Development of an assessment tool for designated medical institutions in China--Based on the application of an online assessment system.

Background: Due to the expanding coverage of medical insurance and the growth of medical expenses, the ability to assess the performance of designated medical institutions (DMIs) in supporting the delivery of high-quality patient care and the standardized use of funds represents a priority in China. Despite such interest, there has yet to be an operable standard and labor-saving method for assessing DMIs in China. Objective: The main objectives include two aspects: (1) establishing an evaluation index system for DMIs based on contracts; (2) designing and developing an online evaluation platform. Methods: A group of 20 experts with theoretical and practical expertise in medical insurance regulation and performance evaluation were invited to select available indicators. A combination weighting method based on analytic hierarchy process and entropy method was used to determine the weight coefficient. Shanghai was taken as the sample area, and 760 DMIs were included in the empirical research. The test-retest reliability method and criterion-related validity method was used to test the reliability and the validity of the evaluation result. Results: An assessment index system that included 6 domains and 56 indicators was established in this study. Furthermore, we developed an online platform to assist in the implementation of the assessment. The results showed that the average score of assessment was 94.39, the median was 96.92. The test-retest reliability value was 0.96 (P ≤ 0.01), which indicated high stability of the assessment. In addition, there was a significant negative relationship between assessment score and the penalty amount of DMIs (R = -0.133, P < 0.001). After adjusting for the basic characteristics of medical institutions, the number of visits and revenue, the negative relationship was still significant (B = -0.080, P < 0.05). These results are consistent with expectations, indicating that the assessment had good criterion-related validity. Conclusions: This study established an operable assessment measure and developed an online platform to assess the performance of DMIs. The results showed good feasibility and reliability in empirical research. Our research findings provided an operable Chinese solution for DMI assessment that saves manpower and time, which would have good enlightening significance in other regions of China and in low-income and middle-income countries internationally.

A study of the impact of staggered boards on corporate financialization: from the perspective of board governance.

Introduction: The objective of this study is to assess the influence of staggered boards on corporate financialization and the role that incentive and supervision mechanisms play in this process. Methods: We employ a total of 20,647 panel data samples of Chinese A-share listed companies over the period 2011-2020 to empirically test the impact of staggered boards on corporate financialization in the Chinese context. Results: The results indicate that implementing staggered boards significantly increases levels of corporate financialization. On the one hand, the implementation of a staggered board structure can exacerbate the speculative mindset and profit-driven behavior among board members, leading management to prioritize financial investments for personal gain. On the other hand, a staggered board system may also amplify managerial laziness, potentially incentivizing them to rely heavily on financial investments in order to swiftly achieve performance targets with minimal effort. Furthermore, both managerial ownership and audit supervision are found to be critical factors in mitigating this positive impact and preventing excessive financial investment behavior. Discussion: This paper offers guidance on comprehending the applicability of staggered board provisions and mitigating financial risks in enterprises.

Effect of integrated supportive supervision on availability of resources for health care service delivery and uptake of services in Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria, evidence from the Saving One Million Lives program for result supported facilities.

Introduction: a world bank performance-based financing program. The Saving One Million Lives program for results supported integrated supportive supervision (ISS) in selected primary health facilities (PHF) in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study assessed the impact of ISS on health service outputs and outcomes such as infrastructure, basic equipment, human resources for health (HRH), essential drugs, number of children receiving immunization, number of mothers who gave birth in the facility, number of new and continuing users of modern family planning and the number of pregnant women screened for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). Methods: a cross-sectional survey of 70 SOME-supported facilities was used for the study. Parametric and non-parametric method of analysis was employed to compare the mean values of study indicators gathered over the 4 rounds of ISS visits from January 2018 to August 2020. Results: the study demonstrated that ISS approach has a positive effect on PHC service outputs and outcomes such as infrastructure, basic equipment, health human resources (HRH), essential drugs, contraceptives prevalence rate, skilled birth attendant as well as postnatal care. However, there was no significant impact on HIV screening for pregnant women. Conclusion: integrated supportive supervision approach has a positive effect on the quality of health care delivery in PHCs in Ekiti State, Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that periodic ISS visits should be routinely carried out in all PHCs across the State in the country and can be further extended to secondary and tertiary facilities.

Behavioral decision-making of government, agricultural product producers, and consumers on agricultural product quality and safety regulation in a digital environment.

The quality and safety of agricultural products are related to people's lives and health, economic development, and social stability, and have always been a hot issue of concern to the government and society. The rapid development of digital traceability technology in the digital environment has brought new opportunities for the supervision of agricultural product quality and safety, but the frequent occurrence of agricultural product safety incidents in recent years has exposed many problems such as the lack of governmental supervision, unstandardized production process of enterprises, and weak consumer awareness. To improve the cooperation efficiency of stakeholders and ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products, this paper proposes a dynamic model based on evolutionary game theory. The model incorporates the government, agricultural product producers, and farmers, and evaluates the stability and effectiveness of the system under different circumstances. The results of the study show that there are multiple evolutionary stabilization strategies in the tripartite evolutionary game model of agricultural product quality and safety supervision, and there are corresponding evolutionary stabilization conditions. There are several factors affecting the stability of the system, the most important of which are government regulation, severe penalties for agricultural product producers, and incentives. When these factors reach a certain threshold, the stakeholder cooperation mechanism can establish an evolutionarily stable strategy. This study contributes to the understanding of the operational mechanism of stakeholder cooperation in agricultural product quality and safety regulation in the digital environment and provides decision support and policy recommendations for stakeholders to promote the sustainable development and optimization of agricultural product quality and safety regulation.

Oncology clinicians' feelings towards patients presented in supervision: A pre-post assessment using the feeling word checklist.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical supervision of oncology clinicians by psycho-oncologists is an important means of psychosocial competence transfer and support. Research on this essential liaison activity remains scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of supervision on oncology clinicians' feelings towards patients presented in supervision. METHODS: Oncology clinicians' (n = 23) feelings towards patients presented in supervision were assessed with the Feeling Word Checklist (FWC). The FWC was filled in by supervisees prior and after their supervision sessions (n = 91), which were conducted by experienced supervisors (n = 6). Pre- post-modification of feelings was evaluated based on a selection of FWC items, which were beforehand considered as likely to change in a beneficial supervision. Items were evaluated on session level using t-tests for dependent groups. Composite scores were calculated for feelings expected to raise and feelings expected to decrease and analysed on the level of supervisees. RESULTS: Feelings related to threats, loss of orientation or hostility such as "anxious", "overwhelmed", "impotent", "confused", "angry", "depreciated" and "guilty" decreased significantly after supervision, while feelings related to the resume of the relationship ("attentive", "happy"), a better understanding of the patient ("empathic"), a regain of control ("confident") and being "useful" significantly increased. Feeling "interested" and "calm" remained unchanged. Significant increase or decrease in the composite scores for supervisees confirmed these results. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates modification of feelings towards patients presented in supervision. This modification corresponds to the normative, formative, and especially restorative function (support of the clinician) of supervision.

Analysis of fellowship program director opinions of entrustable professional activities in adolescent medicine fellowship.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the minimum entrustable professional activity (EPA) supervision levels at which pediatric fellowship program directors (FPDs) would be willing to graduate fellows and the levels deemed necessary for safe and effective practice for each of the common pediatric subspecialty and the four adolescent medicine-specific EPAs. METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized survey data from pediatric FPDs in 2017. FPDs indicated the minimum level of supervision (LOS) for fellows at graduation and for safe and effective practice. RESULTS: 82 percent (23/28) of adolescent medicine FPDs completed the survey. For each EPA, there were differences (p<0.05) between LOS expected for graduation and for safe and effective practice. There was also variability in the level at which FPDs would graduate fellows. CONCLUSIONS: This study summarizes pediatric FPD opinions regarding the minimum levels of supervision required for fellows at the time of graduation as well as the levels deemed necessary for safe and effective practice. The difference between the minimum LOS at which FPDs would graduate a fellow and that deemed appropriate for safe and effective practice, along with variability in minimum LOS for graduation, highlight the need for clearer standards for fellowship graduation as well as more structured early career support for ongoing learning. These data highlight variability in FPD opinion regarding such expectations and both the need to better define desired training outcomes and potential need for post-graduation supervision in clinical practice.

Dynamic simulation for reclaimed water reuse under multi-intervention policies in China.

Unconventional water constitutes the fundamental approach to addressing global water scarcity and achieving the sustainable circulation of water resources. Due to the significant environmental advantages and economical production costs, reclaimed water has emerged as a preeminent unconventional source. However, the use in China confronts the predicament of oversupply relative to demand, requiring policy measures to overcome this challenge. Limited research exists on the combined impact of subsidies and water quality information disclosure supervision on reclaimed water utilization, potentially underestimating the practical incentivizing role of water quality information disclosure. Therefore, based on the framework of 'external environment-perceived value-utilization intention,' a multi-agent-based simulation model driven by evolutionary game theory is constructed, from micro to macro perspective, to investigate the composite effects of subsidies and water quality information disclosure supervision on public intentions for reclaimed water utilization and the evolutionary track of public decision-making. The results showed that (1) The influence of subsidies on the public's inclination toward reclaimed water has regional heterogeneity. In regions with average economic development, the subsidy policy shows an inverted U-shaped correlation with the public's intention to reclaimed water, indicating the presence of an optimal value for maximizing the promotional effect of subsidies. Conversely, the effect is less discernible in regions with higher economic development. (2) In regions with average economic development, supervision of information disclosure behavior can avert the diminishing incentivizing effects under radical subsidies, but the assistance of various supervision intensities is different. (3) In regions with higher economic development, the incentive effect of subsidies can be positively modulated by the supervision policy. Interactions between subsidy and supervision policies evoke diverse chain reactions under varying intensities in these regions, and the combination of moderate subsidies and high supervision emerges as the most optimal strategy to advance reclaimed water development.

Automatic de-identification of French electronic health records: a cost-effective approach exploiting distant supervision and deep learning models.

BACKGROUND: Electronic health records (EHRs) contain valuable information for clinical research; however, the sensitive nature of healthcare data presents security and confidentiality challenges. De-identification is therefore essential to protect personal data in EHRs and comply with government regulations. Named entity recognition (NER) methods have been proposed to remove personal identifiers, with deep learning-based models achieving better performance. However, manual annotation of training data is time-consuming and expensive. The aim of this study was to develop an automatic de-identification pipeline for all kinds of clinical documents based on a distant supervised method to significantly reduce the cost of manual annotations and to facilitate the transfer of the de-identification pipeline to other clinical centers. METHODS: We proposed an automated annotation process for French clinical de-identification, exploiting data from the eHOP clinical data warehouse (CDW) of the CHU de Rennes and national knowledge bases, as well as other features. In addition, this paper proposes an assisted data annotation solution using the Prodigy annotation tool. This approach aims to reduce the cost required to create a reference corpus for the evaluation of state-of-the-art NER models. Finally, we evaluated and compared the effectiveness of different NER methods. RESULTS: A French de-identification dataset was developed in this work, based on EHRs provided by the eHOP CDW at Rennes University Hospital, France. The dataset was rich in terms of personal information, and the distribution of entities was quite similar in the training and test datasets. We evaluated a Bi-LSTM + CRF sequence labeling architecture, combined with Flair + FastText word embeddings, on a test set of manually annotated clinical reports. The model outperformed the other tested models with a significant F1 score of 96,96%, demonstrating the effectiveness of our automatic approach for deidentifying sensitive information. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides an automatic de-identification pipeline for clinical notes, which can facilitate the reuse of EHRs for secondary purposes such as clinical research. Our study highlights the importance of using advanced NLP techniques for effective de-identification, as well as the need for innovative solutions such as distant supervision to overcome the challenge of limited annotated data in the medical domain.

Defining the passage of wisdom: A taxonomy of supervision for RANZCP trainees and Fellows.

OBJECTIVE: Trainees and Fellows of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) work in complex interpersonal and organisational environments. Engagement in supervision can be a helpful way for trainees and Fellows to achieve interpersonal, professional, and organisational success. Supervision comes in many forms depending on the stage and state of one's career. An awareness of different supervision models is relevant to trainees' understanding of what is expected of them and their supervisors in their work and educational contexts. This paper explores the taxonomy of supervision models available to RANZCP trainees and Fellows in Australia and New Zealand. CONCLUSION: Supervision is a heterogeneous concept with multiple aims, outcomes, and processes that change with ones' stage of career.

Proposed use of entrustable professional activities (EPAs) in genetic counseling for clinical training and assessment.

We introduce Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) as a potential framework for clinical training and assessment in genetic counseling. We discuss advantages of this approach, review how EPAs complement Practice-Based Competencies (PBCs), describe our process of generating proposed "core" EPAs, provide examples of specialty-specific EPAs, discuss the concept of entrustment in clinical training, and propose an approach to implementation.

Environmental governance-public supervision and participation nexus under state supervision system and carbon neutrality targets in China.

China is now experiencing severe environmental issues due to its rapid socio-economic advancement. Environmental governance is crucial to preserving China's rapidly degrading natural ecology. Public supervision and participation are important factors that effectively promote environmental quality. Therefore, this analysis primarily examines the relationship between China's public participation and environmental governance. Hence, the primary focus of the analysis is to investigate the asymmetric impact of public participation on environmental governance from 1996 to 2020. We have employed the nonlinear QARDL model that estimates the short- and long-run impact across different quantiles. The study's results support that long-run estimates for positive change in environmental NGOs (ENGOs) are significantly positive for almost all quantiles, while those for negative change in ENGOs are negative and have a significant impact at higher quantiles. In the short run, the estimates of positive change in ENGOs are positive and significant; however, the negative change in ENGOs does not significantly impact environmental governance at lower quantiles. The Wald test also confirms the asymmetric impact of ENGOs on environmental governance across various quantiles in short and long run. The findings of this analysis underscore the critical role of public supervision and participation in influencing environmental governance in China.

Práticas Avançadas de Enfermagem ­ PAE / Advanced Nursing Practices ­ ANP

Trata de nota técnica sobre Práticas Avançadas de Enfermagem (PAE) no Brasil, elaborada por comissão e submetida à aprovação do plenário do Conselho Federal de Enfermagem (Cofen). O documento aborda conceitos, ações, implementação e regulação das práticas avançadas de Enfermagem, expandindo os limites do escopo da atuação do enfermeiro e reforçando a sua prática clínica. (AU)

This is a technical note on Advanced Nursing Practices (ANP) in Brazil, prepared by a committee and submitted for approval by the plenary of the Federal Nursing Council (Cofen). The document addresses concepts, actions, implementation and regulation of advanced nursing practices, expanding the limits of the scope of nurses' work and reinforcing their clinical practice. (AU)

Esta es una nota técnica sobre las Prácticas Avanzadas de Enfermería (PAE) en Brasil, elaborada por un comité y sometida a la aprobación del plenario del Consejo Federal de Enfermería (Cofen). El documento aborda los conceptos, acciones, implementación y reglamentación de las prácticas avanzadas de enfermería, ampliando los límites del ámbito de actuación de las enfermeras y reforzando su práctica clínica. (AU)

Exploration of the effects of incarceration on the health of Latina women and their children using the life course theory.

OBJECTIVE: Use the Life Course Theory (LCT) to explore the effects of involvement with the justice system on the health of Latina women and their children. DESIGN: A supplementary analysis was conducted using data collected from the original study to answer a new research question. SETTING: South Central Texas. PARTICIPANTS: A primary qualitative data set from 12 Latina women involved with the justice system. METHODS: We applied LCT principles and used thematic content analysis as such we employed categoric distinction: lifespan development, time and place in individuals' lives, the timing of lives, human agency, and linked lives to analyze participants' narratives. RESULTS: Five themes emerged that aligned with LCT principles: (1) It feels like I'm living in my own prison; (2) What do I have to live for now; (3) It is like double punishment; (4) They made my choices; and (5) People didn't really understand. Participants felt helpless with few options to overcome their prior adversities, which affected their ability to make positive future choices. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the potential, long-term, negative health consequences that may result from incarceration. Considering that justice system involvement can lead to more profound maternal and child health disparities, our findings suggest that greater advocacy from the nursing profession would increase accessibility to equitable and respectful maternity and women's health care services. Key points Involvement with the justice system can result in negative health consequences for women and their children. Maternal and child health disparities are often more profound after involvement with the justice system. Greater advocacy is needed from the nursing profession to ensure access to equitable and respectful maternity and women's health care services.

Sistema digital para el informe de turno de la Supervisión de Enfermería de un hospital / Digital system for the shift report of the Nursing Supervision of a hospital / Sistema digital para o relatório de plantão da Supervisão de Enfermagem de um hospital

Objetivo: desarrollar una aplicación digital para realizar el informe de turno de la supervisión con los indicadores de interés del Departamento de Enfermería en un hospital de alta complejidad de la seguridad social en Costa Rica. Metodología: investigación descriptiva estructurada en etapas para el diseño, desarrollo, e implementación de una aplicación digital denominada Supervisores enfermería WEB. Se desarrolló en un periodo de 2 años, en 4 etapas (Planificación, Desarrollo, Validación e Implementación), con la participación de supervisores de enfermería de los diferentes servicios y personal del Centro de Gestión de Informática del hospital. Resultados: La etapa de planificación del sistema contempló 2 fases. La primera, la exploración de la necesidad con el grupo de supervisión y jefaturas de enfermería y la segunda la solicitud de apoyo al Centro de Gestión Informática (CGI). Se revisaron los indicadores o información del reporte escrito y establecieron los indicadores para estructurar el sistema digital. La etapa de desarrollo contempló las fases: estructura del sistema (indicadores), y seguimiento del diseño. La etapa de validación incluyó las fases de prueba de campo y en ambiente de producción. La etapa de Implementación incluyó la socialización del sistema a todo el grupo y la utilización del sistema por parte de todo el equipo para realizar el informe de turno. Conclusión: el Sistema digital para el reporte de la supervisión de enfermería registra los indicadores de interés y responde a las necesidades de la gestión clínica y administrativa del Departamento de Enfermería en un Hospital de alta complejidad

Objective: to develop a digital application to make the supervision shift report with the in-dicators of interest of the Nursing Department in a high complexity hospital of the social security in Costa Rica. Methodology: descriptive research structured in stages for the design, development and implementation of a digital application called Nursing Supervisors WEB. It was developed over a period of 2 years, in 4 stages (Planning, Development, Validation, Implementation), with the participation of nursing supervisors from different services and personnel from the hospital's Informatics Management Center. Results: The system planning stage included 2 phases. The first was the exploration of the need with the group of supervi-sors and nursing managers and the second was the request for support from the Informatics Management Center (CGI). The indicators or information from the written report were re-viewed and the indicators were established to structure the digital system. The development stage included the following phases: system structure (indicators), and design follow-up. The validation stage included the phases of field testing and production environment. The imple-mentation stage included the socialization of the system to the whole group and the use of the system by the whole team to make the shift report. Conclusion: the Digital System for Reporting Nursing Supervision records the indicators of interest and responds to the needs of clin-ical and administrative management of the Nursing Department in a high complexity Hospital

Objetivo: desenvolver um aplicativo digital para produzir o relatório de turno de supervisão com os indicadores de interesse do Departamento de Enfermagem em um hospital de alta com-plexidade do sistema de seguridade social da Costa Rica. Metodologia: investigação descritiva estruturada em etapas para a conceção, desenvolvimento e implementação de uma aplicação dig-ital designada por Nursing Supervisors WEB. Foi desenvolvida ao longo de 2 anos, em 4 fases (Planeamento, Desenvolvimento, Validação, Implementação), com a participação de enfermei-ros supervisores dos diferentes serviços e pessoal do Centro de Gestão Informática do hospital. Resultados: A fase de planeamento do sistema incluiu 2 fases. A primeira foi a exploração da necessidade com o grupo de supervisores e gestores de enfermagem e a segunda foi o pedido de apoio ao Centro de Gestão de Informação (CGI). Foram revistos os indicadores ou informações do relatório escrito e estabelecidos os indicadores para a estruturação do sistema digital. A etapa de desenvolvimento incluiu as fases: estruturação do sistema (indicadores) e acompanhamento da conceção. A fase de validação incluiu as fases de teste no terreno e de teste em ambiente de produção. A fase de implementação incluiu a socialização do sistema a todo o grupo e a uti-lização do sistema por toda a equipa para produzir o relatório de turno. Conclusões: o sistema digital de relatório de supervisão de enfermagem registra os indicadores de interesse e responde às necessidades da gestão clínica e administrativa do Departamento de Enfermagem em um hospital de alta complexidade.

La pasantía obligatoria curricular en psicología escolar/educacional crítica: una experiencia en Piauí / O estágio obrigatório curricular em psicologia escolar/educacional crítica: uma experiência no piauí / The mandatory curricular internship in critical school/educational psychology: an experience in piauí

Este artigo partilha reflexões acerca da construção do estágio obrigatório curricular no campo da Psicologia Escolar/Educacional em uma perspectiva crítica. O estágio é um momento privilegiado da formação, por aproximar teoria e prática, em direção à práxis crítica, aspecto central nessa abordagem psicológica. Visando conhecer como tem sido construída a experiência de estágio e supervisão na área, foram realizadas entrevistas com um supervisor de estágio que atua em uma Universidade Pública do Piauí, dada a relevância de sua atuação e militância, buscando compreender: as concepções e práticas desenvolvidas pelo supervisor; os atravessamentos ético-políticos que emergem da experiência de estágio e supervisão; e os elementos de criticidade que marcam tal experiência. O artigo põe em foco as estratégias de organização do estágio, o papel da supervisão e os desafios vivenciados na relação estagiários-escola-supervisor. Esperamos contribuir com a reflexão acerca dos desafios implicados na construção de estágios supervisionados na área de Psicologia Escolar e Educacional em uma perspectiva crítica, tanto no campo, quanto nos encontros de supervisão.

Este artículo intercambia reflexiones acerca de la construcción de la pasantía obligatoria curricular en el campo de la Psicología Escolar/Educacional en una perspectiva crítica. La pasantía es un momento privilegiado de la formación, por acercar teoría y práctica, en dirección a la praxis crítica, aspecto central en ese abordaje psicológico. Visando conocer de qué forma ha sido construida la experiencia de pasantía y supervisión en el área, se realizaron entrevistas con un supervisor de pasantía que actúa en una Universidad Pública da Piauí, dada la relevancia de su actuación y militancia, buscando comprender: las concepciones y prácticas desarrolladas por el supervisor; los atravesamientos ético-políticos que surgen de la experiencia de pasantía y supervisión; y los elementos de criticidad que marcan tal experiencia. El artículo pone de relieve las estrategias de organización de la pasantía, el papel de la supervisión y los desafíos vivenciados en la relación alumno en formación-escuela-supervisor. Esperamos contribuir con la reflexión acerca de los desafíos implicados en la construcción de pasantías tuteladas en el área de Psicología Escolar y Educacional en una perspectiva crítica, en el campo y en los encuentros de supervisión.

This article shares reflections about the construction of mandatory curricular internship in the field of School and Educational Psychology from a critical perspective. The internship is a privileged moment in training, as it brings theory and practice closer together, towards critical praxis, a central aspect of this psychological approach. In order to know how the experience of internship and supervision in the area has been constructed, interviews were conducted with an internship supervisor who works at a Public University of Piauí, given the relevance of his work and militancy, seeking to understand: the concepts and practices developed by the supervisor; the ethical-political crossings that emerge from the internship and supervision experience; and the elements of criticality that mark such an experience. The article focuses on internship organization strategies, the role of supervision and the challenges experienced in the relationship between interns-school-supervisor. We hope to contribute to reflection on the challenges involved in building supervised internships in the area of School and Educational Psychology from a critical perspective, both in the field and in supervisory meetings.

Can local People's Congress supervision improve the expenditure behavior of local governments? Evidence from provincial budget review.

The Local People's Congress budget review and supervision is an important measure to "effectively safeguard and improve people's livelihood" under the changes of the current major contradictions. Using the multi period DID method, we found that after the revision of the regulations, the local people's livelihood public service expenditure bias and expenditure efficiency were significantly improved. This conclusion is still valid after considering a series of robustness tests and possible explanations. The specific ways for it mainly include the constraint on the opportunistic behavior of local governments and the signal transmission function of the LPC's supervision. Further research shows that more effective media attention, more open and transparent rule of law environment, greater financial pressure and regional differences can all affect the effect of LPC's supervision of spending behavior. The research conclusion shows that the role of LPC supervision should be further played to ensure the development of local people's livelihood and promote the construction of government revenue and expenditure management system.

A tripartite evolutionary game behavior analysis of the implementation strategy of the internal carbon pricing of enterprises under governments supervision.

Internal Carbon Pricing (ICP) represents an innovative approach to carbon emission reduction. The implementation of the ICP involves enterprises and internal organizations, with its outcomes closely tied to government actions. In this study, a tripartite evolutionary game model comprising these subjects was constructed, and subsequent simulation analyses were conducted. The results revealed the following key findings: (1) When the combined total of carbon fees and governments' emission reduction subsidies surpasses the aggregate of carbon fees returned to internal organizations and ICP implementation costs, and when enterprises' revenues exceed governments' subsidies, all three parties will evolve towards ESS (1,1,1). This signifies that enterprises opt for the ICP, internal organizations actively reduce emissions, and governments engage in proactive regulation. (2) Reducing the cost of implementing ICP, increasing the carbon fee rebate ratio, raising governments' subsidies, and elevating the internal carbon price all contribute to promoting the attainment of the evolutionary game results ESS (1,1,1). However, it's important to note that higher governments' subsidies and carbon fee rebate ratios do not necessarily lead to a greater incentive for the three parties to reach the ESS(1,1,1). These findings provide a solid theoretical foundation for enterprises considering the implementation of the ICP in the future.

Definition and Criteria for the Assessment of Expertise in Psychotherapy: Development of the Psychotherapy Expertise Questionnaire (PEQ).

Therapist expertise is a complex, multifaceted, and continually evolving concept. Defining this construct and its constituent components can yield a substantial contribution to the field of psychotherapy, consequently enhancing the comprehension of the fundamental factors that underlie its effectiveness. Within this framework, the present research aimed at developing and assessing the psychometric properties of the Psychotherapy Expertise Questionnaire (PEQ), a self-report measure to assess therapist expertise. A sample of 260 psychotherapists of various theoretical orientations were involved in this research. They completed a survey that included the PEQ as well as other self-reported measures aimed at evaluating personality traits, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and insight orientation. The analysis provided evidence of a good fit for both a correlational model with eight factors and a higher-order model, where the eight subdimensions were grouped into subjective (performance; cognitive functioning; personal and relational qualities of the therapist; therapist self-assessment) and objective (experience; reputation with clients and colleagues; training and professional updating; deontological ethics and setting rules) factors. The eight dimensions, two higher-order factors, and total score all showed excellent levels of internal consistency. Furthermore, significant associations were found between PEQ scores and insight orientation, general self-efficacy, self-esteem, personality traits, and time exercising clinical practice. To conclude, the Psychotherapy Expertise Questionnaire (PEQ) is a valuable, theoretically guided, and psychometrically robust self-report measure designed to assess therapist expertise and its constitutive dimensions. This measure can have practical applications in guiding tailored training and customised supervision.

Green bond financing, environmental regulation, and long-term value orientation: evidence from Chinese-listed companies.

In recent years, green bonds have become an important part of the green financial system. In this paper, we investigate theoretically and empirically how green bond financing impacts corporate long-term value orientation. To study this relationship, we manually collect green bond financing data and use Python to construct a measure reflecting corporate long-term value. Using a sample of Chinese A-share bond issuing companies from 2016 to 2021, we find that (1) green bond financing can significantly promote companies to pursue long-term value, in which financing costs, management's strategic risk-taking, and external supervision are the underlying mechanisms. (2) There is a synergistic effect between green bond financing and environmental regulation, which can jointly improve the intensity of corporate long-term value orientation. (3) The relationship between green bond financing and corporate long-term value is more significant in enterprises with heavily polluting, lower risk-taking levels, less strategic change, and lower financial mismatch risk. Our findings reveal the "corrective" effect of green bond financing on management's strategic decision-making, which provides new empirical evidence for comprehensively and accurately evaluating the role of green bonds and promoting the development of the green bond market.