[Access barriers to occupational risk coverage in service provision contracts in the public health sector in Bogotá]. / Barreras de acceso a la cobertura de riesgos laborales en contratos de prestación de servicios en el sector público de salud en Bogotá.

Objective To identify access barriers to the General System for Occupational Risks (SGRL in Spanish) in a group of independent professionals (contracted with service provision contraction) in the public health sector in Bogotá. Methodology Qualitative research (narrative) through interviews of four independent professionals of the Secretaría Distrital de Salud (District Health Secretariat), 4 independent professionals of Tunjuelito Hospital and 3 experts in the field of occupational risks. The content analysis paradigm was used for information analysis. Results The two institutions of the public health sector in Bogotá consulted have implemented strategies that facilitate the access to the SGRL for independent professionals. However, the interviewed workers and experts identified some access barriers membership for independent workers in this occupational risk system; among these barriers are the lack of a culture of occupation risk prevention, lack of knowledge about laws and the utility of the system as well as the non-conception of the SGRL as a fundamental part of the social security system of the country. Conclusion It is necessary for the SGRL to be recognized as an integral and fundamental part of the country's social security. This depends on a cultural construction of the importance of an occupational risk system among the state organizations, employers and employees.

[The 20th century legal framework regarding risk at work and occupational health in Colombia]. / Marco legal de los riesgos profesionales y la salud ocupacional en Colombia, Siglo XX.

OBJECTIVE: Analyzing the 20th century Colombian legal framework from the point of view of labor law, social security and public health for identifying concepts regarding occupational health and professional risk and trying to establish convergence and differences between such foci and whether they fulfilled a complementary view. METHOD: This work involved documentary research by means of thematic categorical analysis of the laws and statutes promulgated in 20th century Colombia, considering the main element or entity which should have regulated that related to professional risk or occupational health. RESULTS: The development of the 20th century Colombian legal framework regarding health at work was periodized, revealing the predominance of a view of social law focused on protecting dependent workers' work-related risks, as part of a tendency extending to the Colombian Sistema General de Riesgos Laborales. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed stages used for organizing the legal framework concerning social security regarding professional risk and occupational health facilitated some important elements being recognized concerning the social, legal and institutional context from which workers' health laws emerged. Tension was noted concerning statutes orientated towards redress and compensation regarding accidents at work and legislation emphasizing prevention.

[Evaluating public policy regarding the concept of healthy schools in Colombia: the formulation phase (1999-2006)]. / Evaluación de la política pública de escuela saludable en Colombia: fase de formulación (1999-2006).

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating public policy formulation regarding the concept of healthy schools in Colombia, 1999 to 2006. METHODS: This study involved qualitative research aimed at analysing the cycle of public policy. The main strategies used were collecting information, a documental review of secondary sources and holding semi-structured interviews (primary source). Thematic content was analysed. RESULTS: Two moments were identified regarding the formulation of policy or guidelines for the "Healthy schools in Colombia" strategy. The first was related to the publication of a document entitled, "A healthy school: the joy of living in peace," whose content was aimed at presenting national guidelines for implementing such policy whilst the second (following the enactment of the United Nations' Millennium Declaration) was an attempt at promoting housing and healthcare policy. The results were seen in terms of categories for integrating information regarding standards, observing pertinent actors, relationships, problems, objectives, lines of action and time-lines regarding policy and decision-making time-frames. CONCLUSIONS: The idea of a healthy school has not been a priority in the Colombian state's public policy, in spite of having been a state commitment in line with PAHO/WHO's stated policy, commitments promised by high officials during international meetings and representing a crucial strategy for achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDG).

Barreras de acceso a la cobertura de riesgos laborales en contratos de prestación de servicios en el sector público de salud en Bogotá / Access barriers to occupational risk coverage in service provision contracts in the public health sector in Bogotá

Objetivo Identificar barreras de acceso al Sistema General de Riesgos Laborales (SGRL) de Colombia en un grupo de profesionales independientes (contratados por prestación de servicios) del sector público de salud en Bogotá. Metodología Investigación cualitativa (narrativa) mediante entrevistas a 4 profesionales independientes de la Secretaria Distrital de Salud, 4 profesionales independientes del Hospital de Tunjuelito y 3 expertos en riesgos profesionales. Para el manejo de la información se utilizó el análisis de contenido. Resultados Enlas dos instituciones consultadas del sector público de salud en Bogotá se han adelantado estrategias que facilitan el acceso a la seguridad social en riesgos laborales de los trabajadores independientes. Sin embargo, los trabajadores y los expertos entrevistados identifican una serie de barreras de acceso que se presentan para la afiliación de los trabajadores independientes al Sistema General de Riesgos Laborales, entre estas barreras de acceso están la falta de cultura de la prevención ante los riesgos laborales, el desconocimiento sobre la normatividad y utilidad del sistema y la no concepción del mismo como parte fundamental del sistema de seguridad social del país. Conclusiones Es necesario que el Sistema General de Riesgos Laborales sea entendido como parte integral y fundamental de la seguridad social del país, lo cual depende de una construcción cultural sobre la importancia de un sistema de riesgos laborales en las organizaciones estatales, los empleadores y los empleados.(AU)

Objective To identify access barriers to the General System for Occupational Risks (SGRL in Spanish) in a group of independent professionals (contracted with service provision contraction) in the public health sector in Bogotá. Methodology Qualitative research (narrative) through interviews of four independent professionals of the Secretaría Distrital de Salud (District Health Secretariat), 4 independent professionals of Tunjuelito Hospital and 3 experts in the field of occupational risks. The content analysis paradigm was used for information analysis. Results The two institutions of the public health sector in Bogotá consulted have implemented strategies that facilitate the access to the SGRL for independent professionals. However, the interviewed workers and experts identified some access barriers membership for independent workers in this occupational risk system; among these barriers are the lack of a culture of occupation risk prevention, lack of knowledge about laws and the utility of the system as well as the non-conception of the SGRL as a fundamental part of the social security system of the country. Conclusion It is necessary for the SGRL to be recognized as an integral and fundamental part of the country's social security. This depends on a cultural construction of the importance of an occupational risk system among the state organizations, employers and employees.(AU)

Marco legal de los riesgos profesionales y la salud ocupacional en Colombia, Siglo XX / The 20th century legal framework regarding risk at work and occupational health in Colombia

Objetivo Analizar la normativa emitida en Colombia desde la perspectiva del derecho del trabajo, la seguridad social y la salud pública en el siglo XX, para identificar las concepciones en torno a la salud ocupacional y los riesgos profesionales, estableciendo las convergencias y diferencias que existen entre cada una de estas líneas y si responden o no a una visión complementaria. Método Investigación documental, mediante un análisis categorial temático de las reglamentaciones y estatutos promulgados en el siglo XX en Colombia, considerando el elemento o materia principal que se encarguen de regular relacionado con los riesgos profesionales o la salud ocupacional. Resultados Se construyó una periodización del desarrollo normativo en salud laboral en el país en el siglo XX, permitiendo evidenciar el predominio histórico de la visión del derecho social, que se concentra en la protección de los riesgos profesionales de los trabajadores dependientes, como una tendencia que se extiende hasta el Sistema General de Riesgos Laborales. Conclusiones Las etapas propuestas como eje ordenador de la normativa en riesgos profesionales y salud ocupacional posibilitan reconocer elementos trascendentales del contexto social, legal e institucional en el que emergieron tales reglamentaciones preocupadas por la salud de los trabajadores, advirtiéndose una tensión histórica entre las preceptivas dirigidas a la reparación y compensación de las contingencias relacionadas con el trabajo y aquellas directrices con una orientación preventiva.(AU)

Objective Analyzing the 20th century Colombian legal framework from the point of view of labor law, social security and public health for identifying concepts regarding occupational health and professional risk and trying to establish convergence and differences between such foci and whether they fulfilled a complementary view. Method This work involved documentary research by means of thematic categorical analysis of the laws and statutes promulgated in 20th century Colombia, considering the main element or entity which should have regulated that related to professional risk or occupational health. Results The development of the 20th century Colombian legal framework regarding health at work was periodized, revealing the predominance of a view of social law focused on protecting dependent workers' work-related risks, as part of a tendency extending to the Colombian Sistema General de Riesgos Laborales. Conclusions The proposed stages used for organizing the legal framework concerning social security regarding professional risk and occupational health facilitated some important elements being recognized concerning the social, legal and institutional context from which workers' health laws emerged. Tension was noted concerning statutes orientated towards redress and compensation regarding accidents at work and legislation emphasizing prevention.(AU)

Evaluación de la política pública de escuela saludable en Colombia: fase de formulación (1999-2006) / Evaluating public policy regarding the concept of healthy schools in Colombia: the formulation phase (1999-2006)

Objetivo Evaluar la formulación de la política pública de escuela saludable en Colombia en el período de 1999 a 2006. Métodos Investigación cualitativa de análisis del ciclo de política pública. Se utilizaron como estrategias centrales de recolección de información la revisión documental de fuente secundaria y la entrevista semi-estructurada (fuente primaria). Se llevó a cabo el análisis de contenido temático. Resultados Se identificaron dos momentos de formulación de políticas o lineamientos de la Estrategia Escuelas Saludables en Colombia. El primero relacionado con la publicación del documento "Escuela Saludable, la alegría de vivir en paz", cuyo contenido presenta los lineamientos nacionales para implementar la política y el segundo posterior a la promulgación de la Declaración del Milenio, articulándose a la política los ámbitos de vivienda y salud. Los resultados tuvieron como categorías de integración de la información en normas, observación de actores, relaciones, problemas, objetivos, líneas de acción, tiempos de acción de la política y toma de decisión. Conclusiones La escuela saludable no ha sido objeto prioritario de las políticas pública del Estado Colombiano, pese a ser un compromiso asumido por el Estado con la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud, y de los altos mandatarios en las reuniones internacionales y ser una estrategia crucial para lograr las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo de Milenio.

Objective Evaluating public policy formulation regarding the concept of healthy schools in Colombia, 1999 to 2006. MethodsThis study involved qualitative research aimed at analysing the cycle of public policy. The main strategies used were collecting information, a documental review of secondary sources and holding semi-structured interviews (primary source). Thematic content was analysed. ResultsTwo moments were identified regarding the formulation of policy or guidelines for the "Healthy schools in Colombia" strategy. The first was related to the publication of a document entitled, "A healthy school: the joy of living in peace," whose content was aimed at presenting national guidelines for implementing such policy whilst the second (following the enactment of the United Nations' Millennium Declaration) was an attempt at promoting housing and healthcare policy. The results were seen in terms of categories for integrating information regarding standards, observing pertinent actors, relationships, problems, objectives, lines of action and time-lines regarding policy and decision-making time-frames. ConclusionsThe idea of a healthy school has not been a priority in the Colombian state's public policy, in spite of having been a state commitment in line with PAHO/WHO's stated policy, commitments promised by high officials during international meetings and representing a crucial strategy for achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDG).