Proteomic identification of potential biomarkers for cervical squamous cell carcinoma and human papillomavirus infection.

It is known that high-risk human papillomavirus infection is the main etiological factor in cervical carcinogenesis. However, human papillomavirus screening is not sufficient for early diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to identify potential biomarkers common to cervical carcinoma and human papillomavirus infection by proteomics for human papillomavirus-based early diagnosis and prognosis. To this end, we collected 76 cases of fresh cervical tissues and 116 cases of paraffin-embedded tissue slices, diagnosed as cervical squamous cell carcinoma, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II-III, or normal cervix from ethnic Uighur and Han women. Human papillomavirus infection by eight oncogenic human papillomavirus types was detected in tissue DNA samples using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The protein profile of cervical specimens from human papillomavirus 16-positive squamous cell carcinoma and human papillomavirus-negative normal controls was analyzed by proteomics and bioinformatics. The expression of candidate proteins was further determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. We identified 67 proteins that were differentially expressed in human papillomavirus 16-positive squamous cell carcinoma compared to normal cervix. The quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis verified the upregulation of ASAH1, PCBP2, DDX5, MCM5, TAGLN2, hnRNPA1, ENO1, TYPH, CYC, and MCM4 in squamous cell carcinoma compared to normal cervix ( p < 0.05). In addition, the transcription of PCBP2, MCM5, hnRNPA1, TYPH, and CYC was also significantly increased in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II-III compared to normal cervix. Immunohistochemistry staining further confirmed the overexpression of PCBP2, hnRNPA1, ASAH1, and DDX5 in squamous cell carcinoma and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia II-III compared to normal controls ( p < 0.05). Our data suggest that the expression of ASAH1, PCBP2, DDX5, and hnRNPA1, and possibly MCM4, MCM5, CYC, ENO1, and TYPH, is upregulated during cervical carcinogenesis and potentially associated with human papillomavirus infection. Further validation studies of the profile will contribute to establishing auxiliary diagnostic markers for human papillomavirus-based cancer prognosis.

Enhanced efficacy with reduced toxicity of chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil by synergistic treatment with Abnormal Savda Munziq from Uyghur medicine.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal Savda Munziq (ASMq) is a traditional prescription in Uyghur Medicine, and its treatment of complex diseases such as tumors and asthma has been proven to be effective in Uyghur medical clinical practice. The efficacy-enhancing and toxicity-reducing properties of ASMq were studied on mice with transplanted cervical cancer (U27) tumors, which were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in this work. METHODS: To investigate the synergistic effect of ASMq and 5-FU on U27 cells, inhibitory effects on cell proliferation were determined through a MTT assay. 48 Kunming mice which were randomly divided in to 6 groups: control group, model group, 5-FU group, 5-FU combine with ASMq low-dose group, 5-FU combine with ASMq medium-dose group, and 5-FU combine with ASMq high- dose group, the inhibition rate of the tumor, the viscera indexes, and the content of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined. The expression levels of transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) and human papillomavirus type 16 E2 (HPV16 E2) protein were assessed by Western blot. Pathological changes in the liver were observed. RESULT: The inhibition rates of tumors, the 5-FU + ASMq.H group(80.64%), 5-FU + ASMq.M group (90.67%), 5-FU + ASMq.L group (72.03%) and 5-FU group (66.89%), clearly indicated that the effects of tumor inhibition. The thymus index and spleen index were increased, and the serum concentration of TNF-α increased while ALT and AST concentrations were decreased, and TNF-α protein expression were increased while TGF-ß1 and HPV16 E2 were decreased. ASMq might can improve livers central vein hyperemia and interstitial edema, and preserve the radial structure of the hepatic cords. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that ASMq might reduce toxicity and enhance the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of cervical carcinoma.

[Process of gallnut suppository preparation].

The main objective was to research the process of gallnut suppository preparation with its water extract as the main drug, and evaluate its irritation to rectal mucosa. gallnut extract was obtained by decocting method, and its suppository preparation was obtained by fusion method with semi-synthetic aliphatic esters and rose flower oil as the matrix. Weight difference and in vitro melting time limit of the suppository were assayed and UV-Vis was used to determine the contents of polyphenols, tannin and saccharide. The irritation to colon mucosa was evaluated after successive administration of 14 days to New Zealand white rabbits. Finally, the prescription compositions were determined: semi-synthetic aliphatic esters and rose flower oil with the ratio of 2:1 as the proper matrix, with the drug loading of 54%. The prepared suppository was brown, conical and smooth. The weight difference was (1.43±0.03) g, with an average melting time limit of (17±2) min. The Contents of Polyphenols, tannic and polysaccharide were 332.4, 245.0, 3.3 mg•g-1 respectively in each suppository. The results also showed that the continuous administration had no irritation to rectal mucosa. It can be concluded that the suppository was an acceptable administrate form, whose preparation process was easily controlled, and with no irritation to rectum mucosa.

Analysis on curative effects and safety of 2% liranaftate ointment in treating tinea pedis and tinea corporis & cruris.

The paper is intended to analyze and evaluate the specific curative effect and safety of 2% liranaftate ointment in treating patients with tinea pedis and tinea cruris. 1,100 cases of patients with tinea pedis and tinea corporis & cruris were selected as research objects and were divided into two groups according to the random number table method. They were treated with different methods: 550 cases of patients were treated with 2% liranaftate ointment for external use in the observation group and the rest 550 cases of patients were treated with 1% bifonazole cream in the control group. The treatment time was two weeks for patients with tinea corporis & cruris and four weeks for those with tinea pedis respectively. Meanwhile, the one-month follow-up visit was conducted among the patients to compare the curative effects of two groups. After the medication, the curative effectiveness rate was 87.65% (482/550) in the observation group, while that was 84.91% (467/550) in the control group. After the average follow-up visits of (15.5±2.4), the curative effectiveness rate 96.55% (531/550) in the observation group, while that was 91.45% (503/550) in the control group. Two groups of patients recovered well with a low incidence of adverse reactions in the treatment, and the overall curative effect was good with the inter-group difference at P>0.05, so it was without statistical significance. The curative effect of 2% liranaftate ointment is safe and obvious in treating tinea pedis and tinea corporis & cruris, so it is valuable for clinical popularization and application.

Structure of the Leanyer orthobunyavirus nucleoprotein-RNA complex reveals unique architecture for RNA encapsidation.

Negative-stranded RNA viruses cover their genome with nucleoprotein (N) to protect it from the human innate immune system. Abrogation of the function of N offers a unique opportunity to combat the spread of the viruses. Here, we describe a unique fold of N from Leanyer virus (LEAV, Orthobunyavirus genus, Bunyaviridae family) in complex with single-stranded RNA refined to 2.78 Å resolution as well as a 2.68 Å resolution structure of LEAV N-ssDNA complex. LEAV N is made up of an N- and a C-terminal lobe, with the RNA binding site located at the junction of these lobes. The LEAV N tetramer binds a 44-nucleotide-long single-stranded RNA chain. Hence, oligomerization of N is essential for encapsidation of the entire genome and is accomplished by using extensions at the N and C terminus. Molecular details of the oligomerization of N are illustrated in the structure where a circular ring-like tertiary assembly of a tetramer of LEAV N is observed tethering the RNA in a positively charged cavity running along the inner edge. Hydrogen bonds between N and the C2 hydroxyl group of ribose sugar explain the specificity of LEAV N for RNA over DNA. In addition, base-specific hydrogen bonds suggest that some regions of RNA bind N more tightly than others. Hinge movements around F20 and V125 assist in the reversal of capsidation during transcription and replication of the virus. Electron microscopic images of the ribonucleoprotein complexes of LEAV N reveal a filamentous assembly similar to those found in phleboviruses.

Anti-tumor effects of Abnormal Savda Munziq on the transplanted cervical cancer (U27) mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal Savda Munziq (ASMq), a traditional uyghur medicine, has shown anti-tumour properties in vitro. it was showed that total flavonoids of ASMq could inhibit the proliferation and enhance the antioxidant ability of human cervix cancer HeLa cell. This study attempts to confirm these effects on the transplanted cervical cancer (U27) mouse model in vivo. METHODS: Forty eight Kunming mice were randomly divided in to six groups: normal control group (Control group), U27 tumor model group (Model group), cyclophosphamide administration group (CTX group),low-dose ASMq group (ASMq.L group), medium-dose ASMq group (ASMq.M group), and high-dose ASMq group (ASMq.H group). The five groups except normal control group transplanted with cervical cancer (U27) cells. We observed mice tumor inhibition rate and conducted the histopathological analysisUsing the western blot assay, the expression of TGF-ß1 and TNF-α protein in transplanted cervical cancer U27 tumor tissue were detected. RESULTS: The tumor inhibition rates of CTX group, ASMq.L group, ASMq.M group, and ASMq.H group were 72.21, 31.27, 60.53 and 51.94% respectively, has obvious antitumor effect. ASMq significantly promote the spleen tlymphocyte proliferation of transplanted cervical cancer U27 mice. Invasive growth and diffusion rate in tumor tissue were accelerate in the transplanted cervical cancer U27 model group. Tumor tissue necrosis of tumor cells are smaller in the medium, high dosage group. Compared with the U27 model group, the expression levels of TGF-ß1 protein and TNF-α protein expression exhibited statistically significant decreased in the mice tumor tissues in the CTX administration group and the ASMq administration group. CONCLUSIONS: ASMq has some antitumor effects on U27 model mice in vivo, The effects are achieved not only by improving the immune function of U27 model mice, but also by inhibiting the expression levels of TGF-ß1 protein while promoting the expression levels of TNF-α protein.

Cholecystokinin receptors regulate sperm protein tyrosine phosphorylation via uptake of HCO3-.

Cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide hormone and a neurotransmitter, was detected in mature sperm two decades ago. However, the exact role of CCK and the types of CCK receptors (now termed CCK1 and CCK2) in sperm have not been identified. Here, we find that CCK1 and CCK2 receptors are immunolocalized to the acrosomal region of mature sperm. The antagonist of CCK1 or CCK2 receptor strongly activated the soluble adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway that drives sperm capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation in dose- and time-dependent manners. But these actions of stimulation were abolished when sperm were incubated in the medium in the absence of HCO3-. Further investigation demonstrated that the inhibitor of CCK1 or CCK2 receptor could accelerate the uptake of HCO3- and significantly elevate the intracellular pH of sperm. Interestingly, the synthetic octapeptide of CCK (CCK8) showed the same action and mechanism as antagonists of CCK receptors. Moreover, CCK8 and the antagonist of CCK1 or CCK2 receptor were also able to accelerate human sperm capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation by stimulating the influx of HCO3-. Thus, the present results suggest that CCK and its receptors may regulate sperm capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation by modulating the uptake of HCO3-.

Investigation of the Hepato-Protective Effects of Imdur in a Rat Model of Chronic Mountain Sickness.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine if the clinical nitrate, Imdur, has a hepato-protective effect in chronic mountain sickness (CMS). METHODS: A total of 60 SD rats were included in the study. Fifty rats were used to model CMS and were randomly divided into the following groups (10 rats per group): 1) plateau, 2) nifedipine, 3) low dose imdur, 4) moderate dose imdur, and 5) high dose imdur. The remaining 10 rats were used for the control group. Thirty days after the CMS model was established, according to the appropriate body weight of the rats, intragastric administration of the treatment groups commenced. After 15 days, changes in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and pathology of liver tissues were observed. Homocysteine (Hcy), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) levels were also measured. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the levels of PAP, Hcy, IL-6, CRP, and MDA of the rats in the plateau model group, nifedipine group, and imdur groups were elevated. The levels of SOD and GSH-PX in these groups decreased relative to the control group. The injured rat livers were observed under the light microscope, revealing that hypoxia had caused tissue damage. Compared with that of the plateau model group, the levels of PAP, Hcy, IL-6, CRP, and MDA of the rats in the high dose imdur group were decreased (p < 0.05), and the levels of SOD and GSH-PX were increased (p < 0.05). Except for IL-6, the other parameters were comparable to normal values and better than those of the nifedipine group. Liver tissue from the high dose imdur group demonstrated less tissue damage from pathological sections. CONCLUSIONS: High dose imdur has hepato-protective effects in CMS rat models.

Parental factors affecting the circumcision of non-Muslim Chinese boys include education and family history.

AIM: This study investigated the prevalence of circumcision among non-Muslim schoolboys in Urumqi, China, and how acceptable their parents found the practice. METHODS: A convenient cluster sample of non-Muslim schoolboys (n = 3614) aged six to 15 years of age and 873 mothers and 927 fathers completed self-administered questionnaires. We compared the consistency of the circumcision status reported by students and their parents and analysed the factors that influenced the parents to have their child circumcised. RESULTS: The mean age at circumcision was 8.3 years and the adjusted prevalence was 46.2%. Up to 45.4% of fathers and 66% of mothers with uncircumcised sons were willing to circumcise their sons after receiving further information on circumcision. Mothers were more likely to support circumcision if they had higher education levels and higher family income, were employed as government officials and had family members who had been circumcised, including their husband. Fathers were more likely to support circumcision if they were highly educated and had been circumcised themselves. CONCLUSION: The prevalence and acceptability of circumcision were higher than expected in this traditional schoolboy population in Urumqi, China. Factors that increased parental support for circumcision included high education and the father being circumcised.

Traditional Uighur Medicine Karapxa decoction, inhibits liver xanthine oxidase and reduces serum uric acid concentrations in hyperuricemic mice and scavenges free radicals in vitro.

BACKGROUND: Karapxa decoction (KD) is a Traditional Uighur Medicine used for hepatitis, cholecystitis, gastralgia, oedema, gout and arthralgia. Because of its purported effect in gout, its effects were tested in hyperuricemic mice models induced by yeast extract paste or potassium oxonate, as well as its capacity to scavenge free radicals in vitro. METHODS: Hyperuricemia was induced in mice by yeast extract paste or potassium oxonate. KD was given orally for 14 days at 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg/day, with Allopurinol 10 mg/kg/day as positive control. Serum uric acid (UA), and liver xanthine oxidase activity (XO) were measured. Scavenging activity of KD on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPP•), nitric oxide (•NO), superoxide (O2•-), efficiency against lipid peroxidation, and XO inhibition were determined in vitro. RESULTS: KD inhibited liver XO activity and reduced serum uric acid in hyperuricemic mice. KD also showed noticeable antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals (DPP•, •NO and O2•-). It was effective against lipid peroxidation and inhibited XO in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the traditional use of Karapxa decoction to treat hyperuricemia and gout.

Anti-carcinogenic effects of the phenolic-rich extract from abnormal Savda Munziq in association with its cytotoxicity, apoptosis-inducing properties and telomerase activity in human cervical cancer cells (SiHa).

BACKGROUND: Abnormal Savda Munziq (ASMq) is a herbal preparation used in Traditional Uighur Medicine for the treatment cancer. The polyphenol is main compounds contained in ASMq preparation responsible for anticancer effect of ASMq. METHODS: In this study,Real-time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) assay, MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to investigate the effect of polyphenol of ASMq on cell viability and the potential of the phenolic rich extracts of ASMq to induce apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells SiHa and its effects on telomerase activity were investigated. Cellular morphological change was observed by phase contrast microscopy. The MTT cell viability data revealed that treatment with phenolic rich extracts at 75 ~ 175 µg/ml significantly inhibited the viability and proliferation of cells, and these effects occurred in a concentration-dependent manner and time dependent manner (P < 0.01). RESULTS: The phenolic rich extracts can induce apoptosis of SiHa cells, can increase the apoptosis rate in a concentration-dependent manner and time dependent manner (P < 0.01). Growth inhibition and apoptosis induction by phenolic rich extracts treatment on SiHa cells was associated with down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression and telomerase (P < 0.05) and Survivin expression. In addition, phenolic rich extracts exerted a dose-dependent induction of FHIT expression. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that phenolic rich extracts may have anti-tumor effects in human cervical cancer through cytotoxicity, apoptosis-inducing properties and telomerase activity.

Uygur medicine Xipayi Kui Jie'an affects gene expression profiles in intestinal tissue lesions in a rat model of ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of Uygur medicine KJA on UC in a rat model. METHODS: UC was induced in Wistar rats by application of 2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene and acetic acid and were then treated with three different doses of KJA, and normal saline as control. After treatment for 20 days, the gene expression profile of colonic tissue was analyzed by microarray and verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: Animals treated with the three different doses of KJA were compared with normal saline controls, wherein microarray analysis identified 1991, 2163, and 1677 differentially expressed genes respectively, of which 444 genes were raised and 670 genes were decrease spliced together in the three doses tested. The KEGG pathway analyses found commonly raised genes related to several different biological functions. Interesting genes included TRL2, IL-1ß, TGF-ß1, and NF-κB were confirmed by quantitative PCR. CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic effect of KJA on UC is likely explained by specific effects on the expression of genes, which are the effector molecules known to be involved in the development of UC. Further studies on differentially expressed genes will help explain the mechanism of action of Uygur medicine KJA.

Identification of plasma protein markers common to patients with malignant tumour and Abnormal Savda in Uighur medicine: a prospective clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Traditional Uighur medicine shares an origin with Greco-Arab medicine. It describes the health of a human body as the dynamic homeostasis of four normal Hilits (humours), known as Kan, Phlegm, Safra, and Savda. An abnormal change in one Hilit may cause imbalance among the Hilits, leading to the development of a syndrome. Abnormal Savda is a major syndrome of complex diseases that are associated with common biological changes during disease development. Here, we studied the protein expression profile common to tumour patients with Abnormal Savda to elucidate the biological basis of this syndrome and identify potential biomarkers associated with Abnormal Savda. METHODS: Patients with malignant tumours were classified by the diagnosis of Uighur medicine into two groups: Abnormal Savda type tumour (ASt) and non-Abnormal Savda type tumour (nASt), which includes other syndromes. The profile of proteins that were differentially expressed in ASt compared with nASt and normal controls (NC) was analysed by iTRAQ proteomics and evaluated by bioinformatics using MetaCore™ software and an online database. The expression of candidate proteins was verified in all plasma samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: We identified 31 plasma proteins that were differentially expressed in ASt compared with nASt, of which only 10 showed quantitatively different expression between ASt and NC. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that most of these proteins are known biomarkers for neoplasms of the stomach, breast, and lung. ELISA detection showed significant upregulation of plasma SAA1 and SPP24 and downregulation of PIGR and FASN in ASt compared with nASt and NC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal Savda may be causally associated with changes in the whole regulation network of protein expression during carcinogenesis. The expression of potential biomarkers might be used to distinguish Abnormal Savda from other syndromes.

[Establishment of Uyghur Medicine Abnormal Savda Carrier MIRI Animal Model and its Cardiac Ultrastructural Changes].

OBJECTIVE: To innovatively establish a new platform of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) animal model by observing abnormal savda carrier MIRI indicators, and to observe changes of myocardial ultrastructure. METHODS: According to Uyghur medical theories, an abnormal savda carrier animal model was established and confirmed using multifactor, and then MIRI models set up. Totally 36 male white SD rats were randomly divided into the normal sham-operation group, the normal operation group, the model sham-operation group, and the model operation group, 9 in each group. ECG changes, myocardial enzymes (CK-MB), and cardiac troponin (cTnT), and ultramicrostructures were observed. RESULTS: Compared with the normal sham-operation group, some damage of ultramicrostructures occurred in heart muscles of rats in the normal operation group and the model operation group, such as lowered myoplasm density, loosely arranged myofilament, dilated myofibris, reduced mitochondria number, vacuole and swelling mitochondrion. Ultramicrostructural damage of cardiac muscle cells was more severe in rats of the model operation group. Compared with the normal sham-operation group, CK-MB and cTnT increased in the normal operation group with statistical difference (P < 0.01). Compared with the normal sham-operation group, there was no statistical difference in CK-MB or cTnT in the model sham-operation group (P > 0.05). Compared with the model operation group, CK-MB and cTnT obviously decreased in the model sham-operation group and the normal operation group with statistical difference (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Abnormal savda carrier MIRI model established in this experiment could provide favorable conditions for further MIRI intervention treatment.

Association between inflammatory markers, hemostatic markers, and traditional risk factors on coronary artery spasm in patients with normal coronary angiography.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery spasm is an important pathophysiological mechanism in some forms of myocardial ischemic disease. The relationship between inflammatory markers, mean platelet volume (MPV), and coronary artery spasm is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: During coronary angiography, methylergometrin was injected intravenously to 345 patients with chest pain but without significant coronary disease on angiogram to provoke coronary artery spasm. Based on provocation test results, patients were divided into 2 groups: spasm group (60 patients) and nonspasm group (285 patients). Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, CRP; white blood cells; polymorphonuclear neutrophils, PMN; monocytes, MO; lymphocytes, LY), hemostasis markers (MPV; platelet count; fibrinogen [FIB]; D-dimers), and traditional risk factors (body mass index; hyperlipidemia; triglycerides [TGs]; total, low-density, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C]) were measured and compared between groups. More male patients experienced spasm (23.56% vs. 11.11%, P = 0.002). CRP, PMN, and MO were significantly higher in the spasm group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in serum levels of LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, TC, LY, MPV, and FIB between groups. Smoking and hyperlipidemia were more common among patients with spasm; males more frequently were smokers (58.04% vs. 46.78%, P = 0.041). By multivariate analysis, smoking, PMN, and MO were significantly associated with coronary artery spasm with odds ratios of 3.52 (95% CI 1.79-6.90, P = 0.0001), 1.21 (95% CI 1.07-1.46, P = 0.04), and 5.35 (95% CI 1.37-21.07, P = 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation may partake in the pathogenesis of coronary artery spasm. Smoking, PMN count, and MO count appear to be clinical risk factors for coronary artery spasm. Conversely, coronary artery spasm does not seem to be associated with abnormalities in thrombogenesis.

Hypercoagulability in cancer patients grouped by syndromes differentiated with the theory of abnormal hilit in traditional Uyghur medicine.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship in malignant-neoplasm patients of hypercoagulability between syndromes differentiated with the theory of abnormal hilit in traditional Uyghur medicine (TUM). METHODS: A total of 248 patients with malignant tumors were enrolled. Based on the theory of TUM they were divided into two groups: abnormal Savda and abnormal Non-Savda (including abnormal Khan, abnormal Sepra and abnormal Belghem types); fifty healthy volunteers were selected as controls. Platelet (PLT), prothrombin time (PT), plasma fibrinogen (FIB), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and D-Dimer (D-D) were measured in both groups. RESULTS: Compared with the control and abnormal Non-Savda groups, in the abnormal Savda group the PLT count increased (P < 0.05), the PT was lengthened (P < 0.01), and the FIB significantly increased (P < 0.01). D-Ds in the three groups were significantly different (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in TT and aPTT values (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Hypercoagulability existed in patients with malignant tumors in the different types of TUM syndromes, especially in the abnormal Savda group; this was characterized by increased blood viscosity, platelet aggregation and thrombosis. D-D appears to be a significant predictor for the therapeutic effect of TUM in relation to malignant tumor therapies.

An magnetic resonance-based plasma metabonomic investigation on abnormal Savda in different complicated diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To provide potential evidence for the existence of abnormal Savda, we assessed host metabonomic responses and dynamic changes occurring in various diseases using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabonomics. METHODS: Plasma samples taken from patients with complicated diseases with abnormal Savda (n = 140, including 35 cases each of diabetes, asthma, breast cancer, and cervical carcinoma) and from healthy controls (n = 35) were analyzed by 1H NMR (600 MHz), and the spectral profiles were analyzed by multivariate analysis using orthogonal projection to latent structure with discriminant analysis. RESULTS: Supervised modeling of the data provided very good discrimination between patients and healthy controls. Compared with the healthy controls, the patient groups with different disease conditions displayed similar metabolic changes, characterized by lower creatine, creatinine, lactate, and amino acid levels (including isoleucine, leucine, valine, alanine, and 1-methylhistidine) and higher lipid levels (very low-density lipoproteins and unsaturated lipids). Additionally, cancer patients (breast and cervical) showed decreased myo-inositol, a-glucose, and beta-glucose, and increased pyruvate and carnitine in plasma. CONCLUSION: The data indicate that decreased oxidative defense, liver function abnormalities, amino acid deficiencies, and energy metabolism disorders are common characteristics of complicated diseases, which may be related to the formation of abnormal Savda.

Plasma amino acid profiling of cancer patients with abnormal savda based on high-performance liquid chromatography.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate metabolic signatures in plasma of cancer patients with abnormal Savda using plasma-free amino acid profiles, and to evaluate the diagnostic potential of these profiles for the detection and explanation of the mechanisms of different symptoms in traditional Uyghur medicine. METHODS: Plasma samples from cancer patients with abnormal Savda (n = 85) or non-abnormal Savda (n = 105) and a healthy control group (n = 65) were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Orthogonal projection to latent structures with discriminant analysis was used for the classification and prediction of abnormal Savda, and spectral profiles were subjected to Student's t-tests to assess statistical significance. RESULTS: Compared with the healthy group, the levels of aspartic acid, glutamate, glycine, histidine, arginine, threonine, alanine, proline, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine decreased significantly in plasma of cancer patients with abnormal Savda (all P < 0.05). Serine, cystine, tyrosine, valine and lysine levels showed no significant differences (all P > 0.05). Compared with non-abnormal Savda syndrome patients, abnormal Savda syndrome patients showed high concentrations of glutamate, serine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine (all P < 0.05). The remaining plasma amino acids showed no significant differences (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Plasma-free amino acid profiling has the potential to assist in understanding and determining abnormal Savda. A HPLC-based metabonomic platform could be a powerful tool for the classification of symptoms in traditional medicine.

Effect of cold-dryness on pulmonary and immunologic function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease model rats.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of cold-dryness on pulmonary and immunologic function of peripheral T-lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) model rats, and to provide references for the prevention and treatment of cold-dryness COPD in the Xinjiang region. METHODS: The COPD model was established with an elastase drip into the trachea combined with smoking. The cold-dryness COPD model was developed by stressing with a cold-dry environment. Success of the model was determined by observation of pathologic lung sections. Rats were sacrificed by exsanguination from the femoral artery and changes of peripheral blood CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ were detected by flow cytometry. Data were analyzed with SAS 11.5 statistical software. RESULTS: On the ninetieth day after ending the experiment, Peak expiratory flow in the cold-dryness COPD group was lower than that in the COPD and normal control groups (P < 0.01). The time of inspiration in the cold-dryness COPD group was higher than that in the COPD and normal groups (P < 0.05). Time of expiration (Te) in the cold-dryness COPD group was higher than that in the COPD and normal groups (P < 0.01). 50% tidal volume expiratory flow (EF50) in the cold-dryness COPD group was lower than that in the COPD and normal groups (P < 0.01), and EF50 in the COPD group was lower than that in the normal group (P < 0.05). CD4+ content of peripheral blood in the cold-dryness COPD group was lower than that in the COPD and the normal groups (P < 0.05). CD8+ content in the cold-dryness COPD and COPD groups was higher than that in the normal control group (P < 0.01), and CD8+ content in the cold-dryness COPD group was higher than that in the COPD group (P < 0.01). CD4+/CD8+ in the cold-dryness COPD group and the COPD group was lower than that in the normal control group (P < 0.01), and CD4+/CD8+ in the cold-dryness COPD group was lower than that in the COPD group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In the cold-dryness COPD model, CD8+ increased and CD4+/CD8+ decreased. Moreover, cold-dryness may aggravate this state. The effects of cold-dryness on pulmonary function mainly manifested as prolongation of Te and decrease of EF50, which could be one of causes of cold-dryness environment in the northwest of China leading to COPD with region characteristics.

[Metabolic changes in abnormal savda patients with different types of tumor: a clinical observation].

OBJECTIVE: To explore in vivo metabolic changes in abnormal savda patients with different types of tumor. METHODS: A total of 142 abnormal savda patients with common cancer types were enrolled in this study, and 50 healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group. For each sample, the H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) based metabonomic analysis was performed. The free attenuation signal was computed subsection integral. Data obtained were analyzed by the Orthogonal Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). RESULTS: Compared with the control group, leucine, isoleucine, valine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, alanine, creatine, lactic acid, inositol, alpha-and beta-glucose, unsaturated lipids, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) significantly decreased (P <0.05), while glycoprotein and carnitine significantly increased (P <0. 05) in the abnormal Savda group. CONCLUSION: Abnormal savda patients with different types of tumor had similar metabonomics changes.