CRP (C-reactive protein) in Early Pregnancy Predictor for Development of GDM.

This case-control study was done to find out whether elevated serum CRP in early pregnancy is a predictor of GDM and conducted under joined supervision of Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Hospital and Biomedical Research Group (BMRG), BIRDEM, from August 2005 to November 2007. Pregnant mothers at their first 16 weeks of gestation without any medical disorder of pregnancy were included in the study. For the purpose of this study blood samples were again collected for OGTT at their 16weeks, 24-28 weeks and 32 weeks of pregnancy to detect GDM. After confirmation of GDM, C-reactive protein and C-peptide were done from the preserved fasting serum sample at the end of this study to compare GDM with control group. A total of 297 patients were included in this study. Among them 145(48%) patients completed follow up, 59(20%) lost from follow-up and 11(4%) patients had abortion; 82(28%) are due for follow up 31(10%) pregnant patients developed GDM subsequently. Finally 28 GDM patients were taken as cases and 71 were control matched for their gestational age and parity. At earlier weeks of gestation, hsCRP could predict (PPV) development of GDM in 59% with NPV 84%, sensitivity 61% and specificity 83%. C-peptide in the 50th percentile could predict (PPV) development of GDM in 58% with NPV 96%, sensitivity 72% and specificity 93%. The present data indicates that hsCRP and C-peptide both is sensitive markers in predicting GDM.

Anti-Bacterial effect of Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) determined by Disc Diffusion Method against Escherichia coli.

The study was performed to determine the antibacterial effect of aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum) against standard strain of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. An interventional study was conducted in Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics in collaboration with Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh. Antibacterial effect of AGE was determined by disc diffusion method. Sensitivity of AGE determined in disc diffusion and the zone of inhibition (ZOI) was 4 mm, 10 mm and 20 mm at 25 µg/10 µl, 50 µg/10 µl and 100 µg/10 µl concentrations respectively. From the findings it is clearly determined the extract has definite antibacterial effect upon Escherichia coli. Further studies are required to detect and isolate the active ingredients present in the Garlic extract as well as detail steps of mechanism responsible for antibacterial effect. Then their effects against the studied organism should be studied in vivo separately and its toxicity profile should also be taken into account.

Surgical Management of Desmoid Tumor of the Female Pelvis: A Case Report.

A 25 years married women having one child delivered vaginaly presented in the department of Obs & Gynae, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh on April 2013 with pelvic pain and discomfort. No history of previous pelvic trauma was present. Patient examination showed a isolated mass in the right lower abdomen, right adnexa, extending to the pelvic wall upto lower end of ureter. Tumor markers were within normal limit. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) showed mild right hydroureter and hydronephrosis with obstruction at the lower end of ureter. She was diagnosed as a case of adnexal mass with mild hydroureter & mild hydronephrosis and it was decided to operate on the patient. The surgical approach was transabdominal. On laparotomy a pseudocystic lesion 12×10cm in size was found over the right paracolic gutter and extending down into the pelvis involving the right parametrium. No abnormality was found in the uterus or tubes. The histological examination revealed a desmoid tumor of the pelvis. The patient's recovery was uneventful.

Uterus didelphys with unilateral obstructed hemivagina and haematocolpos with ipsilateral renal agenesis - a case report.

Mullerian anomalies are a relatively uncommon occurrence with implication for adolescents and adults as they may result in specific gynaecologic, fertility and obstetrical issues. Uterus didelphys with blind hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly. Patient may be asymptomatic and unaware of having double uterus or may present with severe dysmenorrhoea or dyspareunia or a palpable mass due to unilateral haematocolpos. We report a case of 12 year old girl with this condition who was diagnosed as uterus didelphys with unilateral haematocolpos with ipsilateral renal agenesis on the basis of clinical association, physical examination and sonography and intravenous urogram.

Rapid Immuno-Chromatographic Assay for the Detection of Antibodies to HIV Compare with Elisa among Voluntary and Replacement Blood Donor of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital.

Suitable algorithms based on a combination of two or more simple rapid HIV assays have been shown to have a diagnostic accuracy comparable to double enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or double ELISA with Western Blot strategies. The aims of this study were to evaluate the performance of five simple rapid HIV assays using whole blood samples from voluntary and replacement blood donors & HIV-infected patients (positive samples from BSMMU, Dhaka). Five rapid HIV assays: Determine™ HIV-1/2 (Inverness Medical), SD Bioline HIV 1/2 3.0 (Standard Diagnostics Inc.), First Response HIV Card 1-2.0 (PMC Medical India Pvt Ltd.), HIV1/2 Stat-Pak Dipstick (Chembio Diagnostic System, Inc) and Uni-Gold™ HIV-1/2 (Biotech) were evaluated between 1st February to 30th June, 2013 using 400 whole blood samples from voluntary and replacement blood donors. All samples that were reactive on all or any of the five rapid assays and 10% of non-reactive samples were tested on a confirmatory Inno-Lia HIV I/II immunoblot assay (Immunogenetics). Only 01 sample including ten positive samples from BSMMU were confirmed HIV-1 antibody positive, while 399 were HIV negative. The sensitivity at initial testing of Determine, SD Bioline and Uni-Gold™ was 100% (95% CI; 99.1-100) while First Response and Stat-Pak had sensitivity of 99.5% (95% CI; 98.2-99.9) and 97.7% (95% CI; 95.7-98.9) respectively, which increased to 100% (95% CI; 99.1-100) on repeat testing. The initial specificity of the Uni-Gold™ assay was 100% (95% CI; 99.6-100) while specificities were 99.6% (95% CI; 99-99.9), 99.4% (95% CI; 98.8-99.7), 99.6% (95% CI; 99-99.9) and 99.8% (95% CI; 99.3-99.9) for Determine, SD Bioline, First Response and Stat-Pak assays, respectively. There was no any sample which was concordantly false positive in Uni-Gold™, Determine and SD Bioline assays. An alternative confirmatory HIV testing strategy based on initial testing on either SD Bioline or Determine assays followed by testing of reactive samples on the Determine or SD Bioline gave 100% sensitivity (95% CI; 99.1-100) and 100% specificity (95% CI; 96-99.1) with Uni-Gold™ as tiebreaker for discordant results.

Hypothyroidism and its Effect on Menstrual Pattern and Fertility.

Hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine disorders encountered in clinical practice. Thyroid disorder is very common among the female. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hypothyroidism on menstrual pattern and sub-fertility. This cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology with collaboration of endocrine department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from July 2006 to June 2008, cases were collected from the thyroid clinic of this hospital. Total study subject were 139, among them hypothyroid cases were 79 and euthyroid were 60. Among the hypothyroidism group 62.0% (n=49) had normal menstrual cycle, 21.5% (n=16) had oligomenorrhoea, 10.1% (n=8) had polymenorrhoea and 6.3% (n=6) had amenorrhoea. On the contrary in euthyroid group 86.7% (n=52) had normal menstrual cycle, 6.7% (n=4) had oligomenorrhoea, 5.0% (n=3) had polymenorrhoea and 1.7% (n=1) had amenorrhoea. Proportion of abnormal menstrual history was found to high among hypothyroid group almost 34% (n=27) compared to euthyroid group 13.4% (n=8) and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). The proportion of primary subfertility in hypothyroid 11.4% (n=9) whereas in euthyroid cases 1.7% (n=1) and secondary subfertility in hypothyroid 7.6% (n=6) where as in euthyroid cases 5.0% (n=3). So, sub-fertility was higher among hypothyroid group compared to euthyroid group but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Overall sub-fertility was 13.7% (n=10) and it was 6.7% (n=4) among the euthyroid group. Among total hypothyroid group 60.7% (n=48) are the overt hypothyroid and 39.20% (n=31) are the sub-clinical hypothyroid group. The effect of hypothyroidism is significant on menstrual pattern and on fertility. Hypothyroid women had more menstrual disorders and also suffering from sub-fertility.

Bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of urinary tract infections in a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common bacterial infection in mankind. The changing antimicrobial sensitivity in UTI demands use of appropriate antibiotics. This prospective study was performed in Comilla Medical Collage during the period of January 2011 to December 2011. Five hundred and fifty one urine specimens from clinically suspected UTI patients were examined by Semi quantitative culture method and their antimicrobial sensitivity patterns were determined by disc diffusion technique. The study was designed to isolate and identify the nature of bacteria in UTI with their sensitivity pattern to common antibiotics. Of the 551 tested sample 131 samples showed growth of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli 98(75%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia 14(10.7%) and Enterococcus 8(6%). The majority 96(73.3%) of the isolates were from female while the remaining were from male and this sex difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). Imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, gentamycin, mecillinum and amoxyclav are found to be effective against 76-100% of the uropathogens. Most powerful antibiotics in our study were imipenem, meropenem, amikacin and nitrofurantoin which show their efficacy against 91-100% isolates. In more than 60% case shows their resistance against amoxycillin, nalidexic acid, cefixime, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and cephalosporins which raises the question regarding rationality to empirically use of these antibiotics in UTI with out culture and sensitivity reports.

Association of infertile patients having polycystic ovarian syndrome with recurrent miscarriage.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has a pivotal role in the development of various complications during pregnancy. Polycystic ovarian syndrome women having elevated LH and hyper insulineuia may be at increased risk of miscarriage. The study was done to find out the recurrent pregnancy loss among the PCOS patient. This was a cross sectional case control study in total 100 infertile patients between age 20-40 years attending BSMMU out patient Department from July 2011 to June 2012, among them 50 infertile patients with PCOS regarding as a case and 50 infertile patients without PCOS selected as a control. Regarding case (infertile patients with PCOS) shows 20(40%) recurrent miscarriage and among control (infertile patients without PCOS) shows recurrent miscarriage 6(12%). And also among case group shows insulin resistance 8(16%) and control group insulin resistance 1(2%). Six (75%) abortion occur among PCOS with insulin resistance and 5(62.5%) abortion occur among PCOS with raised testosterone level. It is observed that recurrent miscarriage is higher in PCOS group. And also concluded that insulin resistance and raised testosterone level is responsible for this condition. So, further large scale study would be needed to reduce the chance of recurrent pregnancy loss by treatment with insulin sensitizer in case of obese PCOS with insulin resistance patient.

Intermittent prophylaxis of recurrent febrile seizures with clobazam versus diazepam.

Febrile seizures are the most common type of seizure among children that can be prevented by using prophylactic drugs like Clobazam and Diazepam. The present prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital and Community Based Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh over a period of 1 year from July 2012 to June 2013 to compare the effectiveness of intermittent Clobazam versus Diazepam therapy in preventing the recurrence of febrile seizures and assessed adverse effects of each drug. A total of 65 patients (32 children administered Clobazam and rest 33 children received Diazepam) of simple and complex febrile seizures aged 6 months to 5 years of both sexes were the study population. Data were collected by interview of the patients, clinical examination and laboratory investigations using the research instrument. Data were analyzed by using Chi-square (χ2) Test, Student's 't' Test and Fisher's Exact Test. For all analytical tests, the level of significance was set at 0.05 and p<0.05 was considered significant. The proportion of patients was higher between age 12-36 months and male was predominant in the both Clobazam and Diazepam groups. Over 31% of patients in Clobazam group who experienced episode of fever within 3 months, 40.6% within 6 months and 9.4% within 9 months compared to 36.4% in Diazepam group within 3 months, 45.5% within 6 months & 12.1% within 9 months after discharge from the hospital. Three (9.4%) patients in Clobazam group and 7(21.3%) in Diazepam group who experienced febrile convulsion during the follow up period. From the data adverse effects within 3 and 6 months experienced by the patient's drowsiness, sedation and ataxia were higher in Diazepam group than those in Clobazam group. However, within 9 months lethargy and irritability were somewhat higher in Clobazam group than those in Diazepam group. The mean duration of hospitalization was significantly higher in Diazepam group compared to Clobazam group (6.0±1.0 vs. 4.6±0.08 days, P<0.001). Seven (21.2%) out of 33 children with febrile seizures in Diazepam group had a history of recurrent seizures, whereas 3(9.4%) of 32 children in the Clobazam group. The risks of recurrent febrile seizure in the Diazepam group was 2.6 times greater compared to those in the Clobazam group (P=0.186). The result indicates that Clobazam is safe, efficacious, requires less frequent dosing and has less adverse effects such as drowsiness, sedation, ataxia and irritability as compared to Diazepam. So, Clobazam may be an alternative to Diazepam given intermittently for prevention of recurrent febrile seizures.

Crystal structure of 2-{[2-(3-phenyl-allyl-idene)hydrazin-1-yl]thio-carbonyl-sulfanylmeth-yl}pyridinium chloride.

In the title salt of an S-substituted di-thio-carbazate, C16H16N3S2 (+)·Cl(-), the dihedral angles between the almost planar (r.m.s deviation = 0.005 Å) central CN2S2 residue and the terminal pyridinium and phenyl rings are 80.09 (11) and 3.82 (11)°, respectively, indicating the cation has an L-shape; the amine H and thione S atoms are syn. The conformation about each of the imine [1.376 (3) Å] and ethene [1.333 (4) Å] bonds is E. The shortened C-C bond [1.444 (4) Å] linking the double bonds is consistent with conjugation in this part of the mol-ecule. In the crystal, supra-molecular layers with a jagged topology are formed by charged-assisted amine-H⋯Cl(-) and pyridinium-N(+)-H⋯Cl(-) hydrogen bonds. The layers stack along the a axis with no specific directional inter-actions between them.

Comparative Study between Paracervical Block and Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drug for Relief of Pain during Manual Vacuum Aspiration Procedure.

The incidence of first trimester pregnancy loss is around 10.0-20.0% of registered pregnancies. Manual vacuum aspiration is a safe, effective and acceptable option of treatment for patients diagnosed with first trimester pregnancy loss. Main disadvantage of MVA is the pain caused by manipulation of the cervix, the uterine suction and the cervical dilatation. This study showed the way how the pain and discomfort might be reduced. This was a cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at the obstetrics and Gynecological Department of Sadar hospital, Manikganj, Bangladesh from January 2017 to December 2017. All the consecutive women admitted and diagnosed as incomplete abortion, missed abortion and anembryonic pregnancy (blighted ovum) were included in this study. Sampling technique was purposive sampling. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of paracervical block anesthesia with non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID) for relief of pain during the manual vacuum aspiration procedure for the treatment of first trimester pregnancy loss. Total 120 cases were included in this study. Assigned study population were divided into two groups like Group A and Group B. 60 of the study population were included in Group A who were given paracervical block anesthesia 3 minutes before the procedure. Another 60 study population was included in Group B who was given diclofenac 75mg intramuscular injection, 30 minutes before the procedure. Both intraoperative and postoperative pain level was evaluated by using visual analog scale ranged from (0-10 points) 30 minutes after the procedure. At the same time the satisfaction level of the study population were measured by 5 points lickert scale. Regarding clinical profile of the study population it showed no significant difference in case of mean age, mean gestational age and mean duration of the procedure between two groups. The mean intraoperative pain score in Group A was 4.0±1.3, in Group B it was 5.4±1.5 (p=0.001) which was significant. So it showed that paracervical block anesthesia significantly reduced the pain in relation to diclofenac 75mg intramuscular injection. Mean postoperative pain level 30 minutes after procedure in Group A was 2.2±0.4 and in Group B was 2.4±0.4 (p=0.343), where post-operative pain is lower in Group A than Group B. Though this difference is not statistically significant (p=0.343). In Group A 73.0% (n=44) and in Group B 43.0% (n=26) study population were agreed that the procedure was easy. Most common adverse effect was epigastric pain which was 1.7% (n=1) in Group A and 10.0% (n=7) in Group B. Paracervical block significantly reduces intraoperative pain during Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA) procedure in the treatment of first trimester pregnancy loss in comparison to intramuscular injection of diclofenac. In conclusion it might be mentioned that regarding paracervical block anesthesia, efficacy is higher and side effects are less. Moreover paracervical block anesthesia is cost effective.

Effect of Meconium Staining Amniotic Fluid on Fetal Outcome.

Meconium-stained amniotic fluid is the passage of meconium by a fetus in utero during the antenatal period or in labour. It has for long been considered to be a bad predictor of fetal distress and meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). The objective of this study was to find out the fetal outcome of MSAF and clear amniotic fluid. This cross- sectional comparative study was carried out in Upazilla Health Complex, Palash, Narshingdi from July 2016 to June 2017. A total of 100 pregnant women among them 50 women with MSAF and 50 women with clear liquor were studied to see the record of ANC, mode of delivery and fetal outcome by APGAR score. Study showed that among MSAF group 76.0% (n=38) had irregular ANC and 24.0% (n=12) had regular ANC whereas in clear liquor 86.0% (n=43) had regular ANC 14.0% had irregular ANC. Among MSAF (50 cases) thick meconium was in 20 cases (40.0%) and thin meconium was in 30 cases (60.0%). Regarding mode of delivery 52.0% (n=26) MSAF cases had instrumental delivery and Caesarean section compared to 24.0% (n=12) in clear liquor group. Regarding thick MSAF among 40.0% (n=20), (n=14) had low APGAR score and (n=6) had normal score at one minute and (n=9) low APGAR score and (n=11) normal score at five minutes. In clear liquor, among 100.0% (n=50), 20.0% (n=10) had low APGAR score and 80.0% (n=40) had normal score at one-minute and at five minutes 8.0% (n=4) had low APGAR score and 92.0% (n=46) had normal score. Among MSAF 26.0% (n=13) were admitted to SCBU compare to 12.0% (n=6) in clear liquor group. The mean SCBU stay was 3.1 days in MSAF whereas 1.2 days in clear liquor. Among MSAF babies 4.0% (n=2) had MAS compared to no MAS in clear liquor group. Regarding Survivalist 92.0% (n=46) were alive in MSAF whereas 100.0% all (n=50) were alive in clear liquor group.

Parasitic leiomyoma: a case report.

To report a case of parasitic myomas and examine associations and risk factors, a 35 years old lady presented with a lump in the lower abdomen in Bangladesh Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. Retrospective review was performed based on indications for surgery; types of prior surgeries; prior use of morcellation; and locations of parasitic myomas. Pathologic confirmation of specimen was obtained. Surgery performed by laparotomy. Myoma was found occupying the pelvis and upper abdomen. Parasitic myomas may occur spontaneously as pedunculated subserosal myomas lose their uterine blood supply and parasitize to other organs. More parasitic myomas may be iatrogenically created after surgery, particularly surgery using morcellation techniques. With increasing rates of laparoscopic procedures, surgeons should be aware of the potential for iatrogenic parasitic myoma formation, their likely increasing frequency, and intraoperative precautions should be taken to minimize occurrence of the type of myoma.

2,2-Dibenzyl-hydrazin-1-ium chloride.

In the title salt, C14H17N2(+)·Cl(-), the central N atom is pyramidal (sum of bond angles = 330.9°) and there is a near orthogonal relationship between the benzene rings [dihedral angle = 89.95 (10)°]. The crystal packing features N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, which lead to a supra-molecular undulating ribbon along the a axis comprising edge-shared eight-membered {⋯HNH⋯Cl}2 synthons. The chains are connected into layers in the ab plane by C-H⋯π inter-actions.

(Pyridin-4-yl)methyl N'-(3-phenyl-allyl-idene)hydrazinecarbodithio-ate.

In the title compound, C(16)H(15)N(3)S(2), the central C(2)N(2)S(2) residue is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.045 Å) and the pyridyl and benzene rings are inclined and approximately coplanar to this plane, respectively [dihedral angles = 72.85 (9) and 10.73 (9)°], so that, overall, the mol-ecule adopts an L-shape. The conformation about each of the N=C [1.290 (3) Å] and C=C [1.340 (3) Å] bonds is E. Supra-molecular chains along [1-10] are stabilized by N-H⋯N(pyridine) hydrogen bonding and these are connected into a double layer that stacks along the c-axis direction by C-H⋯π(pyridine) inter-actions.

Feeding difficulties in children with cerebral palsy: low-cost caregiver training in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: The majority of children with cerebral palsy have feeding difficulties, which, if not managed, result in stressful mealtimes, chronic malnutrition, respiratory disease, reduced quality of life for caregiver and child, and early death. In well-resourced countries, high- and low-cost medical interventions, ranging from gastrostomy tube feeding to caregiver training, are available. In resource-poor countries such as Bangladesh, the former is not viable and the latter is both scarce and its effectiveness not properly evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a low-cost, low-technology intervention to improve the feeding practices of carers of children with moderate-severe cerebral palsy and feeding difficulties in Bangladesh. METHODS: An opportunistic sample of 37 caregivers and their children aged 1-11 years were invited to a six-session training programme following an initial feeding assessment with brief advice. During home visits, pre- and post-measures of nutritional status, chest health and feeding-related stress were taken and feeding practices were observed. A control phase was evaluated for 20 of the participant pairs following initial assessment with advice, while awaiting full training. RESULTS: A minimum of four training sessions showed significant improvements in the children's respiratory health (P = 0.005), cooperation during mealtimes (P = 0.003) and overall mood (P < 0.001). Improvements in growth were inconsistent. Dramatic reductions were observed in caregiver stress (P < 0.001). A significant difference in the outcomes following advice only compared with advice plus training was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: In situations of poverty, compliance is restricted by lack of education, finances and time. Nonetheless, carers with minimal formal education, living in conditions of extreme poverty were able to change feeding practices after a short, low-cost training intervention, with highly positive consequences. The availability of affordable food supplementation for this population, however, requires urgent attention.

Comparative study between Pap smear and visual inspection using acetic acid as a method of cervical cancer screening.

This prospective study was done for the comparison of visual inspection using acetic acid (VIA) and Pap smear as a method of cervical cancer screening. This study was also done to determine the proportion of women screened positive with VIA and proportion of women screened positive with Pap smear. Another aim was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of VIA and Pap smear. A total of 300 women attended to the outpatient gynecologic clinic and cervical cancer screening programme at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) were included. On VIA, 23 out of 300 women screened had aceto-white lesions. On Pap smear, 14 out of the 300 women had ASCUS or worse lesions. Of the 300 enrolled women, 11 were positive on both VIA and cytology; 12 were positive on VIA only; and 3 were positive on cytology only. Those women (n=26) who showed positive test result with either VIA or Pap smear or both tests were further subjected to colposcopy directed biopsy. Histology was taken as gold standard to compare the performance of VIA and cytology (Pap's smear). Histological diagnosis of CIN/cancer was made in 18 Positive cases out of the total 26 patients who underwent biopsy. Pap smear picked up 10 out of the 18 biopsy-proven cases whereas VIA could identify 17 out of the 18 CIN/carcinoma cervices. VIA was more sensitive (94.44%) than pap smear (55.55%), which was statistically significant. However, the specificity of VIA was slightly lower (97.87%) than that of cytology (98.58%). The PPV of VIA was 73.91% versus 71.42 % for Pap smear.

Community acquired pneumonia in diabetic and non-diabetic hospitalized patients: presentation, causative pathogens and outcome.

Both community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and diabetes mellitus are common in Bangladesh. Though hospitalization of diabetic patients with CAP is increasing, data regarding their clinical presentation, microbial characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility and outcome are lacking. This study was aimed at finding any difference in clinical presentation, bacterial causes, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolated bacteria and outcome in diabetic and non-diabetic hospitalized patients with CAP. In this study total 47 diabetic and 43 non-diabetic adult hospitalized patients with CAP were enrolled. Clinical presentation of CAP differed in diabetics and non-diabetics. Frequency of atypical presentation and CURB-65 score were significantly higher in diabetics. Pleural effusion with multilobar infiltration was also common feature for CAP in diabetic patients. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequent causative pathogen for CAP in diabetic patients, whereas Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequent causative agent for non-diabetic patients. Bacteria isolated from sputum sample of diabetic patients with CAP were resistant to almost all recommended antibiotics used for CAP but 100% of isolates were sensitive to Carbapenems. Pulmonary complications were relatively more in diabetics than in non-diabetics. Hospitalized diabetics with CAP required referral to intensive care unit more than that of non-diabetics. So, diabetic patients with CAP need extra attention.

Bis{S-benzyl 3-[(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)methyl-idene]dithio-carbazato}nickel(II).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Ni(C(15)H(14)N(3)S(2))(2)], consists of two independent mol-ecules with similar configurations. Each Ni(2+) cation is coordinated in a cis-mode by two tridentate N,N',S-chelating Schiff base ligands, creating a distorted octa-hedron [the smallest angle being 77.57 (7)° and the widest being 168.97 (7)° for one mol-ecule, and 78.04 (7) and 167.55 (7)° for the second mol-ecule]. The dihedral angle between the mean coordination planes of the two ligands is 86.76 (7)° for one and 89.99 (7)° for the second mol-ecule. π-π inter-actions between neighbouring pyridine rings with plane-to-plane distances of 3.540 (1) and 3.704 (1) Šare observed.

2-Cyclo-hexyl-idene-N-methyl-hydrazine-carbothio-amide.

The title compound C(8)H(15)N(3)S has two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit in which cis-trans isomerism is exhibited around the N(NH)C=S bonds. The cyclo-hexyl rings in both mol-ecules adopt a chair conformation. In the crystal, N-H⋯S hydrogen bonding produces dimers, which are inter-connected through further N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the b-axis direction.