Heavy metal (Cu2+) removal from wastewater by metal-organic framework composite adsorbent: Simulation-based- artificial neural network and response surface methodology.

Metal-organic framework (MOF)--based composites have received significant attention in a variety of applications, including pollutant adsorption processes. The current investigation was designed to model, forecast, and optimize heavy metal (Cu2+) removal from wastewater using a MOF nanocomposite. This work has been modeled by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms. In addition, the optimization of the mentioned factors has been performed through the RSM method to find the optimal conditions. The findings show that RSM and ANN can accurately forecast the adsorption process's the Cu2+ removal efficiency (RE). The maximum values of RE are achieved at the highest value of time (150 min), the highest value of adsorbent dosage (0.008 g), and the highest value of pH (=6). The R2 values obtained were 0.9995, 0.9992, and 0.9996 for ANN modeling of adsorption capacity based on different adsorbent dosages, Cu2+ solution pHs, and different ion concentrations, respectively. The ANN demonstrated a high level of accuracy in predicting the local minima of the graph. In addition, the RSM optimization results showed that the optimum mode for RE occurred at an adsorbent dosage value of 0.007 g and a time value of 144.229 min.

Comprehensive Investigation of Cu2+ Adsorption from Wastewater Using Olive-Waste-Derived Adsorbents: Experimental and Molecular Insights.

This study investigates the efficacy of adsorbents from locally sourced olive waste-encompassing olive skins, leaves, and pits, recovered from the initial centrifugation of olives (OWP)-and a composite with sodium alginate (OWPSA) for the removal of Cu2+ ions from synthetic wastewater. Experimental analyses conducted at room temperature, with an initial Cu2+ concentration of 50 mg/L and a solid/liquid ratio of 1 g/L, showed that the removal efficiencies were approximately 79.54% and 94.54% for OWP and OWPSA, respectively, highlighting the positive impact of alginate on adsorption capacity. Utilizing statistical physics isotherm models, particularly the single-layer model coupled to real gas (SLMRG), allowed us to robustly fit the experimental data, providing insights into the adsorption mechanisms. Thermodynamic parameters affirmed the spontaneity and endothermic nature of the processes. Adsorption kinetics were interpreted effectively using the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model. Molecular modeling investigations, including the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS), density functional theory (DFT), and atom-in-molecule (AIM) analysis, unveiled intricate molecular interactions among the adsorbent components-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and alginate-and the pollutant Cu2+, confirming their physically interactive nature. These findings emphasize the synergistic application of experimental and theoretical approaches, providing a comprehensive understanding of copper adsorption dynamics at the molecular level. This methodology holds promise for unraveling intricate processes across various adsorbent materials in wastewater treatment applications.

Effects of CO2 concentration and time on algal biomass film, NO3-N concentration, and pH in the membrane bioreactor: Simulation-based ANN, RSM and NSGA-II.

The practice of aquaculture is associated with the generation of a substantial quantity of effluent. Microalgae must effectively assimilate nitrogen and phosphorus from their surrounding environment for growth. This study modeled the algal biomass film, NO3-N concentration, and pH in the membrane bioreactor using the response surface methodology (RSM) and an artificial neural network (ANN). Furthermore, it was suggested that the optimal condition for each parameter be determined. The results of ANN modeling showed that ANN with a structure of 5-3 and employing the transfer functions tansig-logsig demonstrated the highest level of accuracy. This was evidenced by the obtained values of coefficient (R2) = 0.998, R = 0.999, mean squared error (MAE) = 0.0856, and mean square error (MSE) = 0.143. The ANN model, characterized by a 5-5 structure and employing the tansig-logsig transfer function, demonstrates superior accuracy when predicting the concentration of NO3-N and pH. This is evidenced by the high values of R2 (0.996), R (0.998), MAE (0.00162), and MSE (0.0262). The RSM was afterward employed to maximize the performance of algal film biomass, pH levels, and NO3-N concentrations. The optimal conditions for the algal biomass film were a concentration of 2.884 mg/L and a duration of 6.589 days. Similarly, the most favorable conditions for the NO3-N concentration and pH were 2.984 mg/L and 6.787 days, respectively. Therefore, this research uses non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II) to find the optimal NO3-N concentration, algal biomass film, and pH for product or process quality. The region has the greatest alkaline pH and lowest NO3-N content.

An eco-friendly approach on green synthesis, bio-engineering applications, and future outlook of ZnO nanomaterial: A critical review.

Synthesizing ZnO nanostructures ranging from 1 nm to 4 nm confines the electron cloud and exhibits a quantum effect generally called as quantum confinement effect attracting many researchers in the field of electronics and optics. ZnO nanostructures are used in medical applications to formulate antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and anti-diabetic medications. This work is a comprehensive study of green synthesis of ZnO nanomaterials using different biological sources and highlights different processes able to produce nanostructures including nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes and other nano shapes of ZnO nanostructures. Different properties of ZnO nanostructures and their targeted bioengineering applications are also described. The strategies and challenges of the eco-friendly approach to enhance the application span of ZnO nanomaterials are also summarized, with future prospects for greener design of ZnO nanomaterials are also suggested.

Plant and Microbial Approaches as Green Methods for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Perspectives.

The unique biological and physicochemical characteristics of biogenic (green-synthesized) nanomaterials (NMs) have attracted significant interest in different fields, with applications in the agrochemical, food, medication delivery, cosmetics, cellular imaging, and biomedical industries. To synthesize biogenic nanomaterials, green synthesis techniques use microorganisms, plant extracts, or proteins as bio-capping and bio-reducing agents and their role as bio-nanofactories for material synthesis at the nanoscale size. Green chemistry is environmentally benign, biocompatible, nontoxic, and economically effective. By taking into account the findings from recent investigations, we shed light on the most recent developments in the green synthesis of nanomaterials using different types of microbes and plants. Additionally, we cover different applications of green-synthesized nanomaterials in the food and textile industries, water treatment, and biomedical applications. Furthermore, we discuss the future perspectives of the green synthesis of nanomaterials to advance their production and applications.

Iron Oxide-Copper Mineral Associations in Supergene Zones: Insights into Flotation Challenges and Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology.

In this study, batch flotation tests were conducted to investigate the flotation of oxidized copper ore from the supergene zone of the Bounhas deposit. Utilizing the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) anchored on the Box-Behnken Design (BBD), the effects of parameters such as collector dosage, sulfidizing agent, copper oxide and iron oxide grades, and particle size on copper recovery were explored. ANOVA and response surface plots elucidated the complex behavior of copper flotation. Mineralogical analyses of the initial feed and postflotation tails were performed on an industrial scale using advanced Zeiss microscopy. The quadratic model with an R 2 of 94.49% accurately captured the impact of the process parameters on copper recovery. Among the key findings, the sulfidizing agent exhibited the most substantial quadratic effect, while the copper oxide grade had the most substantial linear impact on recovery. A pivotal observation was the link between copper losses in tailings and specific iron oxide-copper associations. Optimization identified conditions leading to a maximum copper recovery rate of 71.49%. When validated industrially, the model demonstrated robust applicability for analogous mineral processing contexts. The study's mineralogical insights enhance our understanding of the supergene zone mineralization and offer a solid foundation for subsequent in-depth mineral processing studies.

Sustainable production of bacterial flocculants by nylon-6,6 microplastics hydrolysate utilizing Brucella intermedia ZL-06.

Nylon-6,6 microplastics (NMPs) in aquatic systems have emerged as potential contaminants to the global environment and have garnered immense consideration over the years. Unfortunately, there is currently no efficient method available to eliminate NMPs from sewage. This study aims to address this issue by isolating Brucella intermedia ZL-06, a bacterium capable of producing a bacterial polysaccharide-based flocculant (PBF). The PBF generated from this bacterium shows promising efficacy in effectively flocculating NMPs. Subsequently, the precipitated flocs (NMPs + PBF) were utilized as sustainable feedstock for synthesizing PBF. The study yielded 6.91 g/L PBF under optimum conditions. Genome sequencing analysis was conducted to study the mechanisms of PBF synthesis and nylon-6,6 degradation. The PBF exhibited impressive flocculating capacity of 90.1 mg/g of PBF when applied to 0.01 mm NMPs, aided by the presence of Ca2+. FTIR and XPS analysis showed the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amine groups in PBF. The flocculation performance of PBF conformed to Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-first-order adsorption kinetics model. These findings present a promising approach for reducing the production costs of PBF by utilizing NMPs as sustainable nutrient sources.

Investigation of flow behaviour in the nozzle of a Pelton wheel: Effects and analysis of influencing parameters.

The performance of a Pelton wheel is influenced by the jet created by the nozzle. Therefore, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation was proposed. In this study, the significant output parameters (outlet velocity, outlet pressure, and tangential force component) and input parameters (different pressure and spear locations) were examined. In addition, the influencing parameters and their contributing percentages to the performance of the Pelton wheel were calculated using different optimisation techniques such as Taguchi Design of Experiments (DoE), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC). The effect of input factors on the output response was examined with DoE, and the results show that the inlet pressure had the most significant impact (97.38%, 99.18%, and 97.38%, respectively, for all different spear sites with a 99% confidence level). In terms of preference values, the TOPSIS and GRA results are comparable (best ranks for simulation runs #24 and #25 and least ranks for simulations #2 and #3, respectively). The CRITIC results for the pressure parameter are in good agreement with the Taguchi ANOVA analysis. The last spear location (5 mm after the nozzle outlet), with an inlet pressure of 413685 Pa generated the best result when employing the TOPSIS and GRA techniques. The outlet pressure of the nozzle was found to have a significant impact on the flow pattern of the Pelton Wheel based on the analysis of the CRITIC, Taguchi, and CFD results.

Removal enhancement of persistent basic fuchsin dye from wastewater using an eco-friendly, cost-effective Fenton process with sodium percarbonate and waste iron catalyst.

In this comprehensive investigation, we evaluate the efficacy of the Fenton process in degrading basic fuchsin (BF), a resistant dye. Our primary focus is on the utilization of readily available, environmentally benign, and cost-effective reagents for the degradation process. Furthermore, we delve into various operational parameters, including the quantity of sodium percarbonate (SPC), pH levels, and the dimensions of waste iron bars, to optimize the treatment efficiency. In the course of our research, we employed an initial SPC concentration of 0.5 mM, a pH level of 3, a waste iron bar measuring 3.5 cm in length and 0.4 cm in diameter, and a processing time of 10 min. Our findings reveal the successful elimination of the BF dye, even when subjected to treatment with diverse salts and surfactants under elevated temperatures and acidic conditions (pH below 3). This underscores the robustness of the Fenton process in purifying wastewater contaminated with dye compounds. The outcomes of our study not only demonstrate the efficiency of the Fenton process but highlight its adaptability to address dye contamination challenges across various industries. Critically, this research pioneers the application of waste iron bars as a source of iron in the Fenton reaction, introducing a novel, sustainable approach that enhances the environmental and economic viability of the process. This innovative use of recycled materials as catalysts represents a significant advancement in sustainable chemical engineering practices.

Development and characterization of pH-responsive Delonix regia/mucin co-poly (acrylate) hydrogel for controlled drug delivery of metformin HCl.

This study introduces a pH-responsive hydrogel developed from Delonix regia and mucin co-poly(acrylate) through free radical polymerization to enhance controlled drug delivery systems. Characterization using FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM, PXRD, and EDX spectroscopy detailed the hydrogel's amorphous and crystalline structures, thermal stability, surface characteristics, and elemental composition. Tested at a pH of 7.4-mimicking intestinal conditions-the hydrogel demonstrated significant swelling, indicating its capability for targeted drug release. With Metformin HCl as a model drug, the hydrogel exhibited a promising sustained release profile, underscoring its potential for oral administration. Safety and biocompatibility were assessed through acute oral toxicity studies in albino rabbits, encompassing biochemical, hematological, and histopathological evaluations. X-ray imaging confirmed the hydrogel's navigability through the gastrointestinal tract, affirming its application in drug delivery. By potentially mitigating gastrointestinal side effects, enhancing patient compliance, and improving therapeutic efficacy, this Delonix regia/mucin co-poly(acrylate) hydrogel represents a step in pharmaceutical sciences, exploring innovative materials and methodologies for drug delivery.

Adsorption of Eosin B from Wastewater onto the Prepared Porous Anion Exchange Membrane.

This research describes the fabrication of the porous trimethylamine (TMA)-grafted anion exchange membrane (AEM) over a phase inversion process. The synthesis of the generated AEM was verified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The fabricated porous AEM showed 240% water uptake (WR), 1.45 mg/g ion exchange capacity (IEC), and a 9.0% linear expansion ratio (LER) at 25 °C. It exhibited a porous structure and higher thermal stability. It was utilized to remove eosin B (EB) from wastewater via the process of adsorption. The adsorption capacity of EB increased with time and the starting concentration of EB while decreasing with temperature and the AEM dosage. Adsorption isotherm investigation results showed that EB adsorption onto the porous AEM followed the Langmuir isotherm because the value of correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.992) was close to unity. Because the correlation coefficient was close to one, it was determined through adsorption kinetic experiments that the adsorption of EB on the produced porous AEM was suitable for a pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic study about process of EB adsorption on the porous AEM revealed that there was an exothermic (ΔH° = -16.60 kJ/mol) and spontaneous process.

Lignin developmental patterns and Casparian strip as apoplastic barriers: A review.

Lignin and Casparian strips are two essential components of plant cells that play critical roles in plant development regulate nutrients and water across the plants cell. Recent studies have extensively investigated lignin diversity and Casparian strip formation, providing valuable insights into plant physiology. This review presents the established lignin biosynthesis pathway, as well as the developmental patterns of lignin and Casparian strip and transcriptional network associated with Casparian strip formation. It describes the biochemical and genetic mechanisms that regulate lignin biosynthesis and deposition in different plants cell types and tissues. Additionally, the review highlights recent studies that have uncovered novel lignin biosynthesis genes and enzymatic pathways, expanding our understanding of lignin diversity. This review also discusses the developmental patterns of Casparian strip in roots and their role in regulating nutrient and water transport, focusing on recent genetic and molecular studies that have identified regulators of Casparian strip formation. Previous research has shown that lignin biosynthesis genes also play a role in Casparian strip formation, suggesting that these processes are interconnected. In conclusion, this comprehensive overview provides insights into the developmental patterns of lignin diversity and Casparian strip as apoplastic barriers. It also identifies future research directions, including the functional characterization of novel lignin biosynthesis genes and the identification of additional regulators of Casparian strip formation. Overall, this review enhances our understanding of the complex and interconnected processes that drive plant growth, pathogen defense, regulation and development.

Chitosan-based intelligent polymeric networks for site-specific colon medication delivery: A comprehensive study on controlled release of diloxanide furoate and network formation dynamics.

Oral medications are prone to gastric degradation and enzymatic inactivation, diminishing their efficacy. This study investigates a solution by developing intelligent polymeric networks, incorporating chitosan, methacrylic acid, N, N, methylene bisacrylamide, and montmorillonite clay, to enable the controlled release of Diloxanide Furoate (DF), an anti-protozoal drug. Employing a swelling-assisted diffusion technique, drug loading percentages varied from 63.96 % to 76.82 % among different formulations. Increased chitosan and methacrylic acid content enhanced drug loading, while N, N, methylene bisacrylamide and montmorillonite clay demonstrated an inverse relationship affecting diffusion and swelling. Equilibrium swelling studies unveiled formulation-dependent behaviors, with chitosan reducing swelling and methacrylic acid promoting it. Higher N, N, methylene bisacrylamide concentrations decreased swelling, indicating a denser cross-linked structure, while montmorillonite clay reduced hydrophilicity and swelling capacity. Further analyses confirmed successful gel formation, particularly in formulations with higher chitosan, methacrylic acid, and N, N, methylene bisacrylamide content, while montmorillonite clay limited gel fraction due to restricted polymer chain mobility. Techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric analyses supported network development, enhancing thermal stability and cross-linking density. This research underscores the flexibility of polymeric networks for precise drug delivery, offering potential advancements in targeted therapies for various medical conditions.

Mimosa/quince seed mucilage-co-poly (methacrylate) hydrogels for controlled delivery of capecitabine: Simulation studies, characterization and toxicological evaluation.

This research focused on developing pH-regulated intelligent networks using quince and mimosa seed mucilage through aqueous polymerization to sustain Capecitabine release while overcoming issues like short half-life, high dosing frequency, and low bioavailability. The resulting MSM/QSM-co-poly(MAA) hydrogel was evaluated for several parameters, including complex structure formation, stability, pH sensitivity, morphology, and elemental composition. FTIR, DSC, and TGA analyses confirmed the formation of a stable, complex cross-linked network, demonstrating excellent stability at elevated temperatures. SEM analysis revealed the hydrogels' smooth, fine texture with porous surfaces. PXRD and EDX results indicated the amorphous dispersion of Capecitabine within the network. The QMM9 formulation achieved an optimal Capecitabine loading of 87.17 %. The gel content of the developed formulations ranged from 65.21 % to 90.23 %. All formulations exhibited excellent swelling behavior, with ratios between 65.91 % and 91.93 % at alkaline pH. In vitro dissolution studies indicated that up to 98 % of Capecitabine was released after 24 h at pH 7.4, demonstrating the potential for sustained release. Furthermore, toxicological evaluation in healthy rabbits confirmed the system's safety, non-toxicity, and biocompatibility.

Development and evaluation of a pH-responsive Mimosa pudica seed mucilage/ß- cyclodextrin-co-poly(methacrylate) hydrogel for controlled drug delivery: In vitro and in vivo assessment.

In this comprehensive investigation, a novel pH-responsive hydrogel system comprising mimosa seed mucilage (MSM), ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD), and methacrylic acid (MAA) was developed via free radical polymerization technique to promote controlled drug delivery. The hydrogel synthesis involved strategic variations in polymer, monomer, and crosslinker content in fine-tuning its drug-release properties. The resultant hydrogel exhibited remarkable pH sensitivity, selectively liberating the model drug (Capecitabine = CAP) under basic conditions while significantly reducing release in an acidic environment. Morphological, thermal, and structural analyses proved that CAP has a porous texture, high stability, and an amorphous nature. In vitro drug release experiments showcased a sustained and controlled release profile. Optimum release (85.33 %) results were recorded over 24 h at pH 7.4 in the case of MMB9. Pharmacokinetic evaluation in healthy male rabbits confirmed bioavailability enhancement and sustained release capabilities. Furthermore, rigorous toxicity evaluations and histopathological analyses ensured the safety and biocompatibility of the hydrogel. This pH-triggered drug delivery system can be a promising carrier system for drugs involving frequent administrations.

Unveiling the resistance of native weed communities: insights for managing invasive weed species in disturbed environments.

Weed communities influence the dynamics of ecosystems, particularly in disturbed environments where anthropogenic activities often result in higher pollution. Understanding the dynamics existing between native weed communities and invasive species in disturbed environments is crucial for effective management and normal ecosystem functioning. Recognising the potential resistance of native weed communities to invasion in disturbed environments can help identify suitable native plants for restoration operations. This review aims to investigate the adaptations exhibited by native and non-native weeds that may affect invasions within disturbed environments. Factors such as ecological characteristics, altered soil conditions, and adaptations of native weed communities that potentially confer a competitive advantage relative to non-native or invasive weeds in disturbed environments are analysed. Moreover, the roles of biotic interactions such as competition, mutualistic relationships, and allelopathy in shaping the invasion resistance of native weed communities are described. Emphasis is given to the consideration of the resistance of native weeds as a key factor in invasion dynamics that provides insights for conservation and restoration efforts in disturbed environments. Additionally, this review underscores the need for further research to unravel the underlying mechanisms and to devise targeted management strategies. These strategies aim to promote the resistance of native weed communities and mitigate the negative effects of invasive weed species in disturbed environments. By delving deeper into these insights, we can gain an understanding of the ecological dynamics within disturbed ecosystems and develop valuable insights for the management of invasive species, and to restore long-term ecosystem sustainability.

Harnessing the power of bacterial laccases for xenobiotic degradation in water: A 10-year overview.

Industrialization and population growth are leading to the production of significant amounts of sewage containing hazardous xenobiotic compounds. These compounds pose a threat to human and animal health, as well as the overall ecosystem. To combat this issue, chemical, physical, and biological techniques have been used to remove these contaminants from water bodies affected by human activity. Biotechnological methods have proven effective in utilizing microorganisms and enzymes, particularly laccases, to address this problem. Laccases possess versatile enzymatic characteristics and have shown promise in degrading different xenobiotic compounds found in municipal, industrial, and medical wastewater. Both free enzymes and crude enzyme extracts have demonstrated success in the biotransformation of these compounds. Despite these advancements, the widespread use of laccases for bioremediation and wastewater treatment faces challenges due to the complex composition, high salt concentration, and extreme pH often present in contaminated media. These factors negatively impact protein stability, recovery, and recycling processes, hindering their large-scale application. These issues can be addressed by focusing on large-scale production, resolving operation problems, and utilizing cutting-edge genetic and protein engineering techniques. Additionally, finding novel sources of laccases, understanding their biochemical properties, enhancing their catalytic activity and thermostability, and improving their production processes are crucial steps towards overcoming these limitations. By doing so, enzyme-based biological degradation processes can be improved, resulting in more efficient removal of xenobiotics from water systems. This review summarizes the latest research on bacterial laccases over the past decade. It covers the advancements in identifying their structures, characterizing their biochemical properties, exploring their modes of action, and discovering their potential applications in the biotransformation and bioremediation of xenobiotic pollutants commonly present in water sources.

Infections associated with SARS-CoV-2 exploited via nanoformulated photodynamic therapy.

Background and purpose: The pandemic of COVID-19 has highlighted the need for managing infectious diseases, which spreads by airborne transmission leading to serious health, social, and economic issues. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus with a 60-140 nm diameter and particle-like features, which majorly accounts for this disease. Expanding diagnostic capabilities, developing safe vaccinations with long-lasting immunity, and formulating effective medications are the strategies to be investigated. Experimental approach: For the literature search, electronic databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were used as the source. Search terms like 'Nano-mediated PDT,' 'PDT for SARS-CoV-2', and 'Nanotechnology in treatment for SARS-CoV-2' were used. Out of 275 initially selected articles, 198 were chosen after the abstract screening. During the full-text screening, 80 papers were excluded, and 18 were eliminated during data extraction. Preference was given to articles published from 2018 onwards, but a few older references were cited for their valuable information. Key results: Synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) have a close structural resemblance to viruses and interact greatly with their proteins due to their similarities in the configurations. NPs had previously been reported to be effective against a variety of viruses. In this way, with nanoparticles, photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be a viable alternative to antibiotics in fighting against microbial infections. The protocol of PDT includes the activation of photosensitizers using specific light to destroy microorganisms in the presence of oxygen, treating several respiratory diseases. Conclusion: The use of PDT in treating COVID-19 requires intensive investigations, which has been reviewed in this manuscript, including a computational approach to formulating effective photosensitizers.

Phosphorus-carrying cascade molecules: inner architecture to biomedical applications.

Cascade molecules are nearly uniform-sized macromolecules of small molecules or linear polymer cores built around symmetric branching units. A wide range of biological properties can be achieved with phosphorus-containing dendrimers, depending on their terminal functions, ranging from biomaterials to imaging, drug delivery, and acting as a drug by themselves. This feature article presents significant examples of phosphorus-containing dendrimers used to develop biochips, support cell cultures, carry or deliver biomacromolecules and drugs, bioimaging, and combinational benefits. Because of the thermal stability, ferrocene function, and physical and chemical properties of phosphorus, dendrimers show greater rigidity, mobility, and strength. These dendrimers will be discussed as having a favorable effect on cell growths, especially on neuronal cells, as well as human immune cells like natural killer cells and monocytes, which have a crucial part in preventing cancerous and viral infections. Several phosphorus dendrimers are effective as drugs by themselves (drug per se) and show their activity against neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, inflammation, ocular hypertension, and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in both in vivo and in vitro. The present review discusses the synthetic route, fabrications, and biomedical applications of phosphorus-containing dendrimers. The toxicity of these dendrimers was also reported.

Enhanced electrical and magnetic properties of (Co, Yb) co-doped ZnO memristor for neuromorphic computing.

We investigate the morphological, electrical, magnetic, and resistive switching properties of (Co, Yb) co-ZnO for neuromorphic computing. By using hydrothermal synthesized nanoparticles and their corresponding sputtering target, we introduce Co and Yb into the ZnO structure, leading to increased oxygen vacancies and grain volume, indicating grain growth. This growth reduces grain boundaries, enhancing electrical conductivity and room-temperature ferromagnetism in Co and Yb-doped ZnO nanoparticles. We present a sputter-grown memristor with a (Co, Yb) co-ZnO layer between Au electrodes. Characterization confirms the ZnO layer's presence and 100 nm-thick Au electrodes. The memristor exhibits repeatable analog resistance switching, allowing manipulation of conductance between low and high resistance states. Statistical endurance tests show stable resistive switching with minimal dispersion over 100 pulse cycles at room temperature. Retention properties of the current states are maintained for up to 1000 seconds, demonstrating excellent thermal stability. A physical model explains the switching mechanism, involving Au ion migration during "set" and filament disruption during "reset." Current-voltage curves suggest space-charge limited current, emphasizing conductive filament formation. All these results shows good electronic devices and systems towards neuromorphic computing.