BCG vaccination induces cross-protective immunity against pathogenic microorganisms.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strain used as a vaccine to prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection. Its ability to potentiate the immune response induced by other vaccines and to promote nonspecific immunomodulatory effects has been described. These effects can be triggered by epigenetic reprogramming and metabolic shifts on innate immune cells, a phenomenon known as trained immunity. The induction of trained immunity may contribute to explain why BCG vaccination effectively decreases disease symptoms caused by pathogens different from M. tb. This article explains the importance of BCG immunization and the possible mechanisms associated with the induction of trained immunity, which might be used as a strategy for rapid activation of the immune system against unrelated pathogens.

Diversity and biogeography of South American mud turtles elucidated by multilocus DNA sequencing (Testudines: Kinosternidae).

Kinosternon is the most speciose genus of extant turtles, with 22 currently recognized species, distributed across large parts of the Americas. Most species have small distributions, but K. leucostomum and K. scorpioides range from Mexico to South America. Previous studies have found discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies in some kinosternid groups, with the current taxonomy following the nuclear-based results. Herein, based on extended molecular, geographic, and taxonomic sampling, we explore the phylogeographic structure and taxonomic limits for K. leucostomum and the K. scorpioides group and present a fossil-calibrated nuclear time tree for Kinosternon. Our results reveal contrasting differentiation patterns for the K. scorpioides group and K. leucostomum, despite overlapping distributions. Kinosternon leucostomum shows only shallow geographic divergence, whereas the K. scorpioides group is polyphyletic with up to 10 distinct taxa, some of them undescribed. We support the elevation of K. s. albogulare and K. s. cruentatum to species level. Given the deep divergence within the genus Kinosternon, we propose the recognition of three subgenera, Kinosternon, Cryptochelys and Thyrosternum, and the abandonment of the group-based classification, at least for the K. leucostomum and K. scorpioides groups. Our results show an initial split in Kinosternon that gave rise to two main radiations, one Nearctic and one mainly Neotropical. Most speciation events in Kinosternon occurred during the Quaternary and we hypothesize that they were mediated by both climatic and geological events. Additionally, our data imply that at least three South American colonizations occurred, two in the K. leucostomum group, and one in the K. scorpioides group. Additionally, we hypothesize that discordance between mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenetic signal is due to mitochondrial capture from an extinct kinosternine lineage.

Pregnant Women with Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Gene Expression and Molecular Interaction Using Bioinformatics Analysis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common disease in young women of reproductive age, characterized by demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding how genes related to MS are expressed during pregnancy can provide insights into the potential mechanisms by which pregnancy affects the course of this disease. This review article presents evidence-based studies on these patients' gene expression patterns. In addition, it constructs interaction networks using bioinformatics tools, such as STRING and KEGG pathways, to understand the molecular role of each of these genes. Bioinformatics research identified 25 genes and 21 signaling pathways, which allows us to understand pregnancy patients' genetic and biological phenomena and formulate new questions about MS during pregnancy.

The importance of cryptic diversity in the conservation of wide-ranging species: The red-footed tortoise Chelonoidis carbonarius in Colombia.

Wide-ranging species are seldom considered conservation priorities, yet they have the potential to harbour genetically deeply differentiated units across environments or ecological barriers, including some that warrant taxonomic recognition. Documenting such cryptic genetic diversity is especially important for wide-ranging species that are in decline, as they may comprise a set of even more endangered lineages or species with small distributions. However, studies of wide-ranging species, particularly when they cross political borders, are extremely challenging. One approach to overcoming these challenges is to conduct detailed local analyses in combination with less detailed, range-wide studies. We used this approach with the red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius), a threatened species likely to contain cryptic diversity given its vast range and the distinctive ecoregions that it inhabits. Previous single-gene molecular studies indicated the presence of at least five lineages, two of which occur in different ecoregions separated by the Andes within Colombia. We used a comprehensive genomic analysis to test the hypothesis of cryptic diversity within the single jurisdiction of Colombia. We used a combination of restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing and environmental niche modelling to provide three independent lines of evidence that support the presence of important cryptic diversity that may deserve taxonomic recognition: allopatric reproductive isolation, local adaptation and ecological divergence. We also provide a fine-scale genetic map with the distribution of conservation units in Colombia. As we complete ongoing range-wide analyses and make taxonomic adjustments, we recommend that the two lineages in Colombia be treated as separate units for conservation purposes.

Las especies con distribuciones amplias rara vez son consideradas prioridades de conservación, sin embargo, tienen el potencial de albergar unidades genéticamente diferenciadas que en algunos casos justifican reconocimiento taxonómico. Documentar dicha diversidad genética críptica es especialmente importante para las especies de rangos amplios que ya están en peligro de extinción, pues pueden comprender un conjunto de linajes o especies aún más amenazadas y con distribuciones más pequeñas. Sin embargo, los estudios de especies de rangos amplios, particularmente cuando cruzan fronteras políticas, son extremadamente desafiantes. Un enfoque para superar estos desafíos es realizar análisis locales detallados en combinación con estudios en todo el rango de distribución menos detallados. Nosotros usamos este enfoque con la tortuga de patas rojas (Chelonoidis carbonarius), una especie amenazada que probablemente contiene diversidad genética críptica dada su amplia distribución y las distintas ecorregiones en las que habita. Estudios moleculares previos de un solo gen indicaron la presencia de al menos cinco linajes, dos de los cuales ocurren en diferentes ecorregiones separadas por los Andes en Colombia. En este estudio utilizamos una combinación de secuenciación de ADN asociada a sitios de restricción (RADseq) y modelamiento de nicho ecológico para proporcionar tres líneas independientes de evidencia que respaldan la presencia de diversidad críptica importante que puede merecer reconocimiento taxonómico: aislamiento reproductivo alopátrico, adaptación local y divergencia ecológica. También proporcionamos un mapa genético a escala fina con la distribución de unidades de conservación en Colombia. Mientras completamos análisis genómicos en todo el rango de distribución y hacemos ajustes taxonómicos, recomendamos que los dos linajes en Colombia se traten como unidades independientes para fines de conservación.

Morphometric and molecular characterization of an unpigmented haemosporidian parasite in the Neotropical turnip-tailed gecko (Thecadactylus rapicauda).

Morphological traits from blood stages have been the gold standard for determining haemosporidian parasite species. However, the status of some taxa and the value of such traits in parasites from reptiles remain contentious. The scarce sampling of these species worsens the situation, and several taxa lack molecular data. A survey was performed in the Magdalena Department in Colombia, where 16 species of reptiles were captured. A peculiar haemosporidian parasite was found in the Turnip-tailed gecko Thecadactylus rapicauda. This haemosporidian does not show malarial pigment in blood stages under light microscopy; thus, it fits the Garnia genus's characters belonging to the Garniidae. However, the phylogenetic analyses using a partial sequence of cytochrome b and the mitochondrial DNA placed it within the Plasmodium clade. Our findings suggest that many putative Garnia species belong to the genus Plasmodium, like the one reported here. This study either shows that visible malarial pigment in blood stages is not a diagnostic trait of the genus Plasmodium or malarial pigment might be present in an undetectable form under a light microscope. In any case, the current taxonomy of haemosporidian parasites in reptiles requires revision. This study highlights the importance of using molecular and morphological traits to address taxonomic questions at the species and genus levels in haemosporidian parasites from reptiles.

Chewie Nomenclature Server (chewie-NS): a deployable nomenclature server for easy sharing of core and whole genome MLST schemas.

Chewie Nomenclature Server (chewie-NS, https://chewbbaca.online/) allows users to share genome-based gene-by-gene typing schemas and to maintain a common nomenclature, simplifying the comparison of results. The combination between local analyses and a public repository of allelic data strikes a balance between potential confidentiality issues and the need to compare results. The possibility of deploying private instances of chewie-NS facilitates the creation of nomenclature servers with a restricted user base to allow compliance with the strictest data policies. Chewie-NS allows users to easily share their own schemas and to explore publicly available schemas, including informative statistics on schemas and loci presented in interactive charts and tables. Users can retrieve all the information necessary to run a schema locally or all the alleles identified at a particular locus. The integration with the chewBBACA suite enables users to directly upload new schemas to chewie-NS, download existing schemas and synchronize local and remote schemas from chewBBACA command line version, allowing an easier integration into high-throughput analysis pipelines. The same REST API linking chewie-NS and the chewBBACA suite supports the interaction of other interfaces or pipelines with the databases available at chewie-NS, facilitating the reusability of the stored data.

Sustained increase of paediatric invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections dominated by M1UK and diverse emm12 isolates, Portugal, September 2022 to May 2023.

Since autumn 2022, observed numbers of paediatric invasive group A Streptococcus infections in Portugal (n = 89) were higher than in pre-COVID-19 seasons. Between September 2022 and May 2023, the dominant diagnoses were pneumonia (25/79), mostly with empyema (20/25), and sepsis (22/79). A number of cases required admission to intensive care (27/79) and surgery (35/79), and the case fatality rate was 5.1% (4/79). Genomic sequencing (n = 55) revealed multiple genetic lineages, dominated by the M1UK sublineage (26/55) and more diverse emm12 isolates (12/55).

Global DNA Methylation and Hydroxymethylation Levels in PBMCs Are Altered in RRMS Patients Treated with IFN-ß and GA-A Preliminary Study.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) due to an autoimmune attack on axonal myelin sheaths. Epigenetics is an open research topic on MS, which has been investigated in search of biomarkers and treatment targets for this heterogeneous disease. In this study, we quantified global levels of epigenetic marks using an ELISA-like approach in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from 52 patients with MS, treated with Interferon beta (IFN-ß) and Glatiramer Acetate (GA) or untreated, and 30 healthy controls. We performed media comparisons and correlation analyses of these epigenetic markers with clinical variables in subgroups of patients and controls. We observed that DNA methylation (5-mC) decreased in treated patients compared with untreated and healthy controls. Moreover, 5-mC and hydroxymethylation (5-hmC) correlated with clinical variables. In contrast, histone H3 and H4 acetylation did not correlate with the disease variables considered. Globally quantified epigenetic DNA marks 5-mC and 5-hmC correlate with disease and were altered with treatment. However, to date, no biomarker has been identified that can predict the potential response to therapy before treatment initiation.

Determining the Photoelectrical Behavior and Photocatalytic Activity of an h-YMnO3 New Type of Obelisk-like Perovskite in the Degradation of Malachite Green Dye.

YMnO3 is a P-type semiconductor with a perovskite-type structure (ABO3). It presents two crystalline systems: rhombohedral and hexagonal, the latter being the most stable and studied. In the hexagonal system, Mn3+ ions are coordinated by five oxygen ions forming a trigonal bipyramid, and the Y3+ ions are coordinated by five oxygen ions. This arrangement favors its ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties, which have been widely studied since 1963. However, applications based on their optical properties have yet to be explored. This work evaluates the photoelectric response and the photocatalytic activity of yttrium manganite in visible spectrum wavelengths. To conduct this, a rod-obelisk-shaped yttrium manganite with a reduced indirect bandgap value of 1.43 eV in its hexagonal phase was synthesized through the precipitation method. The synthesized yttrium manganite was elucidated by solid-state techniques, such as DRX, XPS, and UV-vis. It was non-toxic as shown by the 100% leukocyte viability of mice BALB/c.

Phaseolus vulgaris MIR1511 genotypic variations differentially regulate plant tolerance to aluminum toxicity.

The common-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), a widely consumed legume, originated in Mesoamerica and expanded to South America, resulting in the development of two geographically distinct gene pools. Poor soil condition, including metal toxicity, are often constraints to common-bean crop production. Several P. vulgaris miRNAs, including miR1511, respond to metal toxicity. The MIR1511 gene sequence from the two P. vulgaris model sequenced genotypes revealed that, as opposed to BAT93 (Mesoamerican), the G19833 (Andean) accession displays a 58-bp deletion, comprising the mature and star miR1511 sequences. Genotyping-By-Sequencing data analysis from 87 non-admixed Phaseolus genotypes, comprising different Phaseolus species and P. vulgaris populations, revealed that all the P. vulgaris Andean genotypes and part of the Mesoamerican (MW1) genotypes analyzed displayed a truncated MIR1511 gene. The geographic origin of genotypes with a complete versus truncated MIR1511 showed a distinct distribution. The P. vulgaris ALS3 (Aluminum Sensitive Protein 3) gene, known to be important for aluminum detoxification in several plants, was experimentally validated as the miR1511 target. Roots from BAT93 plants showed decreased miR1511 and increased ALS3 transcript levels at early stages under aluminum toxicity (AlT), while G19833 plants, lacking mature miR1511, showed higher and earlier ALS3 response. Root architecture analyses evidenced higher tolerance of G19833 plants to AlT. However, G19833 plants engineered for miR1511 overexpression showed lower ALS3 transcript level and increased sensitivity to AlT. Absence of miR1511 in Andean genotypes, resulting in a diminished ALS3 transcript degradation, appears to be an evolutionary advantage to high Al levels in soils with increased drought conditions.

Distribution of CRISPR-Cas systems in the Burkholderiaceae family and its biological implications.

CRISPR-Cas systems are composed of repeated sequences separated by non-repeated sequences that are near genes coding for Cas proteins, which are involved in the function of these systems. Their function has been mostly related to "genetic immunity" against foreign genetic material, among other roles. Interest in them increased after their use in genetic manipulation was uncovered and surveys to find and classify them have been done in several bacterial groups. To determine the presence of these genetic elements in the Burkholderiaceae family members, a bioinformatic approach was followed. Attention in this family comes as it is formed by a great diversity of microorganisms that include opportunistic and true pathogens, and symbiotic and saprophytic organisms, among others. Results show that, in contrast to other bacterial groups, only 8.4% of family members harbor complete CRISPR-Cas systems and the rest either do not have one or have remains or sections of one. Analyses of the spacer sequences indicated that most of them have identity to sections of the same genomes they were found, while a few had identities with either plasmids or phages. The genus with the higher proportion of self-directed spacers is Ralstonia, and their possible roles are discussed. Most of the systems (60%) belong to the class I subtype I-E and a few to subtypes I-C (13.3%), I-F (18.3%), II-C (5%), IV-A (1.7%) and V-C (1.7%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to uncover the CRISPR-Cas system for the whole Burkholderiaceae family.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: pathophysiological approach.

Aim: To review the main pathological findings of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) associated with the presence of autoantibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4) as well as the mechanisms of astrocyte dysfunction and demyelination. Methods: An comprehensive search of the literature in the field was carried out using the database of The National Center for Biotechnology Information from . Systematic searches were performed until July 2022. Results: NMOSD is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system mainly in the areas of the optic nerves and spinal cord, thus explaining mostly the clinical findings. Other areas affected in NMOSD are the brainstem, hypothalamus, and periventricular regions. Relapses in NMOSD are generally severe and patients only partially recover. NMOSD includes clinical conditions where autoantibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG) of astrocytes are detected as well as similar clinical conditions where such antibodies are not detected. AQP4 are channel-forming integral membrane proteins of which AQ4 isoforms are able to aggregate in supramolecular assemblies termed orthogonal arrays of particles (OAP) and are essential in the regulation of water homeostasis and the adequate modulation of neuronal activity and circuitry. AQP4 assembly in orthogonal arrays of particles is essential for AQP4-IgG pathogenicity since AQP4 autoantibodies bind to OAPs with higher affinity than for AQP4 tetramers. NMOSD has a complex background with prominent roles for genes encoding cytokines and cytokine receptors. AQP4 autoantibodies activate the complement-mediated inflammatory demyelination and the ensuing damage to AQP4 water channels, leading to water influx, necrosis and axonal loss. Conclusions: NMOSD as an astrocytopathy is a nosological entity different from multiple sclerosis with its own serological marker: immunoglobulin G-type autoantibodies against the AQP4 protein which elicits a complement-dependent cytotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Some patients with typical manifestations of NMSOD are AQP4 seronegative and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein positive. Thus, the detection of autoantibodies against AQP4 or other autoantibodies is crucial for the correct treatment of the disease and immunosuppressant therapy is the first choice.

Robotics Education in STEM Units: Breaking Down Barriers in Rural Multigrade Schools.

We report a novel proposal for reducing the digital divide in rural multigrade schools, incorporating knowledge of robotics with a STEM approach to simultaneously promote curricular learning in mathematics and science in several school grades. We used an exploratory qualitative methodology to implement the proposal with 12 multigrade rural students. We explored the contribution of the approaches to the promotion of curricular learning in mathematics and science and the perceptions of using robotics to learn mathematics and science. As data collection techniques, we conducted focus groups and semi-structured interviews with the participants and analyzed their responses thematically. We concluded that the proposal could contribute to meeting the challenges of multigrade teaching. Our findings suggest that the proposal would simultaneously promote the development of curricular learning in mathematics and science in several school grades, offering an alternative for addressing various topics with different degrees of depth.

Design, Fabrication, and Characterisation of a Label-Free Nanosensor for Bioapplications.

In this paper, we present a hybrid semiconductor structure for biosensing applications that features the co-integration of nanoelectromechanical systems with the well-known metal oxide semiconductor technology. The proposed structure features an MOSFET as a readout element, and a doubly clamped beam that is isolated from the substrate by a thin air gap, as well as by a tunnel oxide layer. The beam structure is functionalised by a thin layer of biotargets, and the main aim is to detect a particular set of biomolecules, such as enzymes, bacteria, viruses, and DNA/RNA chains, among others. In here, a three-dimensional finite element analysis is performed in order to study the behaviour of the functionalised, doubly clamped beam. Preliminary results for the fabrication and characterisation processes show good agreement between the simulated and measured characteristics.

Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers up to 6 months post disease onset.

SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a human pathogen, causing clinical signs, from fever to pneumonia-COVID-19-but may remain mild or asymptomatic. To understand the continuing spread of the virus, to detect those who are and were infected, and to follow the immune response longitudinally, reliable and robust assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection and immunological monitoring are needed. We quantified IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies recognizing the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) or the Spike (S) protein over a period of 6 months following COVID-19 onset. We report the detailed setup to monitor the humoral immune response from over 300 COVID-19 hospital patients and healthcare workers, 2500 University staff, and 198 post-COVID-19 volunteers. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses follow a classic pattern with a rapid increase within the first three weeks after symptoms. Although titres reduce subsequently, the ability to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies remained robust with confirmed neutralization activity for up to 6 months in a large proportion of previously virus-positive screened subjects. Our work provides detailed information for the assays used, facilitating further and longitudinal analysis of protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, it highlights a continued level of circulating neutralising antibodies in most people with confirmed SARS-CoV-2.

Molecular and morphological description of the first Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) species infecting a neotropical turtle, with an approach to its phylogenetic relationships.

Haemogregarines (Adeleorina) have a high prevalence in turtles. Nevertheless, there is only one Hepatozoon species described that infects Testudines so far; it is Hepatozoon fitzsimonsi which infects the African tortoise Kinixys belliana. Colombia harbours a great diversity of chelonians; however, most of them are threatened. It is important to identify and characterize chelonian haemoparasite infections to improve the clinical assessments, treatments and the conservation and reintroduction programs of these animals. To evaluate such infections for the Colombian wood turtle Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, we analysed blood from 70 individuals. By using the morphological characteristics of blood stages as well as molecular information (18S rRNA sequences), here we report a new Hepatozoon species that represents the first report of a hepatozoid species infecting a semi-aquatic continental turtle in the world. Although the isolated lineage clusters within the phylogenetic clades that have morphological species of parasites already determined, their low nodal support makes their position within each group inconclusive. It is important to identify new molecular markers to improve parasite species identification. In-depth research on blood parasites infecting turtles is essential for increasing knowledge that could assess this potential unknown threat, to inform the conservation of turtles and for increasing the state of knowledge on parasites.

Plasmid ATLAS: plasmid visual analytics and identification in high-throughput sequencing data.

Plasmid ATLAS (pATLAS, http://www.patlas.site) provides an easy-to-use web accessible database with visual analytics tools to explore the relationships of plasmids available in NCBI's RefSeq database. pATLAS has two main goals: (i) to provide an easy way to search for plasmids deposited in NCBI RefSeq and their associated metadata; (ii) to visualize the relationships of plasmids in a graph, allowing the exploration of plasmid evolution. pATLAS allows searching by plasmid name, bacterial host taxa, antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, plasmid families, and by sequence length and similarity. pATLAS is also able to represent in the plasmid network, plasmid sets identified by external pipelines using mapping, mash screen or assembly from high-throughput sequencing data. By representing the identified hits within the network of relationships between plasmids, allowing the possibility of removing redundant results, and by taking advantage of the browsing capabilities of pATLAS, users can more easily interpret the pipelines' results. All these analyses can be saved to a JSON file for sharing and future re-evaluation. Furthermore, by offering a REST-API, the pATLAS database and network display are easily accessible by other interfaces or pipelines.

Are electrophysiological and oligodendrocyte alterations an element in the development of multiple sclerosis at the same time as or before the immune response?

Efficient communication between the glial cells and neurons is a bi-directional process that is essential for conserving normal functioning in the central nervous system (CNS). Neurons dynamically regulate other brain cells in the healthy brain, yet little is known about the first pathways involving oligodendrocytes and neurons. Oligodendrocytes are the myelin-forming cells in the CNS that are needed for the propagation of action potentials along axons and additionally serve to support neurons by neurotrophic factors (NFTs). In demyelinating diseases, like multiple sclerosis (MS), oligodendrocytes are thought to be the victims. Axonal damage begins early and remains silent for years, and neurological disability develops when a threshold of axonal loss is reached, and the compensatory mechanisms are depleted. Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain axonal damage: 1) the damage is caused by an inflammatory process; 2) there is an excessive accumulation of intra-axonal calcium levels; and, 3) demyelinated axons evolve to a degenerative process resulting from the lack of trophic support provided by myelin or myelin-forming cells. Although MS was traditionally considered to be a white matter disease, the demyelination process also occurs in the cerebral cortex. Recent data supports the notion that initial response is triggered by CNS injury. Thus, the understanding of the role of neuron-glial neurophysiology would help provide us with further explanations. We should take in account the suggestion that MS is in part an autoimmune disease that involves genetic and environmental factors, and the pathological response leads to demyelination, axonal loss and inflammatory infiltrates.

[Burnout syndrome in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic]. / Burnout en funcionarios de salud en tiempos de pandemia.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) exposed health personnel worldwide to high stress levels, which increases the phenomenon of burnout. AIM: To evaluate burnout, its risk, and protective factors in our health team, which has been exposed for months to greater work stress and changes in their usual tasks due to the pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An online survey including the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) and sociodemographic questions, was carried out among health care personnel who continued working during the pandemic. RESULTS: A total of 209 surveys were obtained. Seventy six percent of respondents presented some degree of burnout in the time of the pandemic. Only one protective factor was observed: living with one or more children at home (Odds ratio (OR) 0.21, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.05 - 0.87; p = 0.03). Having night shifts (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.02 - 7.28; p = 0.04), having more than six years in the workplace (OR 3.58, 95% CI 1.18 - 10.8; p = 0.023) and maintaining a regular or poor diet during the pandemic (OR 4.52, 95% CI 1.51-13.48; p < 0.01) were identified as risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: A high incidence of burnout was observed in the surveyed population. Living with one or more children in the home stands out as a protective factor and working night shifts, having more than 6 years in the workplace, and maintaining a poor diet as risk factors.

Mexican Consensus on Hodgkin's Lymphoma.

Hodgkin's lymphoma is due to the clonal transformation of cells originating from B lymphocytes, generating the pathognomonic binucleate Reed-Sternberg cells. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a B cell disease with a bimodal distribution, with higher incidence in adolescence and the third decade of life, showing a second peak in people over 55 years of age. Classic Hodgkin lymphoma cells routinely undergo gene expression reprogramming, as they lose the expression of most of the typical B-cell genes and acquire the expression of multiple genes that are typical of other types of cells in the immune system. The treatment algorithm will depend on whether it is classic or predominantly lymphocytic HL, if it is early stage with unfavorable prognostic markers or not, the initial management regimen, and whether there is bulky disease, among the most relevant variables.

El linfoma de Hodgkin (LH) se debe a la transformación clonal de células originadas en los linfocitos B, lo que genera las células binucleadas patognomónicas de Reed-Sternberg. El LH es una enfermedad de células B con una distribución bimodal, con mayor incidencia en la adolescencia y la tercera década de la vida y un segundo pico en personas mayores de 55 años. Las células del LH clásico habitualmente sufren una reprogramación de la expresión génica, ya que pierden la expresión de la mayoría de los genes típicos de las células B y han adquirido la expresión de múltiples genes que son típicos de otros tipos de células del sistema inmunitario. El algoritmo de tratamiento dependerá si se trata de LH clásico o de predominio linfocítico, si es un estadio temprano con marcadores de pronóstico desfavorables o no, el esquema inicial de manejo y si existe enfermedad voluminosa, entre las variables más relevantes.