients, and also our own.The Faustian drama this comic leads to is hence understood as a living testimony of our own psychic conflicts. Furthermore, the analysis gives rise to a questioning as to the risk of identity confusion the technological progress can create at a time when the Human is more and more depending on the machines he creates himself.

Questões de multimodalidade e produção de sentidos em charges sobre o programa Mais Médicos / Multimodality and sense making issues in some multimodal texts about brazilian public health program Mais Médicos (More Doctors)

Neste trabalho, busca-se analisar processos discursivos ligados à produção e à leitura de textos multimodais (charges) gerados por um evento político e midiático amplamente conhecido como Mais Médicos. Em um momento histórico em que o governo brasileiro contratou médicos estrangeiros para o atendimento de parcelas desassistidas da população, especialmente em localidades precárias e de difícil acesso, muitos textos foram produzidos e publicados, em todas as mídias, explicitando posicionamentos pró e contra essa ação. Sob forte polêmica, o Mais Médicos foi mantido. Os argumentos e contraargumentos ao programa foram muitos. Com base, principalmente, em Kress (2003), discute-se aqui a questão da circulação de textos multimodais na contemporaneidade, assim como os processos de produção de sentidos a partir de dezoito charges publicadas e amplamente compartilhadas em redes sociais, naquele momento.

This paper discusses discoursive processes in writing and reading multimodal texts generated by a politician and midiatic brazilian event called Mais Médicos (More Doctors). In a historical moment in which the Brazilian government hires foreign doctors to care for underserved segments of the population, especially in poor localities of difficult access, many texts were produced and published in all media, explaining positions pro and against this action. Under strong controversy, the Best Doctors was maintained. The arguments and counter-arguments to the program were many. Based mainly in Kress (2003), this paper discusses the issue of movement of multimodal texts in contemporary as well as the senses of production processes from eighteen published cartoons widely shared on social networks at that time.

Algunas notas sobre el desarrollo histórico de la fiebre tifoidea en Chile / Some information regarding the historical development of typhoid fever in Chile

Resumen En el desarrollo histórico de la fiebre tifoidea en Chile, destaca su confusión con otras patologías infecciosas, especialmente con el tifus exantemático, problema que se resolvió mayormente con ocasión de la epidemia de 1918 de dicha enfermedad. Además se resalta la importancia del tratamiento con cloranfenicol, que significó una mejoría extraordinaria de las fiebres tifo-paratíficas, además de las acciones de salud pública y educación sanitaria, que permitieron prácticamente terminar con dichas patologías infecciosas en el país.

During the historical development of typhoid fever in Chile, its confusion with other infectious diseases is particularly noteworthy, especially with murine typhus, a problem that was mainly resolved during the 1918 epidemic. The importance of chloramphenicol treatment is also highlighted, which meant an enormous improvement in typhoid/paratyphoid fevers, in combination with public health and health education actions that allowed to almost eliminate these infectious diseases in our country.