Recent Development in Metallic Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis.

Metal-based nanoparticles are very promising for their applications in cancer diagnosis, drug delivery and therapy. Breast cancer is the major reason of death in woman especially in developed countries including EU and USA. Due to the heterogeneity of cancer cells, nanoparticles are effective as therapeutics and diagnostics. Anti-cancer therapy of breast tumors is challenging because of highly metastatic progression of the disease to brain, bone, lung, and liver. Magnetic nanoparticles are crucial for metastatic breast cancer detection and protection. This review comprehensively discusses the application of nanomaterials as breast cancer therapy, therapeutics, and diagnostics.

Recent Advances in Synthesis and Applications of Single-Atom Catalysts for Rechargeable Batteries.

The rapid development of flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices, demanding the superior, reliable, and ultra-long cycling energy storage systems. But poor performances of electrode materials used in energy devices are main obstacles. Recently, single-atom catalysts (SACs) are considered as emerging and potential candidates as electrode materials for battery devices. Herein, we have discussed the recent methods for the fabrication of SACs for rechargeable metal-air batteries, metal-CO2 batteries, metal-sulfur batteries, and other batteries, following the recent advances in assembling and performance of these batteries by using SACs as electrode materials. The role of SACs to solve the bottle-neck problems of these energy storage devices and future perspectives are also discussed.

Monoclonal Antibody 2C5-Modified Mixed Dendrimer Micelles for Tumor-Targeted Codelivery of Chemotherapeutics and siRNA.

Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics to tumors has the potential to reach a high dose at the tumor while minimizing systemic exposure. Incorporation of antibody within a micellar platform represents a drug delivery system for tumor-targeted delivery of antitumor agents. Such modified immunomicelles can result in an increased accumulation of antitumor agents and enhanced cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. Here, mixed dendrimer micelles (MDM) composed of PEG2k-DOPE-conjugated generation 4 polyamidoamine dendrimer G4-PAMAM-PEG2k-DOPE and PEG5k-DOPE were coloaded with doxorubicin and siMDR-1. This formulation was further modified with monoclonal antibodies 2C5 with nucleosome-restricted specificity that effectively recognized cancer cells via the cell-surface-bound nucleosomes. Micelles with attached 2C5 antibodies significantly enhanced cellular association and tumor killing in both monolayer and spheroid tumor models as well as in vivo in experimental animals compared to the nontargeted formulations.

siRNA based drug design, quality, delivery and clinical translation.

Gene silencing by RNA interference represents a promising therapeutic approach. The development of carriers, e.g., polymers, lipids, peptides, antibodies, aptamers, small molecules, exosome and red blood cells, is crucial for the systemic delivery of siRNA. Cell-specific targeting ligands in the nano-carriers can improve the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and selectivity of siRNA therapeutics. The safety, effectiveness, quality and prosperity of production and manufacturing are important considerations for selecting the appropriate siRNA carriers. Efficacy of systemic delivery of siRNA requires considerations of trafficking through the blood, off-target effects, innate immune response and endosomal escape avoiding lysosomal degradation for entering into RNAi process. Multifunctional nanocarriers with stimuli-responsive properties such as pH, magnetic and photo-sensitive segments can enhance the efficacy of siRNA delivery. The improved preclinical characterization of suitable siRNA drugs, good laboratory practice, that reduce the differences between in vitro and in vivo results may increase the success of siRNA drugs in clinical settings.

Enhancing the Performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Using Silver Nanoparticles Modified Photoanode.

In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized, and applied to a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) to enhance the efficiency of solar cells. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized with UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The silver nanoparticles infused titanium dioxide film was also characterized by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The performance of DSSC fabricated with silver nanoparticle-modified photoanode was compared with that of a control group. The current and voltage characteristics of the devices as well as the electrochemical impedance measurements were also carried out to assess the performance of the fabricated solar cells. The solar-to-electric efficiency of silver nanoparticles based DSSC was 1.76%, which is quite remarkable compared to the 0.98% realized for DSSC fabricated without silver nanoparticles.

3,14-Diethyl-2,13-di-aza-6,17-diazonia-tri-cyclo-[16.4.0.0(7,12)]docosane dichloride tetra-hydrate from synchrotron radiation.

The asymmetric unit of title hydrated salt, C22H46N4 (2+)·2Cl(-)·4H2O, comprises half a centrosymmetric dication, one Cl(-) anion and two water mol-ecules of crystallization. The structure determination reveals that protonation has occurred at diagonally opposite amine N atoms, and that the dication features intra-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, a three-dimensional artchitecture is formed by O-H⋯Cl/N and N-H⋯Cl/O hydrogen bonds.

Biopolymer-Based Nanosystems for siRNA Drug Delivery to Solid Tumors including Breast Cancer.

Nanobiopolymers such as chitosan, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, polyglutamic acid, lipids, peptides, exosomes, etc., delivery systems have prospects to help overwhelmed physiological difficulties allied with the delivery of siRNA drugs to solid tumors, including breast cancer cells. Nanobiopolymers have favorable stimuli-responsive properties and therefore can be utilized to improve siRNA delivery platforms to undruggable MDR metastatic cancer cells. These biopolymeric siRNA drugs can shield drugs from pH degradation, extracellular trafficking, and nontargeted binding sites and are consequently suitable for drug internalization in a controlled-release fashion. In this review, the utilization of numerous biopolymeric compounds such as siRNA drug delivery systems for MDR solid tumors, including breast cancers, will be discussed.

Advances in Targeted Therapy of Breast Cancer with Antibody-Drug Conjugate.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a potential and promising therapy for a wide variety of cancers, including breast cancer. ADC-based drugs represent a rapidly growing field of breast cancer therapy. Various ADC drug therapies have progressed over the past decade and have generated diverse opportunities for designing of state-of-the-art ADCs. Clinical progress with ADCs for the targeted therapy of breast cancer have shown promise. Off-target toxicities and drug resistance to ADC-based therapy have hampered effective therapy development due to the intracellular mechanism of action and limited antigen expression on breast tumors. However, innovative non-internalizing ADCs targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME) component and extracellular payload delivery mechanisms have led to reduced drug resistance and enhanced ADC effectiveness. Novel ADC drugs may deliver potent cytotoxic agents to breast tumor cells with reduced off-target effects, which may overcome difficulties related to delivery efficiency and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of cytotoxic cancer drugs for breast cancer therapy. This review discusses the development of ADC-based targeted breast cancer therapy and the clinical translation of ADC drugs for breast cancer treatment.

Advances with Lipid-Based Nanosystems for siRNA Delivery to Breast Cancers.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women. Breast cancer is also the key reason for worldwide cancer-related deaths among women. The application of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based drugs to combat breast cancer requires effective gene silencing in tumor cells. To overcome the challenges of drug delivery to tumors, various nanosystems for siRNA delivery, including lipid-based nanoparticles that protect siRNA from degradation for delivery to cancer cells have been developed. These nanosystems have shown great potential for efficient and targeted siRNA delivery to breast cancer cells. Lipid-based nanosystems remain promising as siRNA drug delivery carriers for effective and safe cancer therapy including breast cancer. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encapsulating siRNA enable efficient and specific silencing of oncogenes in breast tumors. This review discusses a variety of lipid-based nanosystems including cationic lipids, sterols, phospholipids, PEG-lipid conjugates, ionizable liposomes, exosomes for effective siRNA drug delivery to breast tumors, and the clinical translation of lipid-based siRNA nanosystems for solid tumors.

Approaches to Improve EPR-Based Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis.

The innovative development of nanomedicine has promised effective treatment options compared to the standard therapeutics for cancer therapy. However, the efficiency of EPR-targeted nanodrugs is not always pleasing as it is strongly prejudiced by the heterogeneity of the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR). Targeting the dynamics of the EPR effect and improvement of the therapeutic effects of nanotherapeutics by using EPR enhancers is a vital approach to developing cancer therapy. Inadequate data on the efficacy of EPR in humans hampers the clinical translation of cancer drugs. Molecular targeting, physical amendment, or physiological renovation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial approaches for improving the EPR effect. Advanced imaging technologies for the visualization of EPR-induced nanomedicine distribution in tumors, and the use of better animal models, are necessary to enhance the EPR effect. This review discusses strategies to enhance EPR effect-based drug delivery approaches for cancer therapy and imaging technologies for the diagnosis of EPR effects. The effort of studying the EPR effect is beneficial, as some of the advanced nanomedicine-based EPR-enhancing approaches are currently undergoing clinical trials, which may be helpful to improve EPR-induced drug delivery and translation to clinics.

Recent Advances with Precision Medicine Treatment for Breast Cancer including Triple-Negative Sub-Type.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with different molecular subtypes. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of mortality in woman due to rapid metastasis and disease recurrence. Precision medicine remains an essential source to lower the off-target toxicities of chemotherapeutic agents and maximize the patient benefits. This is a crucial approach for a more effective treatment and prevention of disease. Precision-medicine methods are based on the selection of suitable biomarkers to envision the effectiveness of targeted therapy in a specific group of patients. Several druggable mutations have been identified in breast cancer patients. Current improvements in omics technologies have focused on more precise strategies for precision therapy. The development of next-generation sequencing technologies has raised hopes for precision-medicine treatment strategies in breast cancer (BC) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Targeted therapies utilizing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (EGFRi), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), oncolytic viruses (OVs), glucose transporter-1 inhibitor (GLUT1i), and targeting signaling pathways are potential treatment approaches for BC and TNBC. This review emphasizes the recent progress made with the precision-medicine therapy of metastatic breast cancer and TNBC.

Mechanisms of Resistance and Current Treatment Options for Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM).

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive form of brain cancer that is difficult to treat due to its resistance to both radiation and chemotherapy. This resistance is largely due to the unique biology of GBM cells, which can evade the effects of conventional treatments through mechanisms such as increased resistance to cell death and rapid regeneration of cancerous cells. Additionally, the blood-brain barrier makes it difficult for chemotherapy drugs to reach GBM cells, leading to reduced effectiveness. Despite these challenges, there are several treatment options available for GBM. The standard of care for newly diagnosed GBM patients involves surgical resection followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Emerging treatments include immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors, and targeted therapies, such as bevacizumab, that attempt to attack specific vulnerabilities in GBM cells. Another promising approach is the use of tumor-treating fields, a type of electric field therapy that has been shown to slow the growth of GBM cells. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these and other innovative treatments for GBM, intending to improve with outcomes for patients.

{3,14-Dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetra-aza-tricyclo-[16.4.0.0]docosane-κN,N',N'',N''')bis-(nitrato-κO)copper(II).

The Cu(II) atom in the title compound, [Cu(NO(3))(2)(C(20)H(40)N(4))], is N,N',N'',N'''-chelated by the macrocyclic ligand: the four N atoms form a square, above and below which are located the O atoms of the nitrate ions. The metal atom exists in a tetra-gonally distorted octa-hedron, on a special position of [Formula: see text] site symmetry. One of the amino groups is hydrogen bonded to an O atom of the nitrate ion. The other amino group is hydrogen bonded to O atom of an adjacent mol-ecule, generating a supra-molecular dimeric hydrogen-bonded dinuclear aggregate.

Bis[trans-dichloridobis(propane-1,3-diamine-κ(2)N,N')chromium(III)] tetra-chloridozincate determined using synchrotron radiation.

In the title compound, [CrCl(2)(C(3)H(10)N(2))(2)](2)[ZnCl(4)], the Cr(III) atom is coordinated by four N atoms of propane-1,3-diamine (tn) and two Cl atoms in a trans arrangement, displaying a distorted octa-hedral geometry with crystallographic inversion symmetry; the Zn atom in the [ZnCl(4)](2-) anion lies on a -4 axis. The orientations of the two six-membered chelate rings in the complex cation are in an anti chair-chair conformation with respect to each other. The Cr-N bond lengths are 2.087 (6) and 2.097 (6) Å. The Cr-Cl and Zn-Cl bond lengths are 2.3151 (16) and 2.3255 (13) Å, respectively. Weak inter-molecular hydrogen bonds involving the tn NH(2) groups as donors and chloride ligands of the anion and cation as acceptors are observed.

3,14-Dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetra-aza-tricyclo-[16.4.0.0]docosa-ne-(naphthalen-1-yl)methanol (1/2).

In the title co-crystal, C(20)H(40)N(4)·2C(11)H(10)O, the macrocycle is generated by a crystallographic inversion centre. The N atoms show a pyramidal coordination, and the cyclo-hexane ring that is fused to the 14-membered C(10)N(4) ring exists in a chair conformation, whereas the methyl substituent occupies an axial site. The (naphthalen-1-yl)methanol mol-ecule forms an O-H⋯N hydrogen bond to a cyclam N atom. The mean-square-plane passing through the 14-membered ring is approximately coplanar with the naphthalene fused-ring [dihedral angle = 6.6 (1)°].

Advances with metal oxide-based nanoparticles as MDR metastatic breast cancer therapeutics and diagnostics.

Metal oxide nanoparticles have attracted increased attention due to their emerging applications in cancer detection and therapy. This study envisioned to highlight the great potential of metal oxide NPs due to their interesting properties including high payload, response to magnetic field, affluence of surface modification to overcome biological barriers, and biocompatibility. Mammogram, ultrasound, X-ray computed tomography (CT), MRI, positron emission tomography (PET), optical or fluorescence imaging are used for breast imaging. Drug-loaded metal oxide nanoparticle delivered to the breast cancer cells leads to higher drug uptake. Thus, enhanced the cytotoxicity to target cells compared to free drug. The drug loaded metal oxide nanoparticle formulations hold great promise to enhance efficacy of breast cancer therapy including multidrug resistant (MDR) and metastatic breast cancers. Various metal oxides including magnetic metal oxides and magnetosomes are of current interests to explore cancer drug delivery and diagnostic efficacy especially for metastatic breast cancer. Metal oxide-based nanocarrier formulations are promising for their usage in drug delivery and release to breast cancer cells, cancer diagnosis and their clinical translations.

2,13-Dibenzyl-5,16-diethyl-2,6,13,17-tetra-aza-tricyclo-[16.4.0.0]docosan-2-ium nitrate.

One of the tertiary amine atoms has been protonated in the title salt, C(36)H(57)N(4) (+)·NO(3) (-). The four N atoms of the macrocycle are almost coplanar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0053 Å), a result correlated with the formation of intra-molecular N-H⋯N and N-H⋯(N,N) hydrogen bonds. With respect to this plane, the benzyl groups lie to either side; a similar arrangement pertains for the cyclo-hexyl rings (each with a chair conformation). Helical supra-molecular chains are evident in the crystal, whereby alternating cations and anions are linked by C-H⋯O inter-actions. The chains are consolidated into supra-molecular arrays in the ab plane via C-H⋯π contacts involving both benzene rings.

Neutrophils as an emerging therapeutic target and tool for cancer therapy.

Activation of neutrophils is necessary for the protection of the host against microbial infection. This property can be used as mode of therapy for cancer treatment. Neutrophils have conflicting dual functions in cancer as either a tumor promoter or inhibitor. Neutrophil-based drug delivery has achieved increased attention in pre-clinical models. This review addresses in detail the different neutrophil constituents, the conflicting function of neutrophils and activation of the neutrophil as an important target of therapy for cancer treatment, and use of neutrophils or neutrophil membrane-derived vesicles as vehicles for drug delivery and targeting.

Advances in siRNA delivery strategies for the treatment of MDR cancer.

RNA interference (RNAi) represents a promising therapeutic method that uses siRNA for cancer treatment. Although the RNAi technique has been increasingly used for clinical trials, systemic siRNA delivery into targeted cells is still challenging. The barriers impeding siRNA therapeutics delivery and impacting the treatment outcome must overcome with negligible systemic toxicity for a desirable and successful delivery of siRNA to MDR cancer cells. Nano delivery strategies have been investigated for nanocarrier functionalization, cancer immunotherapy and cancer targeting. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), dynamic polyconjugates (DPC™), GalNAc-siRNA conjugates, exosome and RBC systems have shown potential for efficient delivery of siRNA to cancer cells. Delivery of siRNA to tumor cells, immune cells to regulate T cell functions for immunotherapy are promising approaches.

Recent Advances in Tumor Targeting via EPR Effect for Cancer Treatment.

Cancer causes the second-highest rate of death world-wide. A major shortcoming inherent in most of anticancer drugs is their lack of tumor selectivity. Nanodrugs for cancer therapy administered intravenously escape renal clearance, are unable to penetrate through tight endothelial junctions of normal blood vessels and remain at a high level in plasma. Over time, the concentration of nanodrugs builds up in tumors due to the EPR effect, reaching several times higher than that of plasma due to the lack of lymphatic drainage. This review will address in detail the progress and prospects of tumor-targeting via EPR effect for cancer therapy.