Transcription-mediated supercoiling regulates genome folding and loop formation.

The chromatin fiber folds into loops, but the mechanisms controlling loop extrusion are still poorly understood. Using super-resolution microscopy, we visualize that loops in intact nuclei are formed by a scaffold of cohesin complexes from which the DNA protrudes. RNA polymerase II decorates the top of the loops and is physically segregated from cohesin. Augmented looping upon increased loading of cohesin on chromosomes causes disruption of Lamin at the nuclear rim and chromatin blending, a homogeneous distribution of chromatin within the nucleus. Altering supercoiling via either transcription or topoisomerase inhibition counteracts chromatin blending, increases chromatin condensation, disrupts loop formation, and leads to altered cohesin distribution and mobility on chromatin. Overall, negative supercoiling generated by transcription is an important regulator of loop formation in vivo.

Reverse-translational identification of a cerebellar satiation network.

The brain is the seat of body weight homeostasis. However, our inability to control the increasing prevalence of obesity highlights a need to look beyond canonical feeding pathways to broaden our understanding of body weight control1-3. Here we used a reverse-translational approach to identify and anatomically, molecularly and functionally characterize a neural ensemble that promotes satiation. Unbiased, task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed marked differences in cerebellar responses to food in people with a genetic disorder characterized by insatiable appetite. Transcriptomic analyses in mice revealed molecularly and topographically -distinct neurons in the anterior deep cerebellar nuclei (aDCN) that are activated by feeding or nutrient infusion in the gut. Selective activation of aDCN neurons substantially decreased food intake by reducing meal size without compensatory changes to metabolic rate. We found that aDCN activity terminates food intake by increasing striatal dopamine levels and attenuating the phasic dopamine response to subsequent food consumption. Our study defines a conserved satiation centre that may represent a novel therapeutic target for the management of excessive eating, and underscores the utility of a 'bedside-to-bench' approach for the identification of neural circuits that influence behaviour.

The relationship between nanoscale genome organization and gene expression in mouse embryonic stem cells during pluripotency transition.

During early development, gene expression is tightly regulated. However, how genome organization controls gene expression during the transition from naïve embryonic stem cells to epiblast stem cells is still poorly understood. Using single-molecule microscopy approaches to reach nanoscale resolution, we show that genome remodeling affects gene transcription during pluripotency transition. Specifically, after exit from the naïve pluripotency state, chromatin becomes less compacted, and the OCT4 transcription factor has lower mobility and is more bound to its cognate sites. In epiblast cells, the active transcription hallmark, H3K9ac, decreases within the Oct4 locus, correlating with reduced accessibility of OCT4 and, in turn, with reduced expression of Oct4 nascent RNAs. Despite the high variability in the distances between active pluripotency genes, distances between Nodal and Oct4 decrease during epiblast specification. In particular, highly expressed Oct4 alleles are closer to nuclear speckles during all stages of the pluripotency transition, while only a distinct group of highly expressed Nodal alleles are in close proximity to Oct4 when associated with a nuclear speckle in epiblast cells. Overall, our results provide new insights into the role of the spatiotemporal genome remodeling during mouse pluripotency transition and its correlation with the expression of key pluripotency genes.

INF2 formin variants linked to human inherited kidney disease reprogram the transcriptome, causing mitotic chaos and cell death.

Mutations in the human INF2 gene cause autosomal dominant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)-a condition characterized by podocyte loss, scarring, and subsequent kidney degeneration. To understand INF2-linked pathogenicity, we examined the effect of pathogenic INF2 on renal epithelial cell lines and human primary podocytes. Our study revealed an increased incidence of mitotic cells with surplus microtubule-organizing centers fostering multipolar spindle assembly, leading to nuclear abnormalities, particularly multi-micronucleation. The levels of expression of exogenous pathogenic INF2 were similar to those of endogenous INF2. The aberrant nuclear phenotypes were observed regardless of the expression method used (retrovirus infection or plasmid transfection) or the promoter (LTR or CMV) used, and were absent with exogenous wild type INF2 expression. This indicates that the effect of pathogenic INF2 is not due to overexpression or experimental cell manipulation, but instead to the intrinsic properties of pathogenic INF2. Inactivation of the INF2 catalytic domain prevented aberrant nuclei formation. Pathogenic INF2 triggered the translocation of the transcriptional cofactor MRTF into the nucleus. RNA sequencing revealed a profound alteration in the transcriptome that could be primarily attributed to the sustained activation of the MRTF-SRF transcriptional complex. Cells eventually underwent mitotic catastrophe and death. Reducing MRTF-SRF activation mitigated multi-micronucleation, reducing the extent of cell death. Our results, if validated in animal models, could provide insights into the mechanism driving glomerular degeneration in INF2-linked FSGS and may suggest potential therapeutic strategies for impeding FSGS progression.

A genome-wide association study identifies novel players in Na and Fe homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana under alkaline-salinity stress.

In nature, multiple stress factors occur simultaneously. The screening of natural diversity panels and subsequent Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) is a powerful approach to identify genetic components of various stress responses. Here, the nutritional status variation of a set of 270 natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana grown on a natural saline-carbonated soil is evaluated. We report significant natural variation on leaf Na (LNa) and Fe (LFe) concentrations in the studied accessions. Allelic variation in the NINJA and YUC8 genes is associated with LNa diversity, and variation in the ALA3 is associated with LFe diversity. The allelic variation detected in these three genes leads to changes in their mRNA expression and correlates with plant differential growth performance when plants are exposed to alkaline salinity treatment under hydroponic conditions. We propose that YUC8 and NINJA expression patters regulate auxin and jasmonic signaling pathways affecting plant tolerance to alkaline salinity. Finally, we describe an impairment in growth and leaf Fe acquisition associated with differences in root expression of ALA3, encoding a phospholipid translocase active in plasma membrane and the trans Golgi network which directly interacts with proteins essential for the trafficking of PIN auxin transporters, reinforcing the role of phytohormonal processes in regulating ion homeostasis under alkaline salinity.

TB PCR in BAL and EBUS-TBNA samples for the diagnosis of pulmonary and mediastinal lymph node TB: retrospective TRiBE study.

INTRODUCTION: The role of Xpert Ultra in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) samples for pulmonary and mediastinal lymph node tuberculosis (TB) remains unclear. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational service evaluation at a tertiary TB centre in a low-incidence setting. The diagnostic indices of Xpert Ultra, smear and culture (with cytology for EBUS-TBNA samples) were compared with culture positivity or a composite reference standard of clinical TB diagnosis. Trace readouts, a new category of results for Xpert Ultra indicating low bacillary load, were analysed in two ways as a true positive or true negative result. 282 BAL and 139 EBUS-TBNA samples were included in the analysis. RESULTS: BAL: sensitivity with 95% CI against culture-confirmed pulmonary TB from BAL samples for Xpert Ultra (trace as positive) was 0.91 (0.82 to 0.98), Xpert Ultra (trace as negative) was 0.76 (0.69 to 0.83), smear was 0.38 (p=0.0009) and culture was 1.00 (0.91 to 1.00). Specificities for all the tests were ≥0.99 (0.98 to 1.00). The addition of smear to Xpert Ultra did not improve the diagnostic accuracy.EBUS-TBNA: sensitivity against culture-confirmed TB from EBUS-TBNA samples for Xpert Ultra (trace as positive) was 0.71 (0.63 to 0.78), Xpert Ultra (trace as negative) was 0.59 (0.54 to 0.63), smear was 0.12 (p=0.002), culture was 1.00 (0.89 to 1.00), cytology was 0.87 (0.76 to 0.98) and rapid on-site evaluation of cytology (ROSE) was 0.92 (0.78 to 1.00). Specificities were 0.99 (0.97 to 1.00), 0.99 (0.97 to 1.00), 1.00 (0.98 to 1.00), 1.00 (0.98 to 1.00), 0.67 (0.67 to 0.68) and 0.42, respectively. CONCLUSION: Xpert Ultra had a significantly higher sensitivity compared with smear in both BAL and EBUS-TBNA samples. Xpert Ultra had a lower sensitivity compared with culture but comparable specificity with results being available within <24 hours. Trace readings in our low-incidence setting were associated with culture positivity in all BAL samples.

Unveiling the role of novel carbohydrate-binding modules in laminarin interaction of multimodular proteins from marine Bacteroidota during phytoplankton blooms.

Laminarin, a ß(1,3)-glucan, serves as a storage polysaccharide in marine microalgae such as diatoms. Its abundance, water solubility and simple structure make it an appealing substrate for marine bacteria. Consequently, many marine bacteria have evolved strategies to scavenge and decompose laminarin, employing carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) as crucial components. In this study, we characterized two previously unassigned domains as laminarin-binding CBMs in multimodular proteins from the marine bacterium Christiangramia forsetii KT0803T, thereby introducing the new laminarin-binding CBM families CBM102 and CBM103. We identified four CBM102s in a surface glycan-binding protein (SGBP) and a single CBM103 linked to a glycoside hydrolase module from family 16 (GH16_3). Our analysis revealed that both modular proteins have an elongated shape, with GH16_3 exhibiting greater flexibility than SGBP. This flexibility may aid in the recognition and/or degradation of laminarin, while the constraints in SGBP could facilitate the docking of laminarin onto the bacterial surface. Exploration of bacterial metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from phytoplankton blooms in the North Sea showed that both laminarin-binding CBM families are widespread among marine Bacteroidota. The high protein abundance of CBM102- and CBM103-containing proteins during phytoplankton blooms further emphasizes their significance in marine laminarin utilization.

Systemic inflammation following traumatic injury and its impact on neuroinflammatory gene expression in the rodent brain.

BACKGROUND: Trauma can result in systemic inflammation that leads to organ dysfunction, but the impact on the brain, particularly following extracranial insults, has been largely overlooked. METHODS: Building upon our prior findings, we aimed to understand the impact of systemic inflammation on neuroinflammatory gene transcripts in eight brain regions in rats exposed to (1) blast overpressure exposure [BOP], (2) cutaneous thermal injury [BU], (3) complex extremity injury, 3 hours (h) of tourniquet-induced ischemia, and hind limb amputation [CEI+tI+HLA], (4) BOP+BU or (5) BOP+CEI and delayed HLA [BOP+CEI+dHLA] at 6, 24, and 168 h post-injury (hpi). RESULTS: Globally, the number and magnitude of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) correlated with injury severity, systemic inflammation markers, and end-organ damage, driven by several chemokines/cytokines (Csf3, Cxcr2, Il16, and Tgfb2), neurosteroids/prostaglandins (Cyp19a1, Ptger2, and Ptger3), and markers of neurodegeneration (Gfap, Grin2b, and Homer1). Regional neuroinflammatory activity was least impacted following BOP. Non-blast trauma (in the BU and CEI+tI+HLA groups) contributed to an earlier, robust and diverse neuroinflammatory response across brain regions (up to 2-50-fold greater than that in the BOP group), while combined trauma (in the BOP+CEI+dHLA group) significantly advanced neuroinflammation in all regions except for the cerebellum. In contrast, BOP+BU resulted in differential activity of several critical neuroinflammatory-neurodegenerative markers compared to BU. t-SNE plots of DEGs demonstrated that the onset, extent, and duration of the inflammatory response are brain region dependent. Regardless of injury type, the thalamus and hypothalamus, which are critical for maintaining homeostasis, had the most DEGs. Our results indicate that neuroinflammation in all groups progressively increased or remained at peak levels over the study duration, while markers of end-organ dysfunction decreased or otherwise resolved. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these findings emphasize the brain's sensitivity to mediators of systemic inflammation and provide an example of immune-brain crosstalk. Follow-on molecular and behavioral investigations are warranted to understand the short- to long-term pathophysiological consequences on the brain, particularly the mechanism of blood-brain barrier breakdown, immune cell penetration-activation, and microglial activation.

Multi-toric optical element to compensate ocular astigmatism with increased tolerance under rotation.

A new, to the best of our knowledge, optical element designed to compensate regular astigmatism while exhibiting increased tolerance to rotational misalignment is introduced. The element incorporates an optical design based on concentric annular regions with slightly different cylindrical axis angular positions. To assess visual quality performance as a function of rotation, retinal image simulation and clinical assessments with an adaptive optics visual simulator were carried out. The results demonstrate the superior performance of the newly proposed element in the presence of rotational errors when compared to traditional solutions.

Taste of common prebiotic oligosaccharides: impact of molecular structure.

Prebiotic oligosaccharides are naturally occurring nondigestible carbohydrates with demonstrated health benefits. They are also a chemically diverse class of nutrients, offering an opportunity to investigate the impact of molecular structure on oligosaccharide taste perception. Accordingly, a relevant question is whether these compounds are detected by the human gustatory system, and if so, whether they elicit sweet or "starchy" taste. Here, in 3 psychophysical experiments, we investigated the taste perception of 3 commercially popular prebiotics [fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS)] in highly pure form. Each of these classes of prebiotics differs in the type of glycosyl residue, and position and type of bond between those residues. In experiments I and II, participants were asked to discriminate a total of 9 stimuli [FOS, GOS, XOS; degree of polymerization (DP) of 2, 3, 4] prepared at 75 mM in the presence and absence of lactisole, a sweet receptor antagonist. We found that all 9 compounds were detectable (P < 0.05). We also found that GOS and XOS DP 4 were discriminable even with lactisole, suggesting that their detection was not via the canonical sweet receptor. Accordingly, in experiment III, the taste of GOS and XOS DP 4 were directly compared with that of MOS (maltooligosaccharides) DP 4-6, which has been reported to elicit "starchy" taste. We found that GOS and MOS were perceived similarly although narrowly discriminable, while XOS was easily discriminable from both GOS and MOS. The current findings suggest that the molecular structure of oligosaccharides impacts their taste perception in humans.

TRPM4 and PLCß3 contribute to normal behavioral responses to an array of sweeteners and carbohydrates but PLCß3 is not needed for taste-driven licking for glucose.

The peripheral taste system is more complex than previously thought. The novel taste-signaling proteins TRPM4 and PLCß3 appear to function in normal taste responding as part of Type II taste cell signaling or as part of a broadly responsive (BR) taste cell that can respond to some or all classes of tastants. This work begins to disentangle the roles of intracellular components found in Type II taste cells (TRPM5, TRPM4, and IP3R3) or the BR taste cells (PLCß3 and TRPM4) in driving behavioral responses to various saccharides and other sweeteners in brief-access taste tests. We found that TRPM4, TRPM5, TRPM4/5, and IP3R3 knockout (KO) mice show blunted or abolished responding to all stimuli compared with wild-type. IP3R3 KO mice did, however, lick more for glucose than fructose following extensive experience with the 2 sugars. PLCß3 KO mice were largely unresponsive to all stimuli except they showed normal concentration-dependent responding to glucose. The results show that key intracellular signaling proteins associated with Type II and BR taste cells are mutually required for taste-driven responses to a wide range of sweet and carbohydrate stimuli, except glucose. This confirms and extends a previous finding demonstrating that Type II and BR cells are both necessary for taste-driven licking to sucrose. Glucose appears to engage unique intracellular taste-signaling mechanisms, which remain to be fully elucidated.

Enantioselective Amination of 4-Substituted Pyrazolones Catalyzed by Oxindole-Containing Thioureas and by a Recyclable Linear-Polymer-Supported Analogue in a Continuous Flow Process.

A highly efficient organocatalytic amination of 4-substituted pyrazolones with azodicarboxylates mediated by a novel quinine-derived thiourea with a 3,3-diaryl-oxindole scaffold is reported. This synthetic method furnished 4-amino-5-pyrazolones in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97:3 er) at room temperature in short reaction times. Moreover, a linear-polymer-supported bifunctional thiourea, synthesized by reacting a bifunctional aromatic monomer (biphenyl) with isatin in superacidic media and further derivatization, was proven to be also an efficient heterogeneous organocatalyst for this α-amination reaction. The practical value of this process was demonstrated by the use of the immobilized catalyst in recycling experiments, maintaining the activity without additional reactivation, and in flow processes, allowing the synthesis of 4-amino-pyrazolone derivatives in a gram scale with high yield and enantioselectivity.

Hippocampal blood flow rapidly and preferentially increases after a bout of moderate-intensity exercise in older adults with poor cerebrovascular health.

Over the course of aging, there is an early degradation of cerebrovascular health, which may be attenuated with aerobic exercise training. Yet, the acute cerebrovascular response to a single bout of exercise remains elusive, particularly within key brain regions most affected by age-related disease processes. We investigated the acute global and region-specific cerebral blood flow (CBF) response to 15 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in older adults (≥65 years; n = 60) using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. Within 0-6 min post-exercise, CBF decreased across all regions, an effect that was attenuated in the hippocampus. The exercise-induced CBF drop was followed by a rebound effect over the 24-minute postexercise assessment period, an effect that was most robust in the hippocampus. Individuals with low baseline perfusion demonstrated the greatest hippocampal-specific CBF effect post-exercise, showing no immediate drop and a rapid increase in CBF that exceeded baseline levels within 6-12 minutes postexercise. Gains in domain-specific cognitive performance postexercise were not associated with changes in regional CBF, suggesting dissociable effects of exercise on acute neural and vascular plasticity. Together, the present findings support a precision-medicine framework for the use of exercise to target brain health that carefully considers age-related changes in the cerebrovascular system.

Pregnancy as a window of opportunity for dementia prevention: a narrative review.

Dementia is a debilitating condition with a disproportionate impact on women. While sex differences in longevity contribute to the disparity, the role of the female sex as a biological variable in disease progression is not yet fully elucidated. Metabolic dysfunctions are drivers of dementia etiology, and cardiometabolic diseases are among the most influential modifiable risk factors. Pregnancy is a time of enhanced vulnerability for metabolic disorders. Many dementia risk factors, such as hypertension or blood glucose dysregulation, often emerge for the first time in pregnancy. While such cardiometabolic complications in pregnancy pose a risk to the health trajectory of a woman, increasing her odds of developing type 2 diabetes or chronic hypertension, it is not fully understood how this relates to her risk for dementia. Furthermore, structural and functional changes in the maternal brain have been reported during pregnancy suggesting it is a time of neuroplasticity for the mother. Therefore, pregnancy may be a window of opportunity to optimize metabolic health and support the maternal brain. Healthy dietary patterns are known to reduce the risk of cardiometabolic diseases and have been linked to dementia prevention, yet interventions targeting cognitive function in late life have largely been unsuccessful. Earlier interventions are needed to address the underlying metabolic dysfunctions and potentially reduce the risk of dementia, and pregnancy offers an ideal opportunity to intervene. This review discusses current evidence regarding maternal brain health and the potential window of opportunity in pregnancy to use diet to address neurological health disparities for women.

ECAD study: Evaluating agreement degree among paediatricians in hip dysplasia assessment by the Graf ultrasound method.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the most common musculoskeletal anomaly of childhood. This study analyses paediatrician's concordance performing hip ultrasound according to Graf's method. An analytical cross-sectional study is designed. Patients' hips are evaluated by Graf's ultrasound method at 4-6 and 12-16 weeks of age. Demographic characteristics, pregnancy history, factors related to DDH, hip type, and α and ß angles are collected. To assess the agreement degree of hip diagnosis and hip types Kappa index (I. kappa) is used. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) evaluates the concordance of α and ß angles. A p value < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. All results are represented with their 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Four hundred sixty-seven neonates are recruited and meet the inclusion criteria. A total of 3182 images were analysed. Agreement between paediatricians according to hip diagnosis and different types ranges from moderate to almost perfect I. kappa 0.6-1.0 (95% CI 0.5-0.7; 95% CI 1.0-1.0). α angle ICC for paediatricians is between 0.75 and 0.88 (95% CI 0.61-0.86; 95% CI 0.80-0.92). ß angle value agreement degree among paediatricians at both visits is moderate. The Graf method is the most popular ultrasound technique for hip assessment. In our setting, paediatricians carry out children follow-up; therefore, they should perform universal screening. In this study agreement degree between paediatricians varies between substantial and almost perfect. Conclusion: The Graf ultrasound procedure performed by paediatricians is a reliable test and can be used for DDH screening. What is Known • Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the most common congenital musculoskeletal anomaly of childhood. Early diagnosis and treatment improve DDH prognosis. Lack of detection can cause complications such as lameness, early osteoarthritis and need for hip replacement at an early age. What is New • Today, the best screening method is still subject of debate. But it seems that with selective screening many pathological hips go unnoticed. Universal screening implementation may be a challenge in some countries. But the question is if this could be carried out by paediatricians as part of healthy child follow-up.

Schistosomiasis in migrant children and adolescents in a paediatric tropical referral unit in Spain: diagnosis and long-term management challenges.

Globalisation and population movement have led to an increasing number of migrant children residing in areas non-endemic for schistosomiasis. However, diagnosing and managing schistosomiasis in children remain controversial. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of schistosomiasis in migrant children and to describe the diagnostic approach and management strategies, including long-term follow-up, to explore the potential role of serological tests in evaluating treatment response. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study spanning from January 2014-July 2021 at a referral unit for Paediatric Tropical Diseases in Madrid (Spain). The study included patients under 18 years diagnosed with schistosomiasis. Of 679 children screened for schistosomiasis, 73 (10.8%) tested positive. The median age was 16.3 years [IQR 9-17.6], 74% male. The majority originated from Sub-Saharan Africa (47%) and Asia (47%). Only 40% presented with symptoms, with gastrointestinal (18%) and cutaneous (17%) manifestations being the most common. Eosinophilia was observed in 43% (median [IQR]: 1103/mm3 [671-1536]), and ova were visualised in the urine of 2/50 (4.0%). Praziquantel treatment was administered to 92%, and 5 patients required retreatment. Follow-up data were available for 58 (80%) over a median period of 9 months [IQR 6-19.8], revealing a progressive decline in eosinophil count, IgE titres, and ELISA optical density.    Conclusion: In this series, the prevalence of schistosomiasis among migrant children was significant (10%), highlighting the importance of including serological tests in migrant health screening. The disease is largely asymptomatic, eosinophilia is often absent, and visualisation of ova in urine is exceedingly rare. Eosinophil count, IgE titres, and ELISA optical density could prove valuable as an initial approach for monitoring inflammation during follow-up assessments. What is Known: • The burden of disease related to schistosomiasis is significant, particulary in children, and it is advisable to screen this vulnerable population. What is New: • Eosinophilia may not be present in parasitic infections, so serological tests are crucial for screening migrant children. • Serological monitoring facilitates long-term management of migrant children with schistosomiasis.

Dupilumab treatment in paediatric atopic dermatitis (2 to 18 years): Spanish multicentre retrospective real-life study.

BACKGROUND: Moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) can be difficult to manage in paediatric patients, with few licensed treatments in this age group. Dupilumab is approved for AD in children older than 6 months. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of dupilumab in a real-life cohort of paediatric AD patients in Spain. METHODS: A multicentre, retrospective real-life study on the effectiveness and safety of dupilumab in patients aged 2 to 18 years old with moderate-to-severe AD was conducted. Demographic and clinical characteristics were analysed, and effectiveness (EASI, IGA, DLQI, NRS itch), safety, and drug survival measures were assessed. A comparison of our results with other real-world outcomes and with clinical trials was made. RESULTS: Data from 243 patients from 19 centres was collected, with a mean follow-up of 85 weeks. Dupilumab exhibited significant effectiveness, with marked reductions in severity scores from week 4. By week 16, 79.4% of patients reached EASI75 and 40.5% reached EASI90. Mean percentage reduction in EASI was 79.7%. Increasing improvements were observed until week 52, with 85.8% and 49.6% achieving EASI75 and EASI90, respectively. Forty-three patients developed adverse events (AE) (43/243, 17.7%), being the most frequent ocular surface diseases (20/243, 8.2%), injection site reactions (8/243, 3.3%) and facial redness (7/243, 2.9%). Drug survival was high (96.9% and 93.1% after 1 and 2 years of follow-up, respectively), with only 19 (19/243, 7.8%) patients interrupting treatment: 7 (7/243, 2.9%) due to AE, 2 (2/243, 0.82%) due to secondary failure, 5 (5/243, 2.1%) were lost to follow-up and 5 (5/243, 2.1%) entered remission and stopped treatment. CONCLUSION: Real-life use of dupilumab in paediatric AD showcased sustained effectiveness, high drug survival, and acceptable safety profiles. Longer-term studies are crucial for AE surveillance and how to manage disease remission.

Histological deep margins in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp and risk of recurrence.

BACKGROUND: Consensus is lacking on adequate deep histological margins in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Deep clearance for tumours located on the scalp is limited by anatomic constraints. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether clear but close deep histological margins (<1 mm) confer a higher risk of recurrence in cSCCs of the scalp treated by wide local excision, compared to deep histological margins ≥1 mm. METHODS: Multicentre retrospective observational cohort study and multivariate competing risk analysis to evaluate risk factors for recurrence. RESULTS: In total, 295 patients with 338 cSCCs were included. Close deep histological margins were not associated with an increased cumulative incidence of recurrence (subhazard ratio [SHR] 1.96 [95% CI 0.87-4.41]). However, an increased risk of recurrence was observed for those tumours that presented concurrent invasion of the galea aponeurotica and close deep margins, as opposed to patients without these factors (SHR 3.52 [1.24-10.01]). Tumours with clear but close peripheral margins (<1 mm) also had higher risk of recurrence (SHR 5.01 [1.68-14.97]). LIMITATIONS: Retrospective observational study based on pathology reports. CONCLUSION: Deep histological margins <1 mm do not confer a greater risk of recurrence as long as the tumour is completely excised and the galea aponeurotica is not involved. Surgical excision of cSCC on the scalp should include the galea to ensure proper assessment of deep margins.

Delayed subaponeurotic fluid collection (DSFC): systematic review and case report.

PURPOSE: DSFC (delayed subaponeurotic fluid collection) is a benign pathology associated with the first weeks of life and scarcely described in the literature. Normally characterized by a lack of trauma and/or cranial fracture, it is associated with a history of instrumental delivery and the use of fetal electrodes. Taking it in consideration in the differential diagnosis of neonatal scalp swelling becomes important. The objective of this work is to expand knowledge on this entity: history, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment. METHODS: This article describes a new clinical case and conducts a systematic review according to the PRISMA criteria. RESULTS: Sixty-seven cases are included, they are summarized in a table. CONCLUSIONS: DSFC appears generally 15-16 weeks after birth. The diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on a history of instrumental birth, labor dystocia, or trauma, and with compatible symptoms and evolution. It may be supported by complementary tests such as ultrasound and or CT of the skull in doubtful cases. The treatment of choice is only conservative, and all cases resolve spontaneously and completely after an average of 4 weeks.

Reshaping Smart Cities through NGSI-LD Enrichment.

The vast amount of information stemming from the deployment of the Internet of Things and open data portals is poised to provide significant benefits for both the private and public sectors, such as the development of value-added services or an increase in the efficiency of public services. This is further enhanced due to the potential of semantic information models such as NGSI-LD, which enable the enrichment and linkage of semantic data, strengthened by the contextual information present by definition. In this scenario, advanced data processing techniques need to be defined and developed for the processing of harmonised datasets and data streams. Our work is based on a structured approach that leverages the principles of linked-data modelling and semantics, as well as a data enrichment toolchain framework developed around NGSI-LD. Within this framework, we reveal the potential for enrichment and linkage techniques to reshape how data are exploited in smart cities, with a particular focus on citizen-centred initiatives. Moreover, we showcase the effectiveness of these data processing techniques through specific examples of entity transformations. The findings, which focus on improving data comprehension and bolstering smart city advancements, set the stage for the future exploration and refinement of the symbiosis between semantic data and smart city ecosystems.