State-of-the-Art Production Chains for Peas, Beans and Chickpeas-Valorization of Agro-Industrial Residues and Applications of Derived Extracts.

The world is confronted with the depletion of natural resources due to their unsustainable use and the increasing size of populations. In this context, the efficient use of by-products, residues and wastes generated from agro-industrial and food processing opens the perspective for a wide range of benefits. In particular, legume residues are produced yearly in very large amounts and may represent an interesting source of plant proteins that contribute to satisfying the steadily increasing global protein demand. Innovative biorefinery extraction cascades may also enable the recovery of further bioactive molecules and fibers from these insufficiently tapped biomass streams. This review article gives a summary of the potential for the valorization of legume residual streams resulting from agro-industrial processing and more particularly for pea, green bean and chickpea by-products/wastes. Valuable information on the annual production volumes, geographical origin and state-of-the-art technologies for the extraction of proteins, fibers and other bioactive molecules from this source of biomass, is exhaustively listed and discussed. Finally, promising applications, already using the recovered fractions from pea, bean and chickpea residues for the formulation of feed, food, cosmetic and packaging products, are listed and discussed.

Artificially deformed crania from the Hun-Germanic Period (5th-6th century ad) in northeastern Hungary: historical and morphological analysis.

From an anthropological point of view, artificial deformation of the cranial shape in newborns is one of the most interesting human customs, which has been recorded in all continents and in different cultures. However, the main goals of this procedure were basically the same everywhere; that is, to distinguish certain groups of people from others and to indicate the social status of individuals. In the Carpathian Basin all artificially deformed skulls are dated to the late Iron Age, especially to the early Migration Period. The authors examined 9 artificially deformed skulls from the Hun-Germanic Period (5th-6th century ad) excavated from two cemeteries in the northeastern part of the Great Hungarian Plain (Hungary). The extent and the type of the deformation as well as the technique were determined in each case. The authors also attempt to shed light on the probable origin and the historical context of the custom practiced in the Carpathian Basin (Hungary), relying on the anthropological and historical literature on the Hun-Germanic and preceding periods. It seems possible that this custom, which is associated with the finds in the Carpathian Basin, first appeared in the Kalmykia steppe, later in the Crimea, from where it spread to Central and Western Europe by way of the Hun migration. Neither the cranial find described presently nor the special literature on the subject furnish convincing evidence that the cranial deformation resulted in any chronic neurological disorder.

Pagan-Christian change in northeastern Hungary in the 10th-13th centuries AD--a palaeodemographic aspect.

In the present paper the authors compared skeletal populations (2421 individuals) excavated from four cemeteries, namely Hajdúdorog-Gyúlás (10th century AD), Hajdidorog-Temetöhegy (11th century AD), Hajdúdorog-Katidülö (12th-13th century AD) and Hajdúdorog-Szálldáföld (12th-13th century AD) from a micro-region of Northern Hajdúság (located in the northern part of the Great Hungarian Plain in Hungary in the Carpathian Basin) based on demographic data. The cemeteries were dated to the age of the Hungarian conquest and the Arpadian age and provided representative data for anthropological research. Previous studies based on craniological and archaeological investigations have already suggested that there was discontinuity in the population history between the 10th and the 11th centuries AD and continuity between the 11th and 12th centuries AD in this region. This hypothesis could be partially supported by demographic investigations because conclusive evidence was found that there must have been a change in the population at the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries AD, and there was certain continuity between the 11th and 12-13th centuries AD. The authors suppose that there were two crises in the examined period: the first crisis set in at the transition from the pagan era (10th century AD) to the Christian era (from the beginning of the 11th century AD, with population resettlements within the Carpathian Basin), the second might have been more moderate and meant burying the dead of the populations lacking a church in the churchyards of villages which had a church. At that time one graveyard around a church may have been used by several village populations.

Formulation of new sourdough bread prototypes fortified with non-compliant chickpea and pea residues.

Purpose: Nowadays, the promotion of a circular economy is fundamental to reduce food losses and waste. In this context, the possibility of using food supply chains non-compliant residues emerges. Much interest has been directed toward legume residues, in general and, in particular, to the possibility of combining different plant-matrices to improve nutritional profile, providing high-quality products. Methods: Five different formulations of breads, with a combination of seeds and cereals, were fortified with chickpea and pea protein concentrates. Samples were analyzed and compared with their relative control recipe to determine differences in composition, actual protein quality and integrity, and protein digestibility (performed with the INFOGEST method). Results: Samples showed a clear improvement in the nutritional profile with higher values of proteins, from averagely 12.9 (control breads) to 29.6% (fortified breads) (17.7-24.7 g/100 g of dry matter respectively), and an improvement in amino acidic profile, with a better balancing of essential amino acids (lysine and sulfur amino acid contents), without affecting protein integrity. Regarding in vitro gastro-intestinal digestibility, sample C (19% chickpea proteins) showed the best results, having a comparable protein digestibility to its control bread-48.8 ± 1.1% versus 51.7 ± 2.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed how the fortification with chickpea and/or pea protein concentrate improved the nutritional profile of bread. These prototypes seem to be a valid strategy to also increase the introduction of high biological value proteins. Furthermore, the not-expected lower digestibility suggested the possible presence of residual anti-nutritional factors in the protein concentrates interfering with protein digestibility. Therefore, it seems of fundamental importance to further investigate these aspects.

More than one millennium (2nd-16th century CE) of the White Plague in the Carpathian Basin - New cases, expanding knowledge.

The causative agent of tuberculosis is still a widespread pathogen, which caused the death of ca. 1.6 million people globally in 2021. The paleopathological study of human remains revealed the antiquity of the disease and its continuous presence throughout the history of humankind. The Carpathian Basin has always been a biocultural melting pot, since it has seen several migrations over the centuries, and served as a location of admixture and interaction for numerous populations of different cultures. Thus, this geographical territory is ideal for the examination of the coevolutionary processes of hosts and their pathogens. We aimed to reveal the spatial and temporal distribution of tuberculosis cases excavated inside the borders of Hungary between the 2nd and 16th centuries CE. We established a comprehensive database by collecting 114 already published cases and introducing 39 new cases. The involved cases include those that have been confirmed by different molecular methods, as well as possible infections that were identified based on the presence of macromorphological and radiological alterations. The progress of future molecular and paleopathological studies can be facilitated by our dataset, as it presents spatial and temporal information concerning the spread of the disease in the Carpathian Basin, as well as the biological profile and detailed paleopathological description of lesions illustrated by photo- and radiographs.

[New phytotherapical opportunity in the prevention and treatment of 2-type of diabetes mellitus]. / Uj fitoterápiás lehetoség a 2-es típusú diabetes mellitus prevenciójában és kezelésében.

The authors report their preclinical and clinical test results of an infusion (Diabole) made of dill (Anethum graveolens), nettle (Urtica dioica) and gingko (Gingko biloba) herbal mixture and accordingly, this preparation given in right dosages could be suitable for reducing blood sugar level significantly in II. type of diabetes mellitus.

[Hungarian surgeons and surgical treatment of stomach cancer at the turn of the Millennium. I. Extent of stomach resection]. / A magyar sebészek válaszai az ezredfordulón a gyomorrák sebészetének alapvetó kérdéseire. I. A reszekció kiterjedésének megválasztása a szerven.

Authors interviewed the most prestigeous Hungarian surgical clinics and departments about the operative treatment of gastric cancer using question form. Forty-seven of the involved 51 clinics and departments filled out and sent the questionnaires back. 68.5 per cent of the gastric resections were performed by these clinics and departments in 1999. The main purpose of this paper was to show how the Hungarian surgeons decide the extension of the resection on the organ. Only 5 out of 47 clinics and departments are satisfied with 2-3 cm long resection distance proximally from the tumor, 25 of 47 answering institutes aimed to 4-6 cm and 15 of them think that more than 6 cm is necessary. In case of antral tumor 2 departments perform total gastrectomy. Seventeen clinics and departments perform subtotal resection in case of antral tumor. Seventeen institutes decide to perform subtotal or total gastrectomy depending on the preoperative histology. Thirty-two departments perform total gastrectomy in case of mid-third tumors, and 15 of them perform subtotal gastrectomy if the resection distance is adequate. The necessity of total gastrectomy is generally accepted in case of tumors in the proximal third. Only two departments perform proximal resections regularly and 8 departments perform that in selected cases. Describing the results of prospective randomised studies we analyse the answers of the questionnaires. Our opinion is not described here. In addition to demonstrating the Hungarian situation we would like our readers to compare their own practice with the principles of other authors.

[Hungarian surgeons and surgical treatment of stomach cancer at the turn of the Millennium. II. Regional extension of the resection]. / A magyar sebészek válaszai az ezredfordulón a gyomorrák sebészetének alapvetó kérdéseire. II. A reszekció regionális kiterjesztése.

Authors interviewed the most considerable Hungarian surgical clinics and departments about the operative treatment of gastric cancer using a question form. Forty-seven of 51 clinics and departments sent the questionnaires back. 68.5 per cent of the gastric resections were performed in these clinics and departments in 1999. The main purpose of this paper was to show how the Hungarian surgeons decide the extension of the resection outside of the stomach. Extended lymphadenectomy is performed in 43 clinics and departments. Twenty-three institutes described splenectomy to be necessary in case of cardiac or upper third tumors and 21 clinics and departments perform it in case of suspicious hilar lymph nodes. Combined, extended operation is performed if the tumorous infiltrates surrounding organs in 38 institutes if radical resection is feasible, and 8 clinics and departments perform it as palliation as well. Showing the results of prospective randomised studies we analyse the answers of the questionnaires. Our opinion is not described here. In addition to demonstrating the Hungarian situation we would like our readers to compare their own practice with the principles of other authors.

[Effect of extending the resection on postoperative complications of total gastrectomies: experience with 161 operations]. / A reszekció kiterjesztésének hatása a total gastrectomiák posztoperatív szövódményeire: tapasztalataink 161 mútét kapcsán.

Authors operated on 416 patients for gastric cancer between 1st of June 1991 and 31st of May 2001. Among them 305 lesions were resectable. So the resection rate was 73.3 per cent. Gastrectomy was performed in 161 patients (52.8 per cent of resections). Total gastrectomy with omentectomy was performed in 44 patients. In 96 patients splenectomy, in 19 patients splenectomy with the resection of the left side of the pancreas, in 33 patients distal esophageal resection and in 8 patients other organ resection was performed with total gastrectomy. Standard, two field lymphadenectomy has been performed only in the past few years. Uneventful recovery followed in 100 cases (62 per cent), 61 patients (38 per cent) suffered complications in the postoperative period. The most frequent surgical complication was anastomotic leak, which was observed in 8 patients (5 per cent). Septic complications, intraluminal bleeding, postoperative pancreatitis, intraabdominal bleeding, pancreatic fistula and small bowel obstruction were the most frequent surgical complications. Most general complications occurred in the cardiorespiratory system. In 9 patients reoperation was necessary. Eight patients (5 per cent) died in the postoperative period. In patients with extended gastrectomy significantly more complications occurred--compared with gastrectomy + omentectomy only. This could also be observed in patients with only splenectomy. If more organs were removed or resected with total gastrectomy and splenectomy, the complication rate increased only if pancreatic resection was performed. Mortality rate increased in these patients as well. The esophageal or other neighbouring organ (colon, small-bowel, liver, diaphragm etc.) resection had no influence on the postoperative morbidity or mortality. Extended operations should be performed, as the risk is acceptable, if there is hope for tumour clearance.

[Surgical complications of esophageal resections: our experience with 168 operations]. / Nyelocso-reszekciók sebészi szövodményei: tapasztalataink 168 mutét kapcsán.

We performed 346 operations for oesophageal cancer between 1 June 1991 and 31 May 2001. 168 of them were resections. The resection rate was 48.5 percent. The most frequently performed operation was subtotal resection of the oesophagus with the removal of paraesophageal lymph nodes. Reconstruction was usually performed with gastric tube pulled up retrosternally according to Akiyama with cervical oesophago-gastrostomy (135/168). In 24 patients intrathoracic oesophago-gastrostomy and in 9 patients other type of reconstruction was performed. Considerable co-morbidity was present in 88 percent of our patients (148/168). Alcohol dependency was noted in 88 patients however we suspect there were patients who did not admit alcohol abuse. Extended resection i.e. other organs' resection together with the oesophagus was performed in 59 patients. Postoperative recovery was uneventful in 49.4 percent (83/168) of our patients. Surgical complications occurred in 28.6 percent. Anastomotic leak was observed in 21 cases (12.5 percent). The most severe complication was necrosis of an organ used in reconstruction (7 patients, 4.2 percent). 23 patients (13.7 percent) died in the postoperative period, 7 of them (4.2 percent) because of surgical complication. Statistical analysis proved that the R status and the extension of resection had no influence on the frequency of complications and mortality rate except for when the removal of the entire stomach or gastric stump was performed in one sitting with the oesophageal resection. The frequency of anastomotic leakage is grossly affected by the anastomosis technique and whether it was in cervical or in thoracic position.

[Lung biopsy using mediastinoscope in the time of VATS]. / Tüdobiopszia mediastinoscoppal a VATS korában.

Patients with diffuse lung disease need lung biopsy for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Both traditional open lung biopsy through a thoracotomy and video assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy are effective methods for obtaining parenchymal samples. The authors present their surgical method and experience. Thirty patients were operated on for lung biopsy using mediastinoscope between 1999-2003. Lung parenchymal samples were eligible for histological examination. No serious postoperative complications developed. The method is simple, safe and low-cost.