Fixed-target serial crystallography at the Structural Biology Center.

Serial synchrotron crystallography enables the study of protein structures under physiological temperature and reduced radiation damage by collection of data from thousands of crystals. The Structural Biology Center at Sector 19 of the Advanced Photon Source has implemented a fixed-target approach with a new 3D-printed mesh-holder optimized for sample handling. The holder immobilizes a crystal suspension or droplet emulsion on a nylon mesh, trapping and sealing a near-monolayer of crystals in its mother liquor between two thin Mylar films. Data can be rapidly collected in scan mode and analyzed in near real-time using piezoelectric linear stages assembled in an XYZ arrangement, controlled with a graphical user interface and analyzed using a high-performance computing pipeline. Here, the system was applied to two ß-lactamases: a class D serine ß-lactamase from Chitinophaga pinensis DSM 2588 and L1 metallo-ß-lactamase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia K279a.

Care erosion in sedation assessment: A prospective comparison of usual care Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale assessment with protocolized assessment for medical intensive care unit patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine concordance between an explicit protocolized assessment of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale and an assessment performed during usual care nursing practice. RESEARCH DESIGN: In an urban, safety-net hospital, intensive care nurses previously trained in sedation assessment recorded a bedside Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale assessment, while study investigators used an explicit script to perform the assessment at a similar time point. Kappa indices determined concordance of the assessments. Bivariate analyses explored factors associated with discordance and unresponsiveness. RESULTS: Twenty-one subjects with 38 observations were analysed. Bedside nursing assessment was poorly concordant with protocolized assessment (ƙ = 0.21) with the former reporting significantly lighter sedation (median -2 vs. -5, p = .01). Bedside assessment was significantly less likely than protocolized assessment to categorize subjects as unresponsive (29 vs. 50%, p = .02). CONCLUSION: Methods used in usual clinical practice to assess adequacy of sedation frequently led to oversedation. We propose that care erosion, the deterioration of skills over time, may help explain this finding. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Results suggest sedation assessment may be particularly vulnerable to care erosion. Nurse managers should monitor for signs of care erosion and consider utilization of explicit scripts during sedation assessment and/or frequent education to ensure sedation assessment accuracy.

Effect of Interhospital ICU Relocation on Patient Physiology and Clinical Outcomes.

Relocation of large numbers of critically ill patients between hospitals is sometimes necessary and the risks associated with relocation may be high. In the setting of adherence to an interhospital intensive care unit (ICU) relocation protocol, we aimed to determine whether the interhospital relocation of all ICU patients in a single day is associated with changes in vital signs, device removal, and worse clinical outcomes. We conducted a prospective, observational, cohort study of all critically ill adults admitted to a tertiary medical center's ICUs on the day of a planned hospital relocation and exposed to interhospital ICU relocation compared with unexposed critically ill adults. Changes in vital signs were evaluated by the before-and-after interhospital relocation measurement of vital signs, and clinical outcomes were collected for all patients. A total of 699 patients were admitted to the ICU during the observation period, 24 of whom were exposed to interhospital ICU relocation on a single day. The median interhospital transport duration was 28 minutes (interquartile range: 24-35) and 29% of patients were receiving invasive mechanical ventilation. Patients exposed to interhospital ICU relocation had no significant change in any vital sign measurement and no devices were unintentionally removed. Inhospital mortality was similar (8.3%) to patients not exposed to interhospital ICU relocation (9.2%, P > .99). In the setting of adherence to an ICU relocation protocol, the interhospital ICU relocation of all critically ill adults during a single day is not associated with changes in vital signs, device removal, or worse clinical outcomes.

Exercise and Cyclic Light Preconditioning Protect Against Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration and Evoke Similar Gene Expression Patterns.

To compare patterns of gene expression following preconditioning cyclic light rearing versus preconditioning aerobic exercise. BALB/C mice were preconditioned either by rearing in 800 lx 12:12 h cyclic light for 8 days or by running on treadmills for 9 days, exposed to toxic levels of light to cause light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD), then sacrificed and retinal tissue harvested. Subsets of mice were maintained for an additional 2 weeks and for assessment of retinal function by electroretinogram (ERG). Both preconditioning protocols partially but significantly preserved retinal function and morphology and induced similar leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) gene expression pattern. The data demonstrate that exercise preconditioning and cyclic light preconditioning protect photoreceptors against LIRD and evoke a similar pattern of retinal LIF gene expression. It may be that similar stress response pathways mediate the protection provided by the two preconditioning modalities.

The pharmacist's role in reducing infusion-related phlebitis.

PURPOSE: Pharmacists oversee parenteral drug preparation and administration in hospitals, clinics, infusion centers, and home infusion settings. Infusion-related phlebitis (IRP), the most common complication of intravenous infusion therapy, significantly impacts therapeutic outcomes, patient satisfaction, cost of care, and provider workload. Here we review the major etiologies of IRP and describe potential pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for preventing and managing the condition as well as for improving vascular access health in multiple-drug administration settings. SUMMARY: Many parenterally administered drugs cause phlebitis due to mechanical, chemical, or infectious etiologies. Pharmacists can recommend nonpharmacological strategies to mitigate phlebitis, including -judicious device selection and placement; adjustment of the drug concentration, flow rate, or formulation; infusion site rotation; and use of inline filters to minimize contaminant particulates. Pharmacological treatments for phlebitis include topical, local, and systemic anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents that can reduce symptom severity and prevent further treatment complications or delays. CONCLUSION: Pharmacists can contribute a unique perspective to interprofessional teams tasked with making policy and formulary decisions that minimize the negative impacts of IRP on drug delivery and patient outcomes.

Preparing Pharmacy Educators as Expedition Guides to Support Professional Identity Formation in Pharmacy Education.

Objective. To provide an educator-friendly travel guide for supporting pharmacy students' lifelong journey to professional identity formation.Findings. In contrast to professionalism, which has emphasized externally visible behaviors, professional identity focuses on the internalization of the attitudes, standards, and behavioral norms of a profession, such that one "thinks, acts, and feels" like a member of that profession. Identity, whether personal or professional, is continuously developed in part during interactions with others and in response to internal and external feedback on those interactions. Educators play a critical role in helping students navigate the "provocative moments" (eg, transitions, dissonance) that accompany identity formation. To help educators travel with purpose, several identity formation theories suggest means of creating learning experiences and supporting the development of a professional identity. Additionally, guidebooks for the trip (ie, published literature) provide examples of didactic and experiential teaching approaches that can be used to promote professional identity formation. While further exploration and research are necessary, traveling this journey with colleagues can help members of the Academy succeed in sustainably and effectively infusing intentional professional identity formation within pharmacy education and training.Summary. There are myriad ways for educators to develop and support professional identity formation, which can present a challenge when defining the role that educators play in this complex, dynamic process. Educators must understand the reasoning behind various approaches and the common dialogue used to engage and support learners as their expedition guides on the lifelong journey to professional identity formation.

More than Our Enemy: Making Space for the Microbiome in Pharmacy Education.

The microbiome is the collection of commensal microorganisms along with their genomes inhabiting the human body. Despite the many known beneficial effects of these microbes on human health, the 2016 ACPE Standards for Doctor of Pharmacy curricula describe Medical Microbiology in Appendix 1 with a pathogen-centered focus. Over the last twenty years, evolving biotechnology has enabled a deeper understanding of the microbiome in the context of both wellness and disease. Retail stores are allocating increasing shelf space to commercial probiotic products, while the approach to PharmD training on the selection and use of these natural care products remains static, creating a disproportionate footprint between PharmD curricula and consumer markets. Looking to the future of patient care, we brief pharmacy educators on the current evidence and invite discussion around a proposed revision to the 2025 ACPE Standards that would add language recognizing the beneficial role of the commensal microbiota and expanding therapeutic applications of microbiome supplementation. We suggest a variety of opportunities within Doctor of Pharmacy curricula as leverage points for including relevant aspects of the microbiome in the training of future pharmacists.

Creating Crosswalks for Knee Outcomes After ACL Reconstruction Between the KOOS and the IKDC-SKF.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) registries do not all use the same patient-reported outcome measures, limiting comparisons and preventing pooling of data for meta-analysis. Our objective was to create a statistical crosswalk to convert cohort and registry mean Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) to International Knee Documentation Committee-Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-SKF) scores and vice versa to allow these comparisons. METHODS: Data from 3 ACL registries were pooled (n = 14,412) and were separated into a training data set (70% of the sample) or a validation data set (30% of the sample). The KOOS and the IKDC-SKF scores were available prior to the operation and at 1, 2, and 5 or 6 years postoperatively. We used equipercentile equating methods to create crosswalks in the training data set and examined accuracy in the validation data set as well as bootstrapping analyses to assess the impact of sample size on accuracy. RESULTS: Preliminary analyses suggested that crosswalks could be attempted: large correlations between scores on the 2 measures (r = 0.84 to 0.94), unidimensionality of scores, and subpopulation invariance were deemed sufficient. When comparing actual scores with crosswalked scores in the validation data set, negligible bias was observed at the group level; however, individual score deviations were variable. The crosswalks are successful for the group level only. CONCLUSIONS: Our crosswalks successfully convert between the KOOS and the IKDC-SKF scores to allow for a group-level comparison of registry and other cohort data. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These crosswalks allow comparisons among different national ligament registries as well as other research cohorts and studies; they also allow data from different patient-reported outcome measures to be pooled for meta-analysis. These crosswalks have great potential to improve our understanding of recovery after ACL reconstruction and aid in our ongoing efforts to improve outcomes and patient satisfaction, as well as to allow the continued analysis of historical data.

Data collection from crystals grown in microfluidic droplets.

Protein crystals grown in microfluidic droplets have been shown to be an effective and robust platform for storage, transport and serial crystallography data collection with a minimal impact on diffraction quality. Single macromolecular microcrystals grown in nanolitre-sized droplets allow the very efficient use of protein samples and can produce large quantities of high-quality samples for data collection. However, there are challenges not only in growing crystals in microfluidic droplets, but also in delivering the droplets into X-ray beams, including the physical arrangement, beamline and timing constraints and ease of use. Here, the crystallization of two human gut microbial hydrolases in microfluidic droplets is described: a sample-transport and data-collection approach that is inexpensive, is convenient, requires small amounts of protein and is forgiving. It is shown that crystals can be grown in 50-500 pl droplets when the crystallization conditions are compatible with the droplet environment. Local and remote data-collection methods are described and it is shown that crystals grown in microfluidics droplets and housed as an emulsion in an Eppendorf tube can be shipped from the US to the UK using a FedEx envelope, and data can be collected successfully. Details of how crystals were delivered to the X-ray beam by depositing an emulsion of droplets onto a silicon fixed-target serial device are provided. After three months of storage at 4°C, the crystals endured and diffracted well, showing only a slight decrease in diffracting power, demonstrating a suitable way to grow crystals, and to store and collect the droplets with crystals for data collection. This sample-delivery and data-collection strategy allows crystal droplets to be shipped and set aside until beamtime is available.

Who is likely to help and hurt? Profiles of African American adolescents with prosocial and aggressive behavior.

Prosocial behavior and aggression among children and adolescents are important indicators of social and interpersonal competence. The goal of this study was to investigate whether there are different prototypes among African American adolescents that can help explain prosocial and aggressive (relational and overt) behaviors. Also of interest was whether these profiles differed for boys and girls. The selection of independent variables (e.g., empathy, anger management, normative beliefs about aggression, and ethnic identity) was guided by an information processing model of aggression and prosocial behaviors. The sample consisted of 789 (57% female) African American adolescents between the ages of 11 and 14. Cluster analysis produced three profiles that were similar for boys and girls. These were labeled "well-adjusted," "poorly adjusted," and "low identity." A fourth profile was labeled "low empathy" for girls and "poor anger management" for boys. These four clusters significantly differentiated who engaged in prosocial behavior and relational and overt aggression. Findings suggest that prevention programs may consider targeting well-adjusted youth to serve as peer modes. Additionally, programs that promote empathy, anger management, ethnic identity, and normative beliefs against aggression may be useful for reducing aggression and increasing prosocial behavior among poorly adjusted youth.

New perspectives on propofol allergy.

PURPOSE: Propofol is an intravenous sedative used in many patient populations and care settings. Although generally considered safe and effective, the drug has historically been avoided in patients with reported allergies to egg, soy, and/or peanut on the basis of the manufacturer's prescribing information. Concerns exist for potential adverse events, increased medication costs, reduced efficacy, and risk of medication errors when using alternative agents. Here we present a critical examination of the literature concerning cross-reactivity of food allergies with propofol to provide evidence-based recommendations for the evaluation and management of potential allergic reactions. SUMMARY: Literature regarding the history of propofol allergy warnings and clinical trial data were assessed to provide an alternative perspective on avoidance of propofol in patients with food allergies. Suspected trigger molecules are discussed, with evaluation of the antigenic potential of excipient ingredients used in the manufacture of multiple propofol formulations. Evidence-based recommendations are provided for pharmacist-led screening of adult patients with reported food allergies to support selection of propofol or alternative therapy. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of definitive evidence that propofol must be routinely avoided in patients with reported allergies to egg, soy, and/or peanut products. Data from clinical trials suggest that propofol is safe for patients with nonanaphylactic food allergies. Patients who do experience allergic reactions following administration of propofol should undergo further testing to definitively identify the specific trigger and prevent future unnecessary avoidance of preferred medication regimens. Pharmacists can play an important role in interviewing patients with reported food allergies to better determine the risk vs benefit of propofol avoidance.

Clinical, Functional, and Physical Activity Outcomes 5 Years Following the Treatment Algorithm of the Delaware-Oslo ACL Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries can be treated with or without ACL reconstruction (ACLR), and more high-quality studies evaluating outcomes after the different treatment courses are needed. The purpose of the present study was to describe and compare 5-year clinical, functional, and physical activity outcomes for patients who followed our decision-making and treatment algorithm and chose (1) early ACLR with preoperative and postoperative rehabilitation, (2) delayed ACLR with preoperative and postoperative rehabilitation, or (3) progressive rehabilitation alone. Early ACLR was defined as that performed ≤6 months after the preoperative rehabilitation program, and late ACLR was defined as that performed >6 months after the preoperative rehabilitation program. METHODS: We included 276 patients from a prospective cohort study. The patients had been active in jumping, pivoting, and cutting sports before the injury and sustained a unilateral ACL injury without substantial concomitant knee injuries. The patients chose their treatment through a shared decision-making process. At 5 years, we assessed the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-SKF), Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Marx Activity Rating Scale, sports participation, quadriceps muscle strength, single-legged hop performance, and new ipsilateral and contralateral knee injuries. RESULTS: The 5-year follow-up rate was 80%. At 5 years, 64% of the patients had undergone early ACLR, 11% had undergone delayed ACLR, and 25% had had progressive rehabilitation alone. Understandably, the choices that participants made differed by age, concomitant injuries, symptoms, and predominantly level-I versus level-II preinjury activity level. There were no significant differences in any clinical, functional, or physical activity outcomes among the treatment groups. Across treatment groups, 95% to 100% of patients were still active in some kind of sports and 65% to 88% had IKDC-SKF and KOOS scores above the threshold for a patient acceptable symptom state. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ACL injury who were active in jumping, pivoting, and cutting sports prior to injury; who had no substantial concomitant knee injuries; and who followed our decision-making and treatment algorithm had good 5-year knee function and high sport participation rates. Three of 4 patients had undergone ACLR within 5 years. There were no significant differences in any outcomes among patients treated with early ACLR, delayed ACLR, or progressive rehabilitation alone. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

A Pathway to Professional Identity Formation: Report of the 2020-2021 AACP Student Affairs Standing Committee.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Professional identity formation (PIF) involves internalizing and demonstrating the behavioral norms, standards, and values of a professional community, such that one comes to "think, act and feel" like a member of that community. Professional identity influences how a professional perceives, explains, presents and conducts themselves. This report of the 2020-2021 AACP Student Affairs Standing Committee (SAC) describes the benefits of a strong professional identity, including its importance in advancing practice transformation. Responding to a recommendation from the 2019-2020 SAC, this report presents an illustrative and interpretative schema as an initial step towards describing a pharmacist's identity. However, the profession must further elucidate a universal and distinctive pharmacist identity, in order to better support pharmacists and learners in explaining and presenting the pharmacist's scope of practice and opportunities for practice change. Additionally, the report outlines recommendations for integrating intentional professional identity formation within professional curricula at colleges and schools of pharmacy. Although there is no standardized, single way to facilitate PIF in students, the report explores possibilities for meeting the student support and faculty development needs of an emerging new emphasis on PIF within the Academy.

A Review of the Quality Indicators of Rigor in Qualitative Research.

Attributes of rigor and quality and suggested best practices for qualitative research design as they relate to the steps of designing, conducting, and reporting qualitative research in health professions educational scholarship are presented. A research question must be clear and focused and supported by a strong conceptual framework, both of which contribute to the selection of appropriate research methods that enhance trustworthiness and minimize researcher bias inherent in qualitative methodologies. Qualitative data collection and analyses are often modified through an iterative approach to answering the research question. Researcher reflexivity, essentially a researcher's insight into their own biases and rationale for decision-making as the study progresses, is critical to rigor. This article reviews common standards of rigor, quality scholarship criteria, and best practices for qualitative research from design through dissemination.

Positive association between neighborhood retail alcohol outlet access and hospital admissions for alcohol withdrawal syndrome in New Orleans.

Objectives: We used treatment for alcohol withdrawal syndrome as an objective surrogate marker to investigate the relationship between alcohol-related health outcomes and home neighborhood alcohol outlet density and alcohol advertising density.Methods: Mixed effects logistic regression examined whether alcohol outlet density or alcohol advertisement density within either one-quarter mile or one-half mile of individuals' home address was associated with treatment for alcohol withdrawal.Results: Adjusted models showed outlet and advertising density, particularly off-sale outlet density within one-quarter mile of the home, increased the risk of hospital admission for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AOR = 1.15).Conclusion/impact: These data inform public policy initiatives to reduce the harmful effects of alcohol by regulating the neighborhood alcohol environment.

Comparing the Responsiveness of the Global Rating Scale With Legacy Knee Outcome Scores: A Delaware-Oslo Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The selection of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) is essential for obtaining meaningful information to treat a patient, determine a plan of care, and make clinical decisions; however, the process of selecting PROMs for clinical care is difficult, with the need to balance these multiple factors. Variation makes it difficult to compare data across providers and studies. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: The purpose was to determine the responsiveness of 4 PROMs via effect size and the presence of a ceiling effect in the 5 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). We hypothesized that the single-item Global Rating Scale (GRS) would have an effect size and ceiling effect similar to the commonly used legacy PROMs. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: Of the 300 participants, 218 had ACLR, completed postoperative progressive criterion-based rehabilitation early after surgery, and were followed for 5 years. We collected data based on the GRS, the Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living Scale (KOS-ADLS), the International Knee Documentation Committee-Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-SKF), and the KOOS (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) before and after training and at 6, 12, 24, and 60 months after ACLR. RESULTS: The IKDC-SKF had the largest effect sizes and lowest ceiling effects. The GRS had a similar size and change in both effect size and ceiling effect when compared with the longer PROMs. The GRS and IKDC-SKF had a correlation of 0.72, and the GRS had a minimal detectable change of 2.9 or 4.8, depending on methodology. CONCLUSION: The GRS responded similarly to the IKDC-SKF, KOS-ADLS, and KOOS and was responsive to patient change. The ease of use and patient-specific nature of the question means that it may be appropriate to use the GRS in clinical care as a consistent measure throughout the course of rehabilitation.

Meniscus or Cartilage Injury at the Time of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear Is Associated With Worse Prognosis for Patient-Reported Outcome 2 to 10 Years After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To assess prognostic factors for patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and physical activity 2 to 10 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) or anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, and (2) to assess differences in prognostic factors between patients treated with ACLR and with rehabilitation alone. DESIGN: Prognosis systematic review. LITERATURE SEARCH: Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: We selected prospective cohort studies and randomized clinical trials that included adults or adolescents undergoing either ACLR or rehabilitation alone after ACL rupture. Studies had to assess the statistical association between potential prognostic factors (factors related to patient characteristics, injury, or knee symptoms/function measured at baseline or within 1 year) and outcomes (PROMs and physical activity). DATA SYNTHESIS: Our search yielded 997 references. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies with low or moderate risk of bias remained for data synthesis. RESULTS: Moderate-certainty evidence indicated that concomitant meniscus and cartilage injuries were prognostic factors for worse PROMs 2 to 10 years after ACLR. Very low-certainty evidence suggested that body mass index, smoking, and baseline PROMs were prognostic factors for worse outcome. Very low-certainty evidence suggested that female sex and a worse baseline Marx Activity Rating Scale score were prognostic factors for a worse Marx Activity Rating Scale score 2 to 10 years after ACLR. There was a lack of studies on prognostic factors after rehabilitation alone. CONCLUSION: Concomitant meniscus and cartilage injuries were prognostic factors for worse long-term PROMs after ACLR. The certainty was very low for other prognostic factors. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(9):490-502. Epub 1 Aug 2020. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.9451.

A Secondary Injury Prevention Program May Decrease Contralateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Athletes: 2-Year Injury Rates in the ACL-SPORTS Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the addition of perturbation training to a secondary injury prevention program reduces the rate of second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury compared to the prevention program alone. DESIGN: Single-blinded randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Thirty-nine female athletes who intended to return to cutting/pivoting sports were enrolled 3 to 9 months after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Athletes were randomized to receive a training program of either progressive strengthening, agility, plyometrics, and prevention (SAPP) (n = 20) or SAPP plus perturbation training (n = 19); each had 10 sessions over 5 weeks. Occurrence and side of second ACL injury were recorded for 2 years after primary ACLR. RESULTS: There were 9 second ACL injuries in the 2 years after ACLR. There was no statistically significant difference in rate or side of second ACL injury between the SAPP-plus-perturbation training and SAPP groups. CONCLUSION: Adding perturbation training to a secondary ACL injury prevention program did not affect the rate of second ACL injury in female athletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(9):523-530. Epub 1 Aug 2020. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.9407.

Report of the 2019-2020 AACP Student Affairs Standing Committee.

The 2019-2020 Student Affairs Standing Committee addressed charges related to professional identity formation (PIF) in order to set direction and propose action steps consistent with Priority #3.4 of the AACP Strategic Plan, which states "Academic-practice partnerships and pharmacist-involved practice models that lead to the progress of Interprofessional Practice (IPP) are evident and promoted at all colleges and schools of pharmacy." To this end, the committee was charged to 1) outline key elements of PIF, 2) explore the relationship between formal curricular learning activities and co- or extra-curricular activities in supporting PIF, 3) determine the degree to which there is evidence that strong PIF is embedded in student pharmacists' educational experience, and 4) define strategies and draft an action plan for AACP's role in advancing efforts of schools to establish strong PIF in pharmacy graduates. This report describes work of the committee in exploring PIF and provides resources and background information relative to the charges. The committee offers several suggestions and recommendations for both immediate and long-term action by AACP and members to achieve goals related to integrating PIF into pharmacy education. The committee proposes a policy statement relative to the committee charges. Furthermore, the report calls upon the profession to develop a unified identity and incorporate support for PIF into pharmacy education, training, and practice.