Urine N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and plasma proenkephalin are promising biomarkers for early diagnosis of cardiorenal syndrome type 1 in acute decompensated heart failure: a prospective, double-center, observational study in real-world.

BACKGROUND: Patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) show cardiorenal syndrome type 1 (CRS-1) are more likely to have a poor outcome. However, the current criteria often lead to delayed CRS-1 diagnosis. Therefore, we evaluated the predictive value of plasma proenkephalin (pPENK) and urine NT-proBNP (uNT-proBNP) for early diagnosis of CRS-1 and vulnerable-phase prognosis in ADHF patients. METHODS: The plasma NT-proBNP (pNT-proBNP), pPENK, and uNT-proBNP were measured in 121 ADHF patients on admission. The plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (pNGAL) was chosen as the reference. Logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of CRS-1. The area under the receiver operating curves (ROCs) was calculated to assess the early diagnostic value of pNGAL, pPENK, and uNT-proBNP/uCr for CRS-1. To evaluate the prognostic risk of factors for the 90-d outcomes of all ADHF patients, the Cox regression was performed and the cumulative risk curve was plotted. RESULTS: We found that pPENK [OR 1.093 (95% CI 1.022-1.169), p = 0.010; AUROC = 0.899 (95% CI 0.831-0.946)] and uNT-proBNP/uCr ratio [OR 1.015 (95% CI 1.003-1.028), p = 0.012; AUROC = 0.934 (95% CI 0.874-0.971)] could independently predict the occurrence of CRS-1 in hospitalized patients with ADHF. The pPENK [HR 1.014 (95% CI 1.000-1.042), p = 0.044] and uNT-proBNP/uCr ration [HR 0.998 (95% CI 0.997-1.000), p = 0.045] were also independent predictors of the risk of HF readmission or all-cause death 90 d after discharge in ADHF patients. CONCLUSIONS: The newly found pPENK and noninvasive test of uNT-proBNP/uCr ratio (pg/nmol) on admission may be two promising novel predictive biomarkers for early diagnosis of CRS-1 occurrence and vulnerable-phase outcomes in ADHF patients.

circ-Sirt1 controls NF-κB activation via sequence-specific interaction and enhancement of SIRT1 expression by binding to miR-132/212 in vascular smooth muscle cells.

NF-κB-mediated inflammatory phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a central role in atherosclerosis and neointimal formation. However, little is known about the roles of circRNAs in the regulation of NF-κB signaling. Here, we identify the involvement of circ-Sirt1 that was one of transcripts of SIRT1 host gene in VSMC inflammatory response and neointimal hyperplasia. First, in the cytoplasm, circ-Sirt1 directly interacts with and sequesters NF-κB p65 from nuclear translocation induced by TNF-α in a sequence-dependent manner. The inhibitory complex of circ-Sirt1-NF-κB p65 is not dependent on IκBα. Second, circ-Sirt1 binds to miR-132/212 that interferes with SIRT1 mRNA, and facilitates the expression of host gene SIRT1. Increased SIRT1 results in deacetylation and inactivation of the nuclear NF-κB p65. These findings illustrate that circ-Sirt1 is a novel non-coding RNA regulator of VSMC phenotype.

Atorvastatin suppresses aldosterone-induced neonatal rat cardiac fibroblast proliferation by inhibiting ERK1/2 in the genomic pathway.

UNLABELLED: Excessive proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts plays a critical role in myocardial remodeling and the development of chronic heart failure, and the inhibition of cardiac fibroblast proliferation may help in the prevention of heart failure. Recent studies indicate that aldosterone promotes fibroblast proliferation and that ERK1/2 is critically involved in this process. However, whether aldosterone promotes p-ERK1/2 expression in cardiac fibroblasts via the classic genomic or rapid nongenomic pathway is not fully understood, and the effect of statins on both of these pathways is poorly studied. In this study, we investigated the role of the ERK1/2 pathway in the antiproliferative effects of atorvastatin, in the context of aldosterone-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation. METHODS: : 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine assays and flow cytometry analysis were used to examine the inhibitory effects of atorvastatin on aldosterone-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation and cell cycle progression. Confocal microscopy in conjunction with immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis were used to detect protein expression level. RESULTS: : Atorvastatin effectively inhibited aldosterone-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation and blocked cell cycle progression by arresting the cells at the G0/G1 phase. Aldosterone-induced cyclin D1 and cyclin E2 expression was markedly suppressed by atorvastatin. In addition, atorvastatin significantly blocked the aldosterone-induced p-ERK1/2 expression in the genomic pathway but had no effect on the nongenomic pathway of the aldosterone-induced p-ERK1/2 expression. CONCLUSIONS: : ERK1/2 is essential for cardiac fibroblast proliferation induced by aldosterone. Atorvastatin effectively suppressed aldosterone-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation and cell cycle progression, which were associated with the inhibition of the p-ERK1/2 expression in the genomic pathway and subsequent cyclin D1 and cyclin E2 expression.

Integrin beta 3-overexpressing mesenchymal stromal cells display enhanced homing and can reduce atherosclerotic plaque.

BACKGROUND: Umbilical cord (UC) mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a potential therapeutic intervention for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Integrin beta 3 (ITGB3) promotes cell migration in several cell types. However, whether ITGB-modified MSCs can migrate to plaque sites in vivo and play an anti-atherosclerotic role remains unclear. AIM: To investigate whether ITGB3-overexpressing MSCs (MSCsITGB3) would exhibit improved homing efficacy in atherosclerosis. METHODS: UC MSCs were isolated and expanded. Lentiviral vectors encoding ITGB3 or green fluorescent protein (GFP) as control were transfected into MSCs. Sixty male apolipoprotein E-/- mice were acquired from Beijing Vital River Lab Animal Technology Co., Ltd and fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 wk to induce the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. These HFD-fed mice were randomly separated into three clusters. GFP-labeled MSCs (MSCsGFP) or MSCsITGB3 were transplanted into the mice intravenously via the tail vein. Immunofluorescence staining, Oil red O staining, histological analyses, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used for the analyses. RESULTS: ITGB3 modified MSCs successfully differentiated into the "osteocyte" and "adipocyte" phenotypes and were characterized by positive expression (> 91.3%) of CD29, CD73, and CD105 and negative expression (< 1.35%) of CD34 and Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR. In a transwell assay, MSCsITGB3 showed significantly faster migration than MSCsGFP. ITGB3 overexpression had no effects on MSC viability, differentiation, and secretion. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that ITGB3 overexpression substantially enhanced the homing of MSCs to plaque sites. Oil red O staining and histological analyses further confirmed the therapeutic effects of MSCsITGB3, significantly reducing the plaque area. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that MSCITGB3 transplantation considerably decreased the inflammatory response in pathological tissues by improving the dynamic equilibrium of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION: These results showed that ITGB3 overexpression enhanced the MSC homing ability, providing a potential approach for MSC delivery to plaque sites, thereby optimizing their therapeutic effects.

Inhibition of the STIM1/Orai1 Signaling Pathway by Glycine Betaine Mitigates Myocardial Hypertrophy in Spontaneous Hypertension Rats.

Background: Spontaneous hypertension is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases morbidity and mortality. Glycine betaine (GB) is a natural vitamin that has the potential to lower blood pressure. This work attempted to investigate the role and mechanisms of GB in spontaneous hypertension. Methods: Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were administrated with 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg of GB by gavage or combined with by injection of lentivirus-mediated STIM1 overexpression vector. The heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart weight/body weight (HW/BW) of rats were monitored. The pathological changes in myocardium were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson staining. The expression of genes and proteins was detected by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Results: GB at 200 and 400 mg/kg reduced the HR, SBP, DBP and HW/BW in SHRs. GB decreased the cross-sectional area and fibrotic area in the myocardium and downregulated the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and ß-myosin heavy chain (ß-MHC) in the myocardium of SHRs. It indicated that GB treatment effectively alleviated myocardial hypertrophy in SHRs. Additionally, GB treatment repressed the expression of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (Orai1) in the myocardium of SHRs. STIM1 overexpression reversed GB treatment-mediated inhibition of myocardial hypertrophy in SHRs. Conclusions: In conclusion, GB repressed STIM1/Orai1 signaling pathway, which contributed to alleviating myocardial hypertrophy in SHRs. Thus, our study provides a theoretical basis for GB as an antihypertensive drug.

Assessing serum levels of SM22α as a new biomarker for patients with aortic aneurysm/dissection.

BACKGROUND: Aortic aneurysm/dissection (AAD) is now encountered more often because of the increasing prevalence of atherosclerosis and hypertension in the population. Despite many therapeutic improvements, in particular timely and successful surgery, in-hospital mortality rates are still higher. Timely identification of patients at high risk will help improve the overall prognosis of AAD. Since early clinical and radiological signs are nonspecific, there is an urgent need for accurate biomarkers. Smooth muscle 22α (SM22α) is a potential marker for AAD because of its abundant expression in vascular smooth muscle, which is involved in development of AAD. METHODS: We prepared three different mouse models, including abdominal aortic aneurysm, neointimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis. SM22α levels were assessed in serum and vascular tissue of the mice. Next, the relationships between serum SM22α level and vascular lesion were studied in mice. Finally, serum from 41 patients with AAD, 107 carotid artery stenosis (CAS) patients and 40 healthy volunteers were tested for SM22α. Serum levels of SM22α were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Compared with the controls, serum SM22α levels were reduced in the models of aortic aneurysm, neointimal formation and atherosclerosis, and elevated in mice with ruptured aneurysm. Serum SM22α level was negatively correlated with apoptosis rate of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), ratio of intima/ media (I/M) area and plaque size. Patients with AAD had significantly higher serum SM22α levels than patients with only CAS, or normal controls. CONCLUSION: Serum SM22α could be a potential predictive marker for AAD, and regulation of VSMC is a possible mechanism for the effects of SM22α.

JMJD5 attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion-induced injury in cardiomyocytes through regulation of HIF-1α-BNIP3.

Proteins in Jumonji family function as histone demethylases and participate in cardiac development. Jumonji domain containing 5 (JMJD5) is responsible for the embryonic development through removing methyl moieties from H3K36me2 histone, and has pro-proliferative effect on heart and eye development. However, the protective role of JMJD5 against oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced injury in cardiomyocytes has not been fully understood. Firstly, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rat model was established by ligation of left coronary artery. OGD/R was performed in non-transfected H9C2 or H9C2 transfected with pcDNA-JMJD5 plasmid to induce cell cytotoxicity. Data from qRT-PCR and western blot showed that JMJD5 was reduced in the heart tissues of myocardial I/R rat model and OGD/R-induced H9C2. Secondly, JMJD5 over-expression attenuated OGD/R-induced decrease in cell viability and increase in lactate dehydrogenase secretion and cell apoptosis in H9C2. Mitophagy was promoted by pcDNA-mediated over-expression of JMJD5 with enhanced protein expression of LC3-I, LC3-II, Atg5, and Beclin 1. Thirdly, knockdown of JMJD5 aggravated OGD/R-induced decrease in hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), whereas JMJD5 over-expression enhanced BNIP3 (Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein) through upregulation of HIF-1α. Lastly, BNIP3 silencing promoted cell apoptosis, suppressed mitophagy, and attenuated the protective effects of JMJD5 over-expression against OGD/R-induced injury in H9C2. In conclusion, JMJD5 exerted protective effects against OGD/R-induced injury in cardiomyocytes through upregulation of HIF-1α-BNIP3.

Downregulation of microRNA­199a­5p attenuates hypoxia/reoxygenation­induced cytotoxicity in cardiomyocytes by targeting the HIF­1α­GSK3ß­mPTP axis.

MicroRNAs (miRs) have been identified as critical regulatory molecules in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury; however, the exact expression profile of miR­199a­5p in reperfusion injury and the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, it was revealed that miR­199a­5p expression was significantly increased in the plasma of patients with acute myocardial infarction and in a H9c2 cell model of oxygen­glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) via reverse transcription­quantitative PCR. H9c2 cells were transfected with miR­199a­5p mimic or inhibitor, or short interfering RNA (siRNA) specific to hypoxia­inducible factor­1α (HIF­1α). MTS, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), TUNEL staining and flow cytometry assays were performed to determine the proliferation, LDH activity, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) of H9c2 cells, respectively. The overexpression of miR­199a­5p in the OGD/R cell model significantly decreased the viability and increased the lactate dehydrogenase leakage of cells; whereas knockdown of miR­199­5p induced the opposing effects. Additionally, inhibition of miR­199­5p significantly attenuated OGD/R­induced alterations to the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and increases in the apoptosis of cells. Furthermore, the overexpression or knockdown of miR­199a­5p decreased or increased the expression of HIF­1α and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß) in OGD/R­treated H9c2 cells. Additionally, siRNA­mediated downregulation of HIF­1α decreased phosphorylated (p)­GSK3ß (Ser9) levels and reversed the protective effects of miR­199a­5p inhibition on OGD/R­injured H9c2 cells. Similarly, treatment with LiCl (a specific inhibitor of p­GSK3ß) also attenuated the protective effects of miR­199a­5p knockdown on OGD/R­injured H9c2 cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that HIF­1α was a target of miR­199a­5p, and that HIF­1α downregulation suppressed the expression of p­GSK3ß in OGD/R­injured H9c2 cells. Furthermore, an miR­199a­5p inhibitor increased the interaction between p­GSK3ß and adenine nucleotide transferase (ANT), which was decreased by OGD/R. Additionally, miR­199a­5p inhibitor reduced the OGD/R­induced interaction between ANT and cyclophilin D (Cyp­D), potentially leading to the increased mitochondrial membrane potential in inhibitor­transfected OGD/R­injured H9c2 cells. Collectively, the present study identified a novel regulatory pathway in which the upregulation of miR­199a­5p reduced the expression of HIF­1α and p­GSK3ß, and potentially suppresses the interaction between p­GSK3ß and ANT, thus promoting the interaction between ANT and Cyp­D and potentially inducing cytotoxicity in OGD/R­injured H9c2 cells.

C-reactive protein aggravates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2.

BACKGROUND: Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is an inflammatory response that occurs when tissue is reperfused following a prolonged period of ischemia. Several studies have indicated that C-reactive protein (CRP) might play an important role in inducing IRI. However, the effects of CRP on myocardial IRI and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the association between CRP and myocardial IRI and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: We simulated ischemia/reperfusion using oxygen-glucose deprivation/ reoxygenation (OGD/R) in neonatal Sprague-Dawley rat cardiomyocytes; reperfusion injury was induced by three hours of hypoxia with glucose and serum deprivation followed by one hour of reperfusion. Cell viability was tested with MTS assays, and cardiomyocyte damage was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured using tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening was measured using calcein/AM; both TMRE and caocein/AM were visualized with laser scanning confocal microscopy. In addition, we studied the signaling pathways underlying CRP-mediated ischemia/reperfusion injury via Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Compared with the simple OGD/R group, after intervention with 10 µg/mL CRP, cell viability decreased markedly (82.36 % ± 6.18% vs. 64.84% ± 4.06%, P = 0.0007), and the LDH leakage significantly increased (145.3 U/L ± 16.06 U/L vs. 208.2 U/L ± 19.23 U/L, P = 0.0122). CRP also activated mPTP opening and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Pretreatment with 1 µM atorvastatin (Ator) before CRP intervention protected cardiomyocytes from IRI. Mitochondrial KATP channel opener diazoxide and mPTP inhibitor cyclosporin A also offset the effects of CRP in this process. The level of phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 was significantly higher after pre-treatment with CRP compared with the OGD/R group (170.4% ± 3.00% vs. 93.53% ± 1.94%, P < 0.0001). Western blot analysis revealed that Akt expression was markedly activated (184.2% ± 6.96% vs. 122.7% ± 5.30%, P = 0.0003) and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation significantly reduced after co-treatment with Ator and CRP compared with the level after CRP pretreatment alone. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that CRP directly aggravates myocardial IRI in myocardial cells and that this effect is primarily mediated by inhibiting mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channels and promoting mPTP opening. Ator counteracts these effects and can reduce CRP-induced IRI. One of the mechanisms of CRP-induced IRI may be related to the sustained activation of the ERK signaling pathway.

[Effects of rabbit limbs ischemia/ reperfusion on myocardial necrosis and apoptosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of rabbit limbs ischemia/reperfusion on myocardial necrosis and apoptosis in vivo. METHODS: Thirty-six healthy new zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: (1) Sham group; (2) I/R(Ischemia/reperfusion) group; (3) RPostC (remote postconditioning) group. The activity of blood serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured at baseline, the end of ischemia after 60 min and 120 min of reperfusion respectively. The extent of myocardial ischemia and the scope of myocardial infarction were assessed by evans blue and Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). The myocardial cell's apoptosis at the area of myocardial ischemia was estimated by Tunel. Protein expression of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax in myocardial ischemic area were analyzed with the method of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Compared with I/R group, the myocardial infarct size and the CK activity were significantly reduced in RPostC group. The Tunel positive index of RPostC group in ischemic myocardium was significantly lower than that in I/R group (21.79% +/- 1.07% vs 35.81% +/- 1.10%, P < 0.05). Caspase-3 positive cells index was calculated with randomly selected five regions in each slide and then the positive cells in per hundred cells were calculated. The RPostC group of caspase-3 positive cells was significantly lower than that in I/ R group(25.03% +/- 1.16% as 39% +/- 2.43%, P < 0.05). Compared with the sham group, the Bax protein expression index and the Bcl-2 protein expression index of I/R group and RPostC group were increased. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio of RPostC group decreased, while it was increased in I/R. Compared with the I/R group, the Bax protein expression and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio of RPostC group significantly reduced, but the expression index of Bcl-2 ratio was significantly increased, the differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Limbs ischemia/postconditioning could significantly reduce necrosis and apoptosis of ischemia/reperfusion myocardium. The mechanism of reducing the myocardial cell apoptosis may have relation to inhibiting the activation of pro-apoptotic gene caspase-3 and increased expression of Bcl-2.

[Cardiac protection from myocardial ischemic postconditioning and remote postconditioning during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits].

OBJECTIVE: To observe whether there are some differences between myocardial postconditioning and remote postconditioning, and whether there is additional cardiac protection when they are used combined during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits. METHODS: Thirty healthy New Zealand rabbits which were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 5): ischemic control group (CON), sham operation group (Sham), myocardial postconditioning group (MPostC), remote postconditioning group (RPostC), myocardial postconditioning plus remote postconditioning group (MPostC + RPostC). Acute myocardial infarction was induced by 45 minutes occlusion on left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) and 2 hours reperfusion in all anesthetized open-chest rabbits except the Sham, the coronary occlusion and reperfusion were determined by changes of ECG and cardiac color. Skeletal muscle ischemia model was induced by extrinsic iliac arteries occlusion and reperfusion with artery clamps. The condition that the extrinsic iliac arteries were occluded or reperfused could be tested by according to the distal arterial pulse. Plasma creatine kinase (CPK) activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were measured at baseline, the end of ischemia, after 1 hour and 2 hours of reperfusion respectively. The extent of myocardial infarction was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium (TTC) staining and measured by area ratio of AN/AAR. RESULTS: Compared with the Con, myocardial infarct size was significantly reduced in MPostC and RpostC group (P < 0.05). But there was no significant difference between MPostC and RPostC group. Combined MPostC and RPostC markedly enhanced myocardial protection (P < 0.05). The trend of CPK and LDH release was similar to the trend of myocardial infarct size. CONCLUSION: Both MPostC and RPostC induced cardiac protection. There was no significant difference between MPostC and RPostC. Combined MPostC and RPostC induced markedly additive effect on myocardial protection.

[Cardioprotective effects of limb ischemic postconditioning by different strength and time in rabbits].

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we try to find the better protocol of limb ischemia postconditioning by observing different protective effects of limb ischemic postconditioning (different strength and time windows in rabbits). METHODS: 42 healthy New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 7 groups (n = 6): Sham; Control (CON); Skeletal muscle postconditioning (SP); 6 min-delayed skeletal muscle postconditioning (6M-DSP); 1 min-delayed skeletal muscle postconditioning (1M-DSP); Strengthen skeletal muscle postconditioning (SSP); Weakened skeletal muscle postconditioning (WSP). Acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model was induced by 45 minutes occlusion on left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) and 2 hours reperfusion in all anesthetized open-chest rabbits except the Sham. Limb ischemia was induced by external iliac arteries occlusion and reperfusion through artery clamps. The extent of myocardial infarction was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium (TTC) staining. Blood serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were measured at baseline,the end of ischemia, after 1 hour and 2 hours of reperfusion respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the CON, the weight ratio and area ratio of myocardial infarction size were significantly decreased by 49.97% and 43.78% in SP, by 42.32% and 42.68% in 1M-DSP, by 48.36% and 48.86% in SSP (P < 0.05). But there was no significant difference between SP and 1M-DSP and SSP (P > 0.05). Otherwise, compared with the CON, myocardial infarct size was not significantly reduced in 6M-DSP or WSP (P > 0.05). The change of CK was similar to the trend of myocardial infarct size. CONCLUSION: The limb ischemia strength of 5 mini/1 minR x 1 cycle could significantly reduce the myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion injury in rabbits, if it was achieved before myocardial reperfusion.

Baicalin inhibits PDGF-BB-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through suppressing PDGFRß-ERK signaling and increase in p27 accumulation and prevents injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia.

The increased proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are key events in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Baicalin, an herb-derived flavonoid compound, has been previously shown to induce apoptosis and growth inhibition in cancer cells through multiple pathways. However, the potential role of baicalin in regulation of VSMC proliferation and prevention of cardiovascular diseases remains unexplored. In this study, we show that pretreatment with baicalin has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMC proliferation, accompanied with the reduction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. We also show that baicalin-induced growth inhibition is associated with a decrease in cyclin E-CDK2 activation and increase in p27 level in PDGF-stimulated VSMCs, which appears to be at least partly mediated by blockade of PDGF receptor ß (PDGFRß)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling. In addition, baicalin was also found to inhibit adhesion molecule expression and cell migration induced by PDGF-BB in VSMCs. Furthermore, using an animal carotid arterial balloon-injury model, we found that baicalin significantly inhibited neointimal hyperplasia. Taken together, our results reveal a novel function of baicalin in inducing growth arrest of PDGF-stimulated VSMCs and suppressing neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury, and suggest that the underlying mechanism involves the inhibition of cyclin E-CDK2 activation and the increase in p27 accumulation via blockade of the PDGFRß-ERK1/2 signaling cascade.

Synergistic co-operation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B with activator protein 1 in angiotensin II-induced angiotensinogen gene activation in vascular smooth muscle cells.

The binding sequences for signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and activator protein 1 have been found in the promoter region of the angiotensinogen gene. We examined whether the elements for activator protein 1 and STAT5B function in angiotensinogen gene activation induced by angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells. Stimulation with angiotensin II increased the level of angiotensinogen mRNA by 2.1-fold in vascular smooth muscle cells. The increased level of angiotensinogen mRNA occurred with concurrent elevations in the levels of STAT5B and c-Jun phosphorylation after stimulation with angiotensin II. Likewise, angiotensin II resulted in similar enhancements of the DNA-binding activity of STAT5B and c-Jun in angiotensin II-induced angiotensinogen expression. Notably, the STAT5B-DNA complex interacted with the c-Jun-DNA complex by forming a stable quaternary complex in angiotensin II-induced angiotensinogen expression. Our findings support a model in which co-operative interaction of STAT5B and activator protein 1 bound to the the promoter region provides maximal activation of angiotensinogen expression by angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells.