Time­dependent ROC curve analysis to determine the predictive capacity of seven clinical scales for mortality in patients with COVID­19: Study of a hospital cohort with very high mortality.

Clinical data from hospital admissions are typically utilized to determine the prognostic capacity of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) indices. However, as disease status and severity markers evolve over time, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis becomes more appropriate. The present analysis assessed predictive power for death at various time points throughout patient hospitalization. In a cohort study involving 515 hospitalized patients (General Hospital Number 1 of Mexican Social Security Institute, Colima, Mexico from February 2021 to December 2022) with COVID-19, seven severity indices [Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) PaO2/FiO2 arterial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen (Kirby index), the Critical Illness Risk Score (COVID-GRAM), the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS-2), the quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (qSOFA), the Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) and the Viral Pneumonia Mortality Score (MuLBSTA were evaluated using time-dependent ROC curves. Clinical data were collected at admission and at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days into hospitalization. The study calculated the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for each index at these time points. Mortality was 43.9%. Throughout all time points, NEWS-2 demonstrated the highest predictive power for mortality, as indicated by its AUC values. PSI and COVID-GRAM followed, with predictive power increasing as hospitalization duration progressed. Additionally, NEWS-2 exhibited the highest sensitivity (>96% in all periods) but showed low specificity, which increased from 22.9% at admission to 58.1% by day 8. PSI displayed good predictive capacity from admission to day 6 and excellent predictive power at day 8 and its sensitivity remained >80% throughout all periods, with moderate specificity (70.6-77.3%). COVID-GRAM demonstrated good predictive capacity across all periods, with high sensitivity (84.2-87.3%) but low-to-moderate specificity (61.5-67.6%). The qSOFA index initially had poor predictive power upon admission but improved after 4 days. FIB-4 had a statistically significant predictive capacity in all periods (P=0.001), but with limited clinical value (AUC, 0.639-0.698), and with low sensitivity and specificity. MuLBSTA and IKIRBY exhibited low predictive power at admission and no power after 6 days. In conclusion, in COVID-19 patients with high mortality rates, NEWS-2 and PSI consistently exhibited predictive power for death during hospital stay, with PSI demonstrating the best balance between sensitivity and specificity.

Sociodemographic inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents from indigenous areas in Chiapas, Mexico.

This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among different sociodemographic groups of adolescents from indigenous communities in Chiapas, Mexico. A cross-sectional prevalence study was performed in urban and rural communities in the Tzotzil-Tzeltal and Selva regions of Chiapas. A sample of 253 adolescents was studied, of whom 48% were girls and 52% were boys. A descriptive analysis of quantitative variables was performed using measures of central tendency and dispersion. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors stratified by sex, geographical area, years of schooling, and ethnicity of the mothers was estimated. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was analyzed in relation to the sociodemographic characteristics of the study population. Low HDL-c (51%) was the predominant cardiovascular risk factor. Girls had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and borderline total cholesterol than boys. High diastolic blood pressure was more prevalent in boys. Adolescents from urban areas had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity and insulin resistance than adolescents from rural areas. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was higher in adolescents whose mothers had ≥ 7 years of schooling compared with adolescents with less educated mothers. Differences by maternal ethnicity also influenced the prevalence of insulin resistance. Among the main findings, this study associated sociodemographic and geographical inequalities with cardiovascular risk factors. Promoting a healthy lifestyle for this young population is absolutely necessary to prevent cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.

Sociodemographic inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents from indigenous areas in Chiapas, Mexico / Desigualdades sociodemográficas como factores de riesgo cardiovascular para adolescentes de zonas indígenas de Chiapas, México / Desigualdades sociodemográficas como fatores de risco cardiovascular para adolescentes de áreas indígenas de Chiapas, México

Abstract: This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among different sociodemographic groups of adolescents from indigenous communities in Chiapas, Mexico. A cross-sectional prevalence study was performed in urban and rural communities in the Tzotzil-Tzeltal and Selva regions of Chiapas. A sample of 253 adolescents was studied, of whom 48% were girls and 52% were boys. A descriptive analysis of quantitative variables was performed using measures of central tendency and dispersion. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors stratified by sex, geographical area, years of schooling, and ethnicity of the mothers was estimated. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was analyzed in relation to the sociodemographic characteristics of the study population. Low HDL-c (51%) was the predominant cardiovascular risk factor. Girls had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and borderline total cholesterol than boys. High diastolic blood pressure was more prevalent in boys. Adolescents from urban areas had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity and insulin resistance than adolescents from rural areas. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity was higher in adolescents whose mothers had ≥ 7 years of schooling compared with adolescents with less educated mothers. Differences by maternal ethnicity also influenced the prevalence of insulin resistance. Among the main findings, this study associated sociodemographic and geographical inequalities with cardiovascular risk factors. Promoting a healthy lifestyle for this young population is absolutely necessary to prevent cardiovascular diseases in adulthood.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular entre diferentes grupos sociodemográficos de adolescentes de comunidades indígenas de Chiapas, México. Se realizó un estudio transversal de prevalencia en comunidades urbanas y rurales de las regiones Tzotzil-Tzeltal y Selva, en Chiapas. Participó una muestra de 253 adolescentes, en la cual el 48% eran niñas y el 52% niños. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables cuantitativas utilizando medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Se estimó la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, estratificados por sexo, área geográfica, nivel de estudios y etnia de las madres. Se analizó la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular con relación a las características sociodemográficas de la población estudiada. El HDL-c bajo (51%) fue el factor de riesgo cardiovascular predominante. Se observó una mayor prevalencia de obesidad abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia y colesterol total en las niñas que en los niños. La alta presión arterial diastólica prevaleció en los niños. Los adolescentes del área urbana tuvieron una mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad y resistencia a la insulina que los del área rural. La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad y obesidad abdominal fue mayor en los adolescentes cuyas madres tenían nivel de estudios ≥ 7 años que aquellos cuyas madres tenían bajo nivel de estudios. Las diferencias en la etnicidad materna también influyeron en la prevalencia de resistencia a la insulina. Entre las principales conclusiones de este estudio, se destacan las desigualdades sociodemográficas y geográficas entre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. La promoción de un estilo de vida saludable entre la población joven es lo indicado para prevenir las enfermedades cardiovasculares en la edad adulta.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular entre diferentes grupos sociodemográficos de adolescentes de comunidades indígenas em Chiapas, México. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de prevalência em comunidades urbanas e rurais das regiões de Tzotzil-Tzeltal e Selva de Chiapas. Foi estudada uma amostra de 253 adolescentes, sendo 48% meninas e 52% meninos. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva das variáveis quantitativas por meio de medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Foram estimadas as prevalências de fatores de risco cardiovascular, estratificadas por sexo, área geográfica, escolaridade e etnia das mães. A prevalência dos fatores de risco cardiovascular foi analisada em relação às características sociodemográficas da população estudada. O HDL-c baixo (51%) foi o fator de risco cardiovascular predominante. Prevalências mais elevadas de obesidade abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia e colesterol total limítrofe foram mais observadas em meninas do que em meninos. A pressão arterial diastólica elevada prevaleceu nos meninos. Adolescentes da área urbana apresentaram prevalências de sobrepeso/obesidade e resistência à insulina maiores do que os da área rural. A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade e obesidade abdominal foi maior nos adolescentes cujas mães possuíam escolaridade ≥ 7 anos do que naqueles indivíduos cujas mães tinham baixa escolaridade. As diferenças de etnia das mães também foram observadas na prevalência de resistência à insulina. Dentre as principais conclusões, foram encontradas, neste estudo, desigualdades sociodemográficas e geográficas entre fatores de risco cardiovascular. Promover estilos de vida saudáveis entre a população jovem é o ideal para prevenir doenças cardiovasculares na vida adulta.

Análisis de la Cartilla Nacional de Salud como método de valoración centrado en la prevención / Analysis of the Medical Card as a method of assessment focused on prevention

Introducción: el proceso de atención de enfermería es la aplicación del método científico en la práctica asistencial enfermera, lo que permite cuidar de una forma racional, lógica y sistemática. Objetivo: analizar la Cartilla Nacional de Salud como herramienta metodológica para valorar al paciente en el primer nivel de atención con aplicabilidad a los planes de cuidados de enfermería. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal, efectuado de agosto a septiembre de 2019 en un hospital de primer nivel, con un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio de 67 pacientes que acudieron a Consulta de Atención Preventiva Integrada. Se elaboró una rúbrica analítica de evaluación basada en las seis dimensiones de la Cartilla Nacional de Salud. Mediante una escala ordinal se evaluó el cumplimiento de los tipos de datos en la valoración. Se analizó si cada dimensión lleva a realizar un diagnóstico enfermero. Resultados: de la muestra analizada de 67 expedientes, el 63% (42) perteneció al sexo femenino; el 29.9% (20) tenía entre 0-9 años, el 11.9% (8) entre 10-19 años y el 49.3% (39) de 20-59 años; el 9% (6) eran mujeres embarazadas. El número de diagnósticos de enfermería elaborados por paciente fue de uno en 44.8% (30), dos en 32.8% (22) y tres en 22.4% (15). Conclusión: según los resultados obtenidos, se puede determinar que la Cartilla Nacional de Salud es ideal para realizar una previa valoración con enfoque preventivo, cuenta con los diferentes tipos de datos requeridos y además presenta congruencia metodológica para la elaboración de diagnósticos de enfermería según la taxonomía propuesta por la North American Nursing Diagnosis Association.

Introduction: Nursing care process (NCP) is the application of scientific method in nursing care practice, which allows to provide care in a rational, logical and systematic way. Objective: To analyze the Medical Card (MC) as a methodological tool for the assessment of patients in the first level of care with applicability to nursing care plans. Methods: descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study, carried out from August to Sep- tember 2019 in a first-level hospital, with a random probability sampling with 67 patients who attended the Integrated Preventive Care Consultation. An analytical evaluation rubric was developed based on the 6 dimensions of MC. By using an ordinal scale, compliance with the types of data in the evaluation was evaluated. It was analyzed whether each dimension leads to the execution of a nursing diagnosis. Results: Out of the analyzed sample of 67 files, 63% (42) were female; 29.9% (20) were 0-9 years; 11.9% (8) 10-19 years and 49.3% (39) 20-59 years; 9% (6) were pregnant women. The number of nursing diagnoses made per patient was 1 in 44.8% (30), 2 in 32.8% (22) and 3 in 22.4% (15). Conclusion: According to the results obtained, it can be determined that MC is ideal to carry out a previous assessment with a preventive approach, it has the different types of data required, and also presents methodological congruence for the elaboration of nursing diagnoses according to the taxonomy proposed by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association.

Gender Equity Imbalance in Cardiology Scientific Sessions in the Americas.

Women remain largely under-represented in cardiology worldwide. This is especially reflected in scientific sessions where panelists have a male preponderant representation. The amount of gender equity in cardiology during scientific activities in the American continent is unknown. The objective was to compare gender distribution of invited panelists in cardiology scientific sessions across the Americas during the period 2019-2020. A retrospective analysis of the cardiology scientific sessions held in North, Central, and South America was conducted. Sessions published on the official site and social networks of the national cardiology societies from January 1, 2019 to August 10, 2020 were included. Gender distribution and all-male panels were compared according to geographic regions, year, roles in the panel, and the main topics of the session. Seven hundred fifty-two scientific sessions were analyzed, with 3786 participants. The median participation of women was 20% (IQR 0%-37.5%). Specifically, the statistics reflected a female participation of 25% (IQR 0%-43.6%) in North America, 12.5% (IQR 0%-43%) in Central America and 10% (IQR 0%-33.3%) in South America (P < 0.0001). Women participation in the panels was different according to the main topic of the session (P < 0.0001), with higher proportions in topics such as cardiovascular diseases in women, congenital heart disease and cardio oncology. The frequency of all-male panels was 36.8% (CI95% 33.3-40.1), and it increased over time (2019: 30.9% vs 2020: 40.3%; P = 0.012). There is gender inequity in cardiology scientific sessions held in different regions of the Americas, with low participation of women especially in interventionist panels and leadership roles.

Study protocol randomised controlled trial comparison of cost-utility and cost-effectiveness of a face-to-face rehabilitation programme versus a telemedicine programme in the treatment of patients with chronic low back pain.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic lower back pain is a highly prevalent medical condition in Western countries, which that incurs a considerable social and economic burden. Although prescription exercise at home for chronic pain has become a widely used alternative to reduce healthcare costs, the evidence regarding patient adherence and decreased in costs in European countries is scarce and inconclusive. The objective of this study is to examine the cost-utility and cost-effectiveness in patients with chronic lower back pain treated with the McKenzie Method and electroanalgesia via a telemedicine programme versus a face-to-face programme. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study reports the protocol for a randomised, two-arm, multicentre, parallel controlled trial. A total of 540 patients with chronic lower back pain (onset time ≥3 months, Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire ≥4) will be recruited in three hospitals in Andalusia. Participants will be assigned to one of two groups (n=270, respectively) to receive electroanalgesia and Mckenzie method exercises through a telemedicine or a face-to-face programme. A total of 24 sessions will be administered three times a week for 8 weeks. Since the study design does not allow participant blinding, the outcome assessor and the statistician will be blinded. Use of helth care resources and costs due to work absenteeism will be captured and analysed. In addition, pain, intensity, fear of movement, quality of life and strength of the core muscle and anteflexion lumbar will be recorded at 2 and 6 months after the start of treatment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Human Research and Local Ethics Committee of the 'Hospital Complex Torrecárdenas of Almeria, University Hospital of Granada and Virgen Macarena de Sevilla Hospital-Andalusian Health Service'. Study findings will be released to the research, clinical and health service through publication in international journals and conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04266366.

Effect of an ecosystem-centered community participation programme on the incidence of dengue. A field randomized, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of a community participation programme based on the ecosystem model on the incidence of dengue in urban communities. METHODS: A randomized controlled field trial was conducted in the state of Colima, Mexico. The intervention consisted of a community participation programme focused on the ecosystem; simultaneously, the control groups were communities that only received the usual official prevention programs. The incidence of dengue was estimated in people of both groups due to the appearance of de novo IgM antibodies during the follow-up period. RESULTS: The incidence of dengue in the intervened group was 2.58%/month (n = 818) and in control group 2.26%/month (n = 994), with a risk ratio of 1.14 (95% CI 0.89-1.45) and a PAF of 0.06 (95% CI - 0.056 to 0.16). The A. aegypti larval density (Breteau Index) was reduced in the treated group. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a community participation programme in the cities of Colima, Mexico, showed a slightly counterproductive effect on the incidence of dengue. This happened even with a reduction in the A. aegypti index.

Cost-Effectiveness of the Strategies to Reduce the Incidence of Dengue in Colima, México.

Dengue fever is considered to be one of the most important arboviral diseases globally. Unsuccessful vector-control strategies might be due to the lack of sustainable community participation. The state of Colima, located in the Western region of Mexico, is a dengue-endemic area despite vector-control activities implemented, which may be due to an insufficient health economic analysis of these interventions. A randomized controlled community trial took place in five urban municipalities where 24 clusters were included. The study groups (n = 4) included an intervention to improve the community participation in vector control (A), ultra-low volume (ULV) spraying (B), both interventions (AB), and a control group. The main outcomes investigated were dengue cumulative incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and the direct costs per intervention. The cumulative incidence of dengue was 17.4%, A; 14.3%, B; 14.4%, AB; and 30.2% in the control group. The highest efficiency and effectiveness were observed in group B (0.526 and 6.97, respectively) and intervention A was more likely to be cost-effective ($3952.84 per DALY avoided) followed by intervention B ($4472.09 per DALY avoided). Our findings suggest that efforts to improve community participation in vector control and ULV-spraying alone are cost-effective and may be useful to reduce the vector density and dengue incidence.

[Family medicine in Mexico: Present and future]. / La medicina familiar en México: presente y futuro.

Analyzing the challenges and the future scenario of Family Medicine is a priority to address challenges such as the reduction of benefits granted by social security; to adapt their practice to the changing health profile; and to curb demand for specialized services and contain the high costs of care in the second and third level. The program is aimed at three professional roles: medical care, research, and education. It is imperative review these in the light of changing demographic conditions, the type of health needs arising from new social determinants, the public expectations for greater participation in their care, and the evolution of the health system itself with the advancement of technology and a variety of organizational options with frequently limited resources. For primary care, as the core of a health system that covers principles of equity, solidarity, universality, participation, decentralization, and intra- and inter-sectorial coordination, it is necessary to put at the center of the primary care team the family doctor and not an administrator, who plays an important role in supporting the care team, but can not take the lead.

Are there changes in the nutritional status of children of Oportunidades families in rural Chiapas, Mexico? A cohort prospective study.

BACKGROUND: In Mexico, despite that the fact that several social programs have been implemented, chronic undernutrition is still a public health problem affecting 1.5 million children of <5 years. Chiapas ranks first in underweight and stunting at national level with a stunting prevalence of 31.4 % whereas for its rural population is 44.2 %. The purpose of this paper is to determine if the nutritional status of a cohort of children living in poor rural communities under Oportunidades has changed. We were interested in assessing the nutrition evolution of the children who were initially diagnosed as stunted and of those who were diagnosed as normal. Oportunidades is an anti-poverty program of the Mexican government consisting mainly in monetary transfers to the families living in alimentary poverty. METHODS: A 9-year cohort prospective study was conducted with nutritional evaluations of 222 children. Anthropometric indices were constructed from measurements of weight, height, and age of the children whose nutritional status was classified following WHO standards. RESULTS: The results showed that although these children were Oportunidades beneficiaries for 9 years and their families improved their living conditions, children still had a high prevalence of stunting (40.1 %) and 69.6 % had not recovered yet. Children who were initially diagnosed with normal nutritional status and became stunted 2 years later had a higher risk (relative risk (RR) 5.69, 2.95-10.96) of continuing stunted at school age and adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: Oportunidades has not impacted, as expected, the nutritional status of the study population. These findings pose the question: Why has not the nutritional status of children improved, although the living conditions of their families have significantly improved? This might be the result of an adaptation process achieved through a decrease of growth velocity. It is important to make efforts to watch the growth of the children during their first 3 years of age, to focus on improving the diet of women at fertile age and pay special attention to environmental conditions to break the vicious cycle of malnutrition.

Revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and Laboratory Assessment of BIS and BAS in Children.

There is considerable interest in Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory. However, few measures of the behavioral approach (BAS) and inhibition systems (BIS) exist for children. Moreover, the theory was substantially revised a decade ago and measurement instruments are still largely based on the old theory. Our aim was to revise questionnaire and laboratory assessments of BIS and BAS for children. Performance on the Point Scoring Reaction Time Task for Children Revised (PSRTT-CR) conformed to theoretical expectations. Caregiver reports of BIS and BAS were associated with corresponding PSRTT-CR indices, suggesting cross-method convergent and discriminant validity. There was convergence with physiological correlates of BAS, but not physiological correlates of BIS. Overall, our revised measures represent promising instruments of children's BIS and BAS.

Assessment of a predictive index for coronary artery disease in patients with rheumatic valvular disease.

OBJECTIVE: The authors studied the sensitivity and specificity, as well the positive and negative predictive values, of a prognostic index conformed by diastolic blood pressure, total number of cigarettes smoked during the lifetime, severity of angina pectoris, positive family history of ischemic heart diseases, age (years), current cigarette smoking, and total to HDL-cholesterol ratio in order to anticipate the presence of significant coronary artery disease in patients with rheumatic cardiac valvulopathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, observational, non-randomized, cross-sectional and comparative study was performed in men and women > or = 30 and < or = 78 years of age, with rheumatic valve cardiopathy and who were submitted to catheterization and coronary angiography. RESULTS: We studied 102 patients (61 women and 41 men) 55.63 +/- 9.88 years of age, range: 30-78 years (women 56.09 +/- 11.48, and men 54.6 +/- 11.35 years of age, respectively). The patients had mitral valve disease 30 (29.41%), 49 (48.03%) had mitral valve disease associated with aortic valve disease and 23 (22.55%) had aortic valvular disease. Significant coronary artery atherosclerosis was present in eight patients (7.84%). Sensitivity and specificity analysis resulted as follows: sensitivity, 50% and specificity, 80.85%. Positive predictive value was 0.18 and negative predictive value 0.95. CONCLUSIONS: The index analyzed here is useful to predict cases without significant coronary artery disease in patients with rheumatic heart valvulopathy, but this index is not useful to identify significant coronary artery disease in such patients.

Social inequalities and health in rural Chiapas, México: agricultural economy, nutrition, and child health in La Fraylesca Region

Investiga la relación entre las condiciones socioeconómicas de los productores agrícolas y la salud de sus hijos en La Fraylesca, Chiapas, México. Los datos se recopilaron mediante una encuesta transversal de una muestra de 1046 hogares (5546 indivíduos) de dos municípios del área de estudio. La encuesta incluyó mediciones antropométricas, recordatorio alimentario de 24 horas, exámenes coprológicos y datos sobre mortalidad infantil. Los hijos de productores privados y campesinos "ricos" presentaron mejor estado nutricio, mejor dieta, prevalencias más bajas de parásitos intestinales y menor riesgo de morir que los hijos de ejidatarios/comuneros o campesinos "pobres". Estos resultados sugieren que el volumen de producción de maíz es mejor indicador que la tenencia de la tierra para analizar desigualdades en salud y nutrición. Los principales determinantes de dichas disparidades pueden encontrarse en las inequididades en la distribución de los recurso. De modo que el impacto de intervenciones médicas en las desigualdades será limitado, a menos que se acompañen de una redistribución de recursos.

La atención del parto en Chiapas, México: ¿dónde y quién los atiende? / Childbrith in Chiapas, Mexico: Who provides delivery care and where?

Objetivo. Identificar el sitio y el agente de atención del parto; analizar el agente de atención del parto según la atención prenatal (AP) y factores sociodemográficos; identificar grupos con menor y mayor probabilidad de recibir atención por parte del personal de los serivicios de salud; identificar los motivos de no atenderse en la unidad de salud más cercana al domicilio. Material y métodos. Se analizan datos sobre la atención del parto en 297 mujeres de la Región Fraylesca (Chiapas), usando modelos logit para la identificación de grupos. Resultados. El 32 por ciento de los partos ocurrieron en instituciones de salud, y 60 por ciento en el hogar (mayoritariamente en condiciones higiénico-sanitarias desfavorables). Sólo 10 por ciento del grupo de mujeres con menos de cinco consultas de AP, una escolaridad menor al tercero de primaria y un jefe de hogar dedicado a labores agropecuarias, fue atendido por personal de salud. Conclusiones. Es necesario mejorar la cobertura, la aceptabilidad y la calidad de los servicios de salud e instrumentar un programa dirigido a incrementar el número de partos en condiciones higiénico-sanitarias adecuadas

Bienestar social y servicios de salud en la Región Frayseca de Chiapas: el uso de servicios de atención prenatal / Social welfare and health services in the Fraylesca Region in Chiapas: The use of antenatal care services

Objetivo. Analizar el uso de servicios de atención prenatal (AP) en la región Fraylesca de Chiapas, México, e identificar grupos con menor probabilidad de recibir AP. Material y métodos. En 1994 se realizó una encuesta en una muestra aleatoria de 1100 viviendas en la que se recopiló información sociodemográfica y sobre AP del último embarazo ocurrido en los dos años previos al estudio (n=297 mujeres de 15 a 49 años). La identificación de grupos con menor probabilidad de recibir AP adecuada (cinco o más consultas) se realizó mediante un modelo log-lineal. Resultados. Cuarenta y dos por ciento de las mujeres recibió AP inadecuada (0 a 4 consultas). Las mujeres en "mejor situación socioeconómica" fueron las de mayor probabilidad de recibir AP adecuada: RM 2.47 (IC 95 por ciento 1.12 - 5.44), respecto a las mujeres ubicadas en "peor condición socioeconómica". Conclusiones. Es menester aumentar la calidad de la atención de los servicios, apoyar la labor de las parteras y mejorar las condiciones socioeconómicas de la población

Objective. To analyze the use of antenatal care services (ACS) in the Fraylesca Region of Chiapas, Mexico, and to identify groups with lower probability of receiving ACS. Material and methods. In 1994, a health survey was performed on a random sample of 1 100 households, which compiled sociodemographic information and on the use of ACS during the last pregnancy within the two years previous to the study (n= 297 women from 15 to 49 years of age). The groups with lower probability of receiving adequate ACS (5 or more visits) were identified with a log-linear model. Results. Forty-two percent of women received inadequate ACS (0 to 4 visits). Women with better socioeconomic status had higher probability of using ACS adequately than women with lower socioeconomic status: OR 2.47 (CI 95% 1.12-5.44). Conclusions. Results provide evidence of the need to improve the quality of ACS, to support the traditional midwives and to improve living conditions of the population.

Ablación endometrial una revisión de la literatura / Endometrial ablation: a review

En las últimas dos décadas se han registrado nuevas tendencias diagnósticas y terapeúticas en Medicina, acopladas a un vertiginoso desarrollo tecnológico. El último sentido de estas modalidades, es ofrecer a los pacientes iguales ó mejores resultados que abordajes tradicionales, pero con menor tiempo de recuperación. Al respecto, en el cuidado de la mujer, la histerectomía, independientemente del abordaje -abdominal, vaginal, laparoscópica o asistida- es la cirugía mayor, que se practica más frecuentemente, en casi cualquier servicio de Ginecología. Esta operación, a pesar de su probada eficacia, de sus nuevas y espectaculares modalidades quirúrgicas, es un método -dependiendo de muchas variables- con un costo económico considerable, alta morbilidad con baja mortalidad y una tardada inserción laboral. El procedimiento "quitar el útero" -independientemente de su justificación-, observa un impacto directo sobre la sensación de integridad física de muchas mujeres. Con respecto a histerectomía se ha publicado que 40-75 por ciento de las indicaciones se debe a una variedad de alteraciones menores, lo que conduce a sangrados uterinos anormales, no controlados por la administración de medicamentos externos. Es por ello, que desde hace 50 años, se ha tratado de destruir el endometrio como un método alternativo para controlar a este grupo de pacientes. Posterior a fracasos iniciales, hoy en día, la Ablación Endometrial, ha ganado muchos adeptos a nivel mundial. Justificado por estas controversiales corrientes actuales y dada la escasa experiencia con este sistema en Latinoamerica, se decidio realizar una revisión de la literatura de esta nueva propuesta.

Uso de un índice de bienestar social para la planificación de la salud a nivel municipal / The use of a geographic index of social well-being for health planning at municipality level

Objetivo. Examinar la utilidad de un índice de bienestar social para la planificación de la salud, con base en la medición de necesidades de salud en el ámbito local. Material y métodos. Se analizó la asociación estadística entre un índice sociogeográfico, construido con información censal, y datos sobre morbilidad y uso de servicios de salud recopilados mediante encuestas realizadas en una muestra probabilística de 1 238 hogares (6 622 personas) del área rural de Tlaxcala. Resultados. La población de las localidades con menor nivel de vida presentó prevalencias significativamente más elevadas de morbilidad y percepción desfavorable de salud que la población de localidades con un mayor índice de bienestar y viceversa. Por el contrario, mayor nivel de vida de la localidad, correspondió un mayor uso de servicios y viceversa. Conclusiones. El uso de índices de bienestar social puede ser una alternativa muy útil de bajo costo para distinguir áreas con mayores necesidades de salud y, por lo tanto, convertirse en una herramienta para una planificación más equitativa de la salud en el ámbito municipal

Objective. This paper analyzes the relationship between a living standards index for small areas based on census data and information on morbidity and health care utilization. Material and methods. The information was gathered through a health interview survey of a random sample of 1 238 households from rural areas of Tlaxcala, Mexico. Results. The population from localities with lower living standards showed significantly higher prevalences of morbidity and worse self-reported health status measures, as compared to localities with higher living standards. On the contrary, higher living standards were related with a greater utilization of health services. Conclusions. The approach proved to be useful in discriminating localities and areas of high and low prevalence of morbidity and utilization of health care services, which in turn could be used to identify those areas where needs are greatest. The implications of the results for health planning and resource allocation (based on population health needs and underlying social conditions) at the local level are discussed.

Modelo para la evaluación y monitoreo del desempeño de servicios de atención primaria a nivel de sistemas locales de salud (SILOS) / Model for evaluation and monitoring of performance in primary health attention in local health systems (LHS)

El presente trabajo describe un modelo integral, pero simplificado y práctico, para evaluar y vigilar el desempeño y calidad de servicios de Atención Primaria a la Salud (APS) a nivel local y muestra resultados preliminares de una investigación realizada en áreas rurales del estado de Tlaxcala, cuyo propósito consistió en probar la metología desarrollada. El modelo de evaluación se compone de un paquete de métodos de encuesta y técnicas observacionales, que incluyen: encuestas de hogares, estudio de la satisfacción de los usuarios, inventario de los insumos y equipamiento de los centros, estudio sombra del desempeño del personal médico, estudio del cumplimiento del tratamiento médico en una muestra de niños con infecciones respiratorias agudas y seguimiento retrospectivo en mujeres que acudieron al hospital para la atención del embarazo y parto. Con estos métodos se obtuvo información sobre las necesidades de salud no satisfechas, utilización y cobertura de los servicios, calidad de la atención, e interrelación de sus distinto niveles. Los resultados mostraron la confiabilidad y utilidad del enfoque empleado y también que su aplicación en forma rutinaria podría contribuir a un otorgamiento equitativo, eficaz y eficiente de la APS para satisfacer los problemas prioritarios de salud de la población rural de México