Maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by overweight and obesity.

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are associated with pregnancy complications and adverse perinatal outcomes, posing short and long-term risks for maternal and child health. This study evaluated maternal, delivery and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by overweight and obesity. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study included 258 pregnant women. According to prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), participants were classified as normal weight, overweight, or obese. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test. Logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Most women ≥ 35 years old were overweight (22.7 %) and obese (27.6 %). Prepregnancy diabetes was significantly associated with obesity (15.7 %, p < 0.000). Obese women showed the lowest weight gain (9.6 ± 7.5Kg). Overweight and obese women practiced physical exercise more frequently (p = 0.010) than normal weight women. A greater proportion of obese mothers (13.4 %) had large for gestational age babies (p = 0.021), with higher thoracic circumference (33.6 ± 2.0 cm) and abdominal circumference (31.6 ± 2.3 cm). Obesity increased the risk of developing hypertension (OR = 7.0; 3.1-15.9), hyperglycemic disturbances (OR = 5.5; 2.9-10.6) and HbA1c ≥ 6.5 % (OR = 3.7; 1.2-11.1). The infants born to obese mothers had longer hospital stay (3.9 ± 3.9 days) (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that obesity in pregnancy can lead to adverse outcomes, and underscore the importance of identifying and treating inadequate weight status during pregnancy.

Association between Adverse Maternal Clinical Outcomes and Imbalance of Cytokines and Angiogenic Factors in Preterm Preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific syndrome characterized by abnormal levels of cytokines and angiogenic factors, playing a role in the disease development. The present study evaluated whether immunological markers are associated with the gestational age and with the disease severity in preeclamptic women. METHODS: Ninety-five women who developed PE were stratified for gestational age as preterm PE (< 37 weeks) and term PE (≥ 37 weeks of gestation) and compared for disease severity as well as plasma concentration of angiogenic factors and cytokines. The concentrations of placental growth factor (PlGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Fms-like soluble tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin (sEng), as well as the cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 10 (IL-10), were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The comparison between preeclamptic groups showed a higher percentage of severe cases in preterm PE (82.1%) than in term PE (35.9%). Similarly, the concentrations of TNF-α, sFlt-1, and sEng, as well as TNF-α/IL-10 and sFlt-1/PlGF ratios were significantly higher in the preterm PE group. In contrast, concentrations of PlGF, VEGF, and IL-10 were significantly lower in women with preterm PE. Negative correlations between TNF-α and IL-10 (r = 0.5232) and between PlGF and sFlt1 (r = -0.4158) were detected in the preterm PE. CONCLUSION: In pregnant women with preterm PE, there is an imbalance between immunological markers, with the predominance of anti-angiogenic factors and TNF-α, associated with adverse maternal clinical outcomes.

OBJETIVO: A pré-eclâmpsia (PE) é uma síndrome específica da gravidez caracterizada por níveis anormais de citocinas e fatores angiogênicos, que desempenham um papel no desenvolvimento da doença. Este estudo avaliou se os marcadores imunológicos estão associados à idade gestacional e à gravidade da doença em mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia. MéTODOS: Noventa e cinco mulheres que desenvolveram PE foram estratificadas pela idade gestacional em PE pré-termo (< 37 semanas) e PE a termo (≥ 37 semanas de gestação) e comparadas quanto à gravidade da doença, bem como à concentração plasmática de fatores angiogênicos e citocinas. As concentrações de fator de crescimento placentário (PlGF), fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), tirosina quinase solúvel semelhante a Fms (sFlt-1) e endoglina solúvel (sEng), bem como as citocinas, fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF- α) e interleucina 10 (IL-10), foram determinados porensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA, na sigla em inglês). RESULTADOS: A comparação entre os grupos com pré-eclâmpsia mostrou maior porcentagem de casos graves em PE pré-termo (82,1%) do que em PE a termo (35,9%). Da mesma forma, as concentrações de TNF-α, sFlt-1 e sEng, bem como as razões TNF-α/IL-10 e sFlt-1/PlGF foram significativamente maiores no grupo de PE pré-termo. Em contraste, as concentrações de PlGF, VEGF e IL-10 foram significativamente menores em mulheres com PE pré-termo. Correlações negativas entre TNF-α e IL-10 (r = 0.5232) e entre PlGF e sFlt1 (r = −0.4158) foram detectadas no grupo de PE pré-termo. CONCLUSãO: Em gestantes com PE pré-termo, ocorre um desequilíbrio entre os marcadores imunológicos, com predomínio de fatores antiangiogênicos e TNF-α, associados a desfechos clínicos maternos adversos.

Comparison between 100-g glucose tolerance test and two other screening tests for gestational diabetes: combined fasting glucose with risk factors and 50-g glucose tolerance test.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Lack of consensus about which screening tests to use for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and difficulties in performing the gold-standard diagnostic test, the 100-g glucose tolerance test (100-g GTT), justify comparison with alternatives. The aim was to compare this with two other screening tests: combined fasting glucose with risk factors (FG + RF) and 50-g GTT. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective longitudinal cohort study in the Hospital School of Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. METHODS: The three tests were performed independently on 341 pregnant women. Sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, positive (PLR) and negative (NLR) likelihood ratios, and false-positive (FP) and false-negative (FR) rates obtained with FG + RF and 50-g GTT were compared with values from 100-g GTT. The average one-hour post-intake glucose levels (1hPG) with 50-g and 100-g were compared. Students t test was used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: FG + RF led more pregnant women (53.9%) to diagnostic confirmation than did 50-g GTT (14.4%). The tests were equivalent for S (86.4 and 76.9%), PPV (98.7 and 98.9%), NLR (0.3 and 0.27) and FR (15.4 and 23.1%). Average 1hPG values were similar: 50-g GTT = 106.8 mg/dl and 100-g GTT = 107.5 mg/dl. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic efficiency with simplicity, practicality and low cost make FG + RF more appropriate for screening for GDM. The equivalence of 1hPG allows a new, cheaper and less uncomfortable protocol to be proposed for screening and diagnosing GDM.

Maternal adipokines and insulin as biomarkers of pregnancies complicated by overweight and obesity.

BACKGROUND: Maternal obesity is associated with several adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study was conducted aiming to evaluate maternal levels of adipokines and insulin in pregnancies complicated by overweight and obesity and its correlations with maternal and fetal outcomes. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 72 mother-newborn pairs. Mothers were classified as having normal weight (n = 23), overweight (n = 18), and obesity (n = 31). Maternal adiponectin, leptin, resistin and insulin levels at the end of pregnancy were compared among groups and correlated with maternal and perinatal outcomes. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and correlation tests, with a p value <0.05 being considered as significant. RESULTS: Obese pregnant women showed higher leptin levels (p = 0.0021). Leptin levels were positively correlated with prepregnancy body mass index-BMI (r = 0.57), gestational (37 or 38 weeks of gestation) BMI (r = 0.39), hypertension (r = 0.27), and hyperglycemia (r = 0.30), and negatively associated with newborns' abdominal circumference (r = -0.25). Adiponectin concentrations were negatively correlated with gestational BMI (r = -0.29) and newborns' cephalic circumference (r = -0.27) and positively correlated with birth weight (r = 0.23). Insulin concentrations correlated positively with prepregnancy BMI (r = 0.38), gestational BMI (r = 0.24) and maternal hyperglycemia (r = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the relationship between markers of obesity and maternal-fetal outcomes. Maternal insulin and adipokines levels showed an independent relationship with mother and newborns outcomes, respectively. In this studied population, the results indirectly reinforce the importance of maternal weight control before and during pregnancy to avoid adverse outcomes to mother and their newborns.

Association between Adverse Maternal Clinical Outcomes and Imbalance of Cytokines and Angiogenic Factors in Preterm Preeclampsia / Associação entre desfechos maternos adversos e desbalanço de citocinas e fatores angiogênicos em pré-eclâmpsia pré-termo

Abstract Objective Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific syndrome characterized by abnormal levels of cytokines and angiogenic factors, playing a role in the disease development. The present study evaluated whether immunological markers are associated with the gestational age and with the disease severity in preeclamptic women. Methods Ninety-five women who developed PE were stratified for gestational age as preterm PE (< 37 weeks) and term PE (≥ 37 weeks of gestation) and compared for disease severity as well as plasma concentration of angiogenic factors and cytokines. The concentrations of placental growth factor (PlGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Fms-like soluble tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1) and soluble endoglin (sEng), as well as the cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 10 (IL-10), were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The comparison between preeclamptic groups showed a higher percentage of severe cases in preterm PE (82.1%) than in term PE (35.9%). Similarly, the concentrations of TNF-α, sFlt-1, and sEng, as well as TNF-α/IL-10 and sFlt-1/PlGF ratios were significantly higher in the preterm PE group. In contrast, concentrations of PlGF, VEGF, and IL-10 were significantly lower in women with preterm PE. Negative correlations between TNF-α and IL-10 (r = 0.5232) and between PlGF and sFlt1 (r = 0.4158) were detected in the preterm PE. Conclusion In pregnant women with preterm PE, there is an imbalance between immunological markers, with the predominance of anti-angiogenic factors and TNF-α, associated with adverse maternal clinical outcomes.

Resumo Objetivo A pré-eclâmpsia (PE) é uma síndrome específica da gravidez caracterizada por níveis anormais de citocinas e fatores angiogênicos, que desempenham um papel no desenvolvimento da doença. Este estudo avaliou se os marcadores imunológicos estão associados à idade gestacional e à gravidade da doença em mulheres com pré-eclâmpsia. Métodos Noventa e cinco mulheres que desenvolveram PE foram estratificadas pela idade gestacional em PE pré-termo (< 37 semanas) e PE a termo (≥ 37 semanas de gestação) e comparadas quanto à gravidade da doença, bem como à concentração plasmática de fatores angiogênicos e citocinas. As concentrações de fator de crescimento placentário (PlGF), fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), tirosina quinase solúvel semelhante a Fms (sFlt-1) e endoglina solúvel (sEng), bem como as citocinas, fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF- α) e interleucina 10 (IL-10), foram determinados porensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA, na sigla em inglês). Resultados A comparação entre os grupos com pré-eclâmpsia mostrou maior porcentagem de casos graves em PE pré-termo (82,1%) do que em PE a termo (35,9%). Da mesma forma, as concentrações de TNF-α, sFlt-1 e sEng, bem como as razões TNF-α/IL-10 e sFlt-1/PlGF foram significativamente maiores no grupo de PE pré-termo. Em contraste, as concentrações de PlGF, VEGF e IL-10 foram significativamente menores em mulheres com PE pré-termo. Correlações negativas entre TNF-α e IL-10 (r = 0.5232) e entre PlGF e sFlt1 (r = 0.4158) foram detectadas no grupo de PE pré-termo. Conclusão Em gestantes com PE pré-termo, ocorre um desequilíbrio entre os marcadores imunológicos, com predomínio de fatores antiangiogênicos e TNF-α, associados a desfechos clínicos maternos adversos.

Partial HELLP Syndrome: maternal and perinatal outcome.

CONTEXT: HELLP syndrome is a severe complication of pregnancy characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count. Some pregnant women develop just one or two of the characteristics of this syndrome, which is termed Partial HELLP Syndrome (PHS). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the repercussions on maternal and perinatal outcomes among women that developed PHS and to compare these women with those whose gestational hypertension or preeclampsia did not show alterations for HELLP syndrome in laboratory tests. DESIGN: Observational, retrospective and analytical study. SETTING: Maternity Department of Hospital das Cl nicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, S o Paulo, Brazil. SAMPLE: Pregnant or post-delivery women who had a blood pressure elevation that was first detected after mid-pregnancy, with or without proteinuria, between January 1990 and December 1995. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Analysis was made of maternal age, race, parity, hypertension classification, gestational age at the PHS diagnosis, alterations in laboratory tests for HELLP syndrome, time elapsed to discharge from hospital, maternal complications, mode of delivery, incidence of preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, stillborn and neonatal death. RESULTS: Three hundred and eighteen women were selected; forty-one women (12.9%) had PHS and 277 of them (87.1%) did not develop any of the alterations of the HELLP syndrome diagnosis. Preeclampsia was a more frequent type of hypertension in the PHS group than in the hypertension group. None of the women with isolated chronic hypertension developed PHS. The rate of cesarean delivery, eclampsia, and preterm delivery was significantly greater in the PHS group than in the hypertension group. CONCLUSION: We observed that aggressive procedures had been adopted for patients with PHS. These resulted in immediate interruption of pregnancy, with elevated cesarean rates and preterm delivery. Such decisions need to be reviewed, in order to reduce the cesarean rate and the incidence of preterm delivery.

[Comparison between two gestational diabetes screening tests and the perinatal outcome]. / Comparação entre dois testes de rastreamento do diabetes gestacional e o resultado perinatal.

PURPOSE: To compare two screening tests for diabetes and their results to pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: In total, 279 pregnant women were submitted to two screening tests for gestational diabetes--fasting glycemia plus risk factors (FG + RF) and to the simplified glucose tolerance test (GTT50g). Screening by FG + RF consisted of the determination of fasting glycemia and anamnesis for the identification of risk factors on the occasion of the first prenatal visit. The GTT50g was performed between the 24th and the 28th week of pregnancy and consisted of the determination of plasma glycemia under fasting conditions and one hour after an oral overload with 50 g glucose. Positive and negative results were compared to pregnancy outcome. The dependent variables were: type of delivery, gestational age, weight and ponderal index at birth, Apgar indexes <7 in the 1st and 5th minutes, need for admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), duration of hospitalization, and neonatal death. Data were analyzed statistically through the Students t-test, and the level of significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Only two of the perinatal variables studied were distinguished by the tests. An abnormal GTT50g was associated with a greater proportion of cesarean deliveries (58.7 versus 34.3%) and a positive FG + RF association was related to a higher rate of premature births (15.4 versus 5.4%). The other dependent variables did not differ among patients with positive and negative results of the two screening tests. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the relation between prematurity and a positive FG + RF association, the increase of caesarean sections and the abnormal GTT50g, it would be a critical failure to accept these associations as definitive. Among others explanations, multiple intercurrent factors and the characteristics of the screening tests themselves should be considered.

[Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy: maternal-fetal outcomes]. / Hipertireoidismo na gravidez: repercussões materno-fetais.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the experience of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho', in the follow-up of pregnant women with hyperthyroidism. METHODS: Sixty patients, divided in groups with compensated hyperthyroidism (CHG=24) and with uncompensated hyperthyroidism (UHG=36) were retrospectively studied and compared concerning clinical-laboratorial characteristics and intercurrences. The t-Student test, contingency tables, multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression with significance level at 5.0% were used. RESULTS: propylthiouracil (PTU) was used by 94.0% of UHG and by 42.0% of CHG (p<0.0001); maternal complications close to delivery have occurred in 20.6% of UHG and in 11.8% of CHG, and UHG presented three fetal deaths, influenced by the mother age, higher level of T4L (lT4L) and of PTU dose (PTUd) in the third trimester (p=0.007); restriction of intra-uterine growth, influenced by lT4L and PTUd in the third trimester has occurred in nine UHG and in three CHG cases, and oligoamnios has occurred in 12 patients (83.3% of UGH and 16.7% of CGH), influenced by age and lT4L in the third trimester (p=0.04); the gestational age at delivery was 34.4+/-4.6 weeks in UHG and 37.0+/-2.5 in CHG, influenced by the T4Ll in the third trimester (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the UHG has presented less satisfactory results than CHG, influenced by high lT4L and PTUd in the third trimester, and by more advanced age of some pregnant women.

Comparação entre dois testes de rastreamento do diabetes gestacional e o resultado perinatal / Comparison between two gestational diabetes screening tests and the perinatal outcome

OBJETIVO: comparar dois testes de rastreamento para diabetes e seus resultados com o resultado da gestação. MÉTODOS: no total, 279 pacientes foram submetidas a dois testes de rastreamento do diabetes gestacional - associação glicemia de jejum e fatores de risco (GJ + FR) e o teste de tolerância à glicose simplificado (TTG50g). O rastreamento pela associação GJ + FR caracterizou-se pela dosagem da glicemia de jejum e anamnese para identificação dos fatores de risco na primeira consulta de pré-natal. O TTG50g foi realizado entre a 24ª e a 28ª semana de gestação e caracterizou-se pela dosagem das glicemias plasmáticas em jejum e uma hora após a sobrecarga oral com 50 g de glicose. Os resultados, positivo e negativo, foram relacionados ao resultado da gestação. Foram consideradas variáveis dependentes: via de parto, idade gestacional, peso e índice ponderal ao nascimento, índices de Apgar <7 no 1º e 5º minutos, necessidade de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), tempo de permanência hospitalar e óbito neonatal. Empregou-se o teste t de Student, admitindo-se 5 por cento como limite de significância para calcular a diferença de proporção de das médias. RESULTADOS: apenas dois resultados perinatais estudados foram diferenciados pelos testes. O TTG50g alterado esteve associado à maior proporção de cesárea (58,7 versus 34,3 por cento) e a associação GJ + FR positiva, maior taxa de prematuridade (15,4 versus 5,4 por cento). As demais variáveis não foram diferentes nas pacientes com testes de rastreamento positivo e negativo. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar da relação entre a prematuridade e associação GJ + FR positiva e aumento de cesárea e TTG50g alterado, seria falha crítica aceitá-los como definitivos. Entre outras explicações, múltiplos fatores intercorrentes e as características próprias dos testes de rastreamento devem ser consideradas.

PURPOSE: to compare two screening tests for diabetes and their results to pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: in total, 279 pregnant women were submitted to two screening tests for gestational diabetes - fasting glycemia plus risk factors (FG + RF) and to the simplified glucose tolerance test (GTT50g). Screening by FG + RF consisted of the determination of fasting glycemia and anamnesis for the identification of risk factors on the occasion of the first prenatal visit. The GTT50g was performed between the 24th and the 28th week of pregnancy and consisted of the determination of plasma glycemia under fasting conditions and one hour after an oral overload with 50 g glucose. Positive and negative results were compared to pregnancy outcome. The dependent variables were: type of delivery, gestational age, weight and ponderal index at birth, Apgar indexes <7 in the 1st and 5th minutes, need for admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), duration of hospitalization, and neonatal death. Data were analyzed statistically through the Students t-test, and the level of significance was set at 5 percent. RESULTS: only two of the perinatal variables studied were distinguished by the tests. An abnormal GTT50g was associated with a greater proportion of cesarean deliveries (58.7 versus 34.3 percent) and a positive FG + RF association was related to a higher rate of premature births (15.4 versus 5.4 percent). The other dependent variables did not differ among patients with positive and negative results of the two screening tests. CONCLUSIONS: despite the relation between prematurity and a positive FG + RF association, the increase of caesarean sections and the abnormal GTT50g, it would be a critical failure to accept these associations as definitive. Among others explanations, multiple intercurrent factors and the characteristics of the screening tests themselves should be considered.

Hipertireoidismo na gravidez: repercussões materno-fetais / Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy: maternal-fetal outcomes

OBJETIVO: avaliar a experiência do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", no acompanhamento de gestantes com hipertireoidismo. MÉTODOS: foram estudadas, retrospectivamente, 60 pacientes, divididas em grupos com hipertireoidismo compensado (GHC=24) e com hipertireoidismo descompensado (GHD=36) e comparadas quanto a características clínico-laboratoriais e intercorrências. Para análise dos resultados, foram utilizados o teste t de Student, as tabelas de contingência, regressão linear múltipla e regressão logística múltipla, com nível de significância de 5,0 por cento. RESULTADOS: propiltiouracil (PTU) foi usado por 94,0 por cento do GHD e 42,0 por cento do GHC (p<0,0001); complicações maternas próximas ao parto ocorreram em 20,6 por cento do GHD e 11,8 por cento do GHC, sendo que o GHD apresentou três óbitos fetais. Influenciaram nestes: idade materna, nível de T4L (nT4L) e dose de PTU (dPTU) mais elevados, no terceiro trimestre (p=0,007); restrição de crescimento intra-uterino, influenciada por nT4L e dPTU do terceiro trimestre, ocorreu em nove casos do GHD e três do GHC, e oligoâmnio ocorreu em 12 pacientes (83,3 por cento do GHD, 16,7 por cento do GHC), influenciado por idade e nT4L do terceiro trimestre (p=0,04); a idade gestacional no parto foi de 34,4±4,6 semanas no GHD e 37,0±2,5 no GHC, influenciada pelo nT4L do terceiro trimestre (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: o GHD apresentou resultados menos satisfatórios que o GHC, influenciados por nT4L e dPTU elevados no terceiro trimestre e por idade mais avançada de algumas gestantes.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the experience of Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", in the follow-up of pregnant women with hyperthyroidism. METHODS: Sixty patients, divided in groups with compensated hyperthyroidism (CHG=24) and with uncompensated hyperthyroidism (UHG=36) were retrospectively studied and compared concerning clinical-laboratorial characteristics and intercurrences. The t-Student test, contingency tables, multiple linear regression and multiple logistic regression with significance level at 5.0 percent were used. RESULTS: propylthiouracil (PTU) was used by 94.0 percent of UHG and by 42.0 percent of CHG (p<0.0001); maternal complications close to delivery have occurred in 20.6 percent of UHG and in 11.8 percent of CHG, and UHG presented three fetal deaths, influenced by the mother age, higher level of T4L (lT4L) and of PTU dose (PTUd) in the third trimester (p=0.007); restriction of intra-uterine growth, influenced by lT4L and PTUd in the third trimester has occurred in nine UHG and in three CHG cases, and oligoamnios has occurred in 12 patients (83.3 percent of UGH and 16.7 percent of CGH), influenced by age and lT4L in the third trimester (p=0.04); the gestational age at delivery was 34.4±4.6 weeks in UHG and 37.0±2.5 in CHG, influenced by the T4Ll in the third trimester (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: the UHG has presented less satisfactory results than CHG, influenced by high lT4L and PTUd in the third trimester, and by more advanced age of some pregnant women.

Insulinoterapia, controle glicêmico materno e prognóstico perinatal: diferença entre o diabetes gestacional e o clínico / Insulinotherapy, maternal glycemic control and perinatal prognosis: difference between clinical and gestational diabetes

OBJETIVO: avaliar protocolo de insulinoterapia e conseqüentes resultados maternos e perinatais, no diabetes gestacional e clínico, num serviço de referência para gravidez de alto risco. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo e descritivo, incluindo 103 gestantes portadoras de diabetes gestacional ou clínico, tratadas com insulina e acompanhadas no serviço, no período de outubro de 2003 a dezembro de 2005. Foram excluídos casos de gemelaridade, abortamento, abandono do pré-natal e parto fora do serviço. Compararam-se idade gestacional no início do tratamento; dose, aplicações/dia e incremento de insulina (UI/kg); média glicêmica e resultados perinatais. Utilizaram-se ANOVA e testes de Fisher e Goodman, considerando p<0,05. RESULTADOS: a multiparidade (92 versus 67,9 por cento), o índice de massa corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional >25 kg/m² (88 versus 58,5 por cento), o ganho de peso <8 kg (36 versus 17 por cento) e o maior incremento de insulina caracterizaram o diabetes gestacional. No diabetes clínico, apesar da maior proporção de média glicêmica ≥120 mg/dL (39,2 versus 24 por cento) no final da gestação, a insulinoterapia teve início precoce (47,2 versus 4 por cento), maior duração (56,6 versus 6 por cento), e maior dose diária de insulina (92 versus 43 UI/dia), administrada em até três aplicações/dia (54,7 versus 16,0). A macrossomia foi maior entre os recém-nascidos do grupo diabetes gestacional (16 versus 3,8 por cento), sendo o único resultado neonatal significativo. Não houve óbito neonatal e o único caso de óbito fetal ocorreu no diabetes clínico. As demais complicações neonatais não diferenciaram os grupos e a maioria dos recém-nascidos recebeu alta em até sete dias (46 por cento versus 55,8 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: a análise desta série de casos identificou diferenças no protocolo de insulinoterapia em relação à quantidade (UI/dia), à dose (UI/kg de peso) e ao número de aplicações diárias, mais acentuadas no diabetes clínico, e ao incremento...

PURPOSE: to evaluate the insulin therapy protocol and its maternal and perinatal outcome in patients with clinical or gestational diabetes in a high risk reference service. METHODS: descriptive and prospective study including 103 pregnant women with gestational or clinical diabetes treated with insulin and attended by the reference service from October 2003 to December 2005. Gemellarity, miscarriages, unfinished prenatal care and deliveries not attended by the service were excluded. The gestational age at the beginning of the treatment, dosage, doses/day, increment of insulin (UI/kg), glycemic index (GI) and perinatal outcomes were compared. ANOVA, Fishers exact test and GoodmanÆs test considering p<0.05 were used. RESULTS: multiparity (92 versus 67.9 percent), pre-gestational body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m² (88 versus 58.5 percent), weight gain (WG) <8 kg (36 versus 17 percent) and a high increment of insulin characterized the gestational diabetes. For the patients with clinical diabetes, despite the highest GI (120 mg/dL (39.2 versus 24 percent)) at the end of the gestational period, insulin therapy started earlier (47.2 versus 4 percent), lasted longer (56.6 versus 6 percent) and higher doses of insulin (92 versus 43 UI/day) were administered up to three times a day (54.7 versus 16 percent). Macrosomia was higher among newborns from the cohort of patients with gestational diabetes (16 versus 3.8 percent), being the only significant neonatal outcome. There were no neonatal deaths, except for one fetal death in the cohort of patients with clinical diabetes. There were no differences in the other neonatal complications in both cohorts, and most of the newborns were discharged from hospital up to seven days after delivery (46 percent versus 55.8 percent). CONCLUSIONS: the analysis of these two cohorts has shown differences in the insulin therapy protocol in quantity (UI/day), dosage (UI/kg weight) and number of doses/day, higher for the...

Comparison between 100-g glucose tolerance test and two other screening tests for gestational diabetes: combined fasting glucose with risk factors and 50-g glucose tolerance test

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A falta de consenso sobre os protocolos de rastreamento e diagnóstico do diabetes gestacional, associada às dificuldades na realização do teste oral simplificado do diabete gestacional (o teste de tolerância a 100 g de glicose, considerado padrão-ouro) justificam a comparação com alternativas. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar o teste padrão-ouro a dois testes de rastreamento: associação de glicemia de jejum e fatores de risco (GJ + FR) e o teste oral simplificado de tolerância a 50 g de glicose (TTG 50 g), com o teste de tolerância a 100 g de glicose (TTG 100 g).TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo de coorte longitudinal, prospectivo, realizado no Serviço de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. MÉTODOS: 341 gestantes foram submetidas aos três testes. Calcularam-se os índices de sensibilidade (S), especificidade (E), valores preditivos (VPP e VPN), razões de probabilidade (RPP e RPN) e resultados falsos (FP e FN), positivos e negativos da associação GJ + FR e do TTG 50 g em relação ao TTG 100 g. Compararam-se as médias das glicemias de uma hora pós-sobrecarga (1hPS) com 50 e 100 g. Na análise estatística, empregou-se o teste t de Student, com limite de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A associação GJ + FR encaminhou mais gestantes (53,9%) para a confirmação diagnóstica que o TTG 50 g (14,4%). Os dois testes foram equivalentes nos índices de S (86,4 e 76,9%), VPN (98,7 e 98,9%), RPN (0,3 e 0,27) e FN (15,4 e 23,1%). As médias das glicemias 1hPS foram semelhantes, 106,8 mg/dl para o TTG 50 g e 107,5 mg/dl para o TTG 100 g. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados da eficiência diagnóstica associados à simplicidade, praticabilidade e custo referendaram a associação GJ + FR como o mais adequado para o rastreamento. A equivalência das glicemias de 1hPS permitiram a proposição de um novo protocolo de rastreamento e diagnóstico do diabete gestacional, com menores custo e desconforto.

Associacão glicemia de jejum e fatores de risco como teste para rastreamento do diabete gestacional / Fasting glycemia associated with risk factors as a screening test for gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJETIVOS: comparar dois testes de rastreamento do diabete gestacional. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo no qual foram avaliadas 356 gestantes, sem diagnóstico prévio do diabete melito, submetidas, de modo independente, a dois testes de rastreamento: associacão glicemia de jejum e fator de risco (GJ+FR) e teste oral simplificado de tolerância à glicose (TTG50g). A comparacão entre os métodos foi realizada pelos índices de sensibilidade (S), especificidade (E) e valores preditivos positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN), resultados falsos, positivos (FP) e negativos (FN) e pela diferenca dos resultados observados e esperados, avaliada pelo teste do Qui-quadrado (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: a associacão GJ+FR determinou a confirmacão diagnóstica em maior número de gestantes (187; 52,5 por cento) que o TTG50g (49; 13,8 por cento). Esta diferenca foi significativa (p<0,05). A associacão GJ+FR apresentou sensibilidade de 83,7 por cento e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) de 95,3 por cento em relacão ao TTG50g. CONCLUSÕES: os índices elevados de sensibilidade e VPN da associacão GJ+FR em relacão ao TTG50g, sua simplicidade, praticidade, baixo custo e fácil replicacão permitem sua indicacão no rastreamento do diabete gestacional.

Fatores de risco para macrossomia fetal em gestações complicadas por diabete ou por hiperglicemia diária / Fetal macrosomia risk factors in pregnancies complicated by diabetes or daily hyperglycemia

OBJETIVO: identificar fatores de risco para a macrossomia fetal na população de gestantes portadoras de diabete ou hiperglicemia diária. MÉTODOS: estudo retrospectivo, tipo caso-controle, incluindo 803 pares de mães e recém-nascidos desta população específica, distribuídos em dois grupos: macrossômicos (casos, n=242) e não macrossômicos (controles, n=561). Foram comparadas variáveis relativas à idade, paridade, peso e índice de massa corporal (IMC), ganho de peso (GP), antecedentes de diabete, hipertensão arterial e tabagismo, tipo e classificação do diabete e indicadores do controle glicêmico no terceiro trimestre. As médias foram avaliadas pelo teste F e as variáveis categorizadas foram submetidas à análise univariada, utilizando-se o teste do chi². Os resultados significativos foram incluídos no modelo de regressão múltipla, para identificação do risco independente de macrossomia, considerando-se OR, IC 95 por cento e valor de p. Para todas as análises foi estabelecido o limite de significância estatística de 5 por cento (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: observou-se associação significativa entre macrossomia e GP maior que 16 kg, IMC >25 kg/m², antecedentes pessoais, obstétricos e, especificamente, o de macrossomia, classificação nos grupos de Rudge (IB e IIA + IIB), média glicêmica (MG) >120 mg/dL e média de glicemia pós-prandial >130 mg/dL no terceiro trimestre. Na análise de regressão múltipla, o GP >16 kg (OR=1,79; IC 95 por cento: 1,23-1,60), o IMC >25 kg/m² (OR=1,83; IC 95 por cento: 1,27-2,64), o antecedente pessoal de diabete (OR=1,56; IC 95 por cento: 1,05-2,31) e de macrossomia (OR=2,37; IC 95 por cento: 1,60-3,50) e a MG >120 mg/dL no terceiro trimestre (OR=1,78; IC 95 por cento: 1,13-2,80) confirmaram risco independente para macrossomia nestas gestações de risco. CONCLUSAO: o GP superior a 16 kg, o IMC maior ou igual a 25 kg/m², a MG superior a 120 mg/dL no terceiro trimestre e a presença de antecedentes pessoais de diabete ou de macrossomia foram identificados como fatores de risco para macrossomia fetal em gestantes portadoras de diabete ou de hiperglicemia diária.

Partial HELLP syndrome: maternal and perinatal outcome

CONTEXT: HELLP syndrome is a severe complication of pregnancy characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count. Some pregnant women develop just one or two of the characteristics of this syndrome, which is termed Partial HELLP Syndrome (PHS). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the repercussions on maternal and perinatal outcomes among women that developed PHS and to compare these women with those whose gestational hypertension or preeclampsia did not show alterations for HELLP syndrome in laboratory tests. DESIGN: Observational, retrospective and analytical study. SETTING: Maternity Department of Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. SAMPLE: Pregnant or post-delivery women who had a blood pressure elevation that was first detected after mid-pregnancy, with or without proteinuria, between January 1990 and December 1995. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Analysis was made of maternal age, race, parity, hypertension classification, gestational age at the PHS diagnosis, alterations in laboratory tests for HELLP syndrome, time elapsed to discharge from hospital, maternal complications, mode of delivery, incidence of preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, stillborn and neonatal death. RESULTS: Three hundred and eighteen women were selected; forty-one women (12.9 percent) had PHS and 277 of them (87.1 percent) did not develop any of the alterations of the HELLP syndrome diagnosis. Preeclampsia was a more frequent type of hypertension in the PHS group than in the hypertension group. None of the women with isolated chronic hypertension developed PHS. The rate of cesarean delivery, eclampsia, and preterm delivery was significantly greater in the PHS group than in the hypertension group. CONCLUSION: We observed that aggressive procedures had been adopted for patients with PHS. These resulted in immediate interruption of pregnancy, with elevated cesarean rates and preterm delivery. Such decisions need to be reviewed, in order to reduce the cesarean rate and the incidence of preterm delivery

Macrossomia fetal - hiperglicemia materna e complicações perinatais / Fetal macrosomia - maternal hyperglycemia and perinatal complications

Macrossomia pode ser definida tanto pelo peso do recém-nascido igual ou superior a 4.000g como pela relação peso/altura acima do 90 graus percentil. Uma análise criteriosa da literatura atual sobre macrossomia fetal destaca alguns pontos importantes. A despeito das inúmeras definições e das dificuldades na confirmação diagnóstica, sua prevalência é elevada, principalmente nas gestações complicadas pela hiperglicemia diária, mesmo com TTG 100 g normal (Grupo IB de Rudge et al.). A etiologia envolve múltiplos fatores, mas qualquer um deles se relaciona, direta ou indiretamente, com a teoria clássica de Pedersen. É fundamental o controle metabólico da hiperglicemia materna, ou seja, a manutenção da normoglicemia intra-uterina, em especial, desde o início da gestação, caracterizada pela glicemia de jejum menor que 95 mg/dL e pela glicemia pós-prandial menor que 130 mg/dL. E, finalmente, estão confirmadas suas implicações, imediatas e tardias, com possível transmissão para gerações sucessivas. Estes aspectos reforçam a necessidade de prevenção primária da macrossomia pela identificação das mulheres de risco, diagnóstico e controle estrito e precoce da glicemia materna durante a gestação

O Exercício regular no diabetes melito - implicações na prática obstétrica / Regular physical exercise in diabetes mellitus - implications in obstetric practice

Oa autores fazem uma revisão sobre a prática regular de exercício físico no controle metabólico de portadores de diabete melito. Diferenciam os efeitos desejáveis e os riscos em relação aos diferentes tipos de diabete e atualizam as recomentações das principais sociedades científicas envolvidas com o diabete e a prática de esportes. Finalmente, abordam o tema exercício físico na gravidez, com especial enfoque àquelas complicadas pela diabete, seus riscos e benefícios maternos, fetais e neonatais