[On classification of medicinal diets].

The article touches upon the questions of classification of medicinal diets. The major attention is given the system of diets, made on the basis of "numer" diets first proposed by M. Pevzner. The system is based on the daily food sets for patients, who are grouped into profile units of hospitals on nosologic principle. In the author's opinion, this system allows to use in diets more widely and differently of foods, from the sets, which envisages big effectiviness of dietary nutrition at its high organoliptic quality.

New sterically-hindered o-quinones annelated with metal-dithiolates: regiospecificity in oxidative addition reactions of a bifacial ligand to the Pd and Pt complexes.

An unusual reactivity of sterically hindered o-quinones with an annelated dithiete ring towards coordination at a dithiolene site has been discovered. New Pd and Pt dithiolate complexes have been synthesized. The reaction proceeds regioselectively, and the quinone site of the parent ligand is not affected even while using an excess of the metal complex. Both Pt and Pd complexes display a square planar surrounding for the metal ion and have very similar NMR, IR and UV/Vis spectra. Surprisingly, being coordinated at the dithiolene site to the metal, the ligand exhibits activity like an o-quinone, it could be reduced with different metals resulting in the corresponding o-semiquinonates which were confirmed by EPR spectroscopy. It was shown that an unpaired electron exhibits HFC with the phosphorus nuclei of phosphine ligands coordinated to the metal ions at the dithiolene site of the molecule.

[Principle stages of scientific activity of the clinics for dietary nutrition affiliated to the Institute of Nutrition within 1930-2005 years].

The article gives a brief account of activities of clinics for dietary nutrition affiliated to the Institute of Nutrition within 1930-2005 years.

On the medicinal efficacy of dietetic therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

A controlled trial of 68 patients with rheumatoid arthritis on the medicinal efficacy of a dietetic therapy was made. The employment of a special diet favourably influenced the course of the disease and enabled the dosage of antirheumatic drugs to be reduced, thereby reducing the frequency of side-effects of the drugs.

[Marine fish oil in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases]. / Zhir morskikh ryb v profilaktike i lechenii serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii.

Diets containing different ratios of omega 6: omega 3- polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were studied for their hypolipidemic, antiatherogenic, thrombolytic, and antihypertensive effects in 448 patients with coronary heart disease, familial hyperlipoproteinemia, essential hypertension. Optimizing the omega 6: omega 3-PUFA ratios in the antiatherosclerotic diet of patients with cardiovascular diseases during inpatient course treatment was found to promote the formation of combined therapeutical effects of a diet. This is caused by changes in the fatty acid composition of cytomembranes and, apparently by lipid-protein interactions that affect the activity of a complex of lipolytic membrane-binding enzymes of different types of cells.

[Nutrition in the pathogenesis, therapy and prevention of digestive system diseases]. / Pitanie v patogeneze, terapii i profilaktike zabolevanii sistemy pishchevareniia.

The role of nutrition in the pathogenesis, therapy, and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases is discussed. Although nutrition is not a leading cause of most gastrointestinal diseases, the role of nutrition in their pathogenesis is very great. Nutritional monitoring of the Russian Federation's population has revealed a shortage of many essential nutrients to be consumed, which may result in worsening of various gastrointestinal diseases. The most promising way of solving this problem is to supplement their diets with biologically active additives (Nutricevtics) which may be a main source of essential nutrients, such as vitamins B, beta-carotene and omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acids.

[Characteristics of water-electrolyte balance in patients with labile essential hypertension and various approaches to the optimal therapy with diuretics and low-sodium diet]. / Osobennosti vodno-élektrolitnogo obmena u bo'lnykh gipertonicheskoi bolez'niu s labi'lnoi gipertenziei i nekotorye podkhody k optimi- zatsii terapii diuretikami i dietami s nizkim soderzhaniem natriia.

A study of 56 males, aged 22 to 56 years, with uncomplicated essential hypertension, stages IB-IIA, where pretreatment examination was followed by repeat investigation after 4 or 5 weeks of treatment with diuretics or low-sodium diets with strict (less than 2 g), moderate (up to 3 g), or mild (4-4.5 g) restriction of sodium uptake, demonstrated a tendency to sodium retention with fluid redistribution from the interstitium to intravascular space in the presence of diuretic treatment. Where dietary sodium was reduced, extracellular sodium was increased owing to increased residual sodium, while total metabolic sodium dropped, and extracellular fluid increased owing to the increase in interstitial fluid. All three variants of the low-sodium diet produced changes in sodium metabolism, with a drop in systemic residual sodium and arterial blood pressure. It is proposed to use strict limitation of dietary sodium for a limited period of time, to be followed by a transition to mildly limited sodium uptake after arterial BP is brought down and stabilized.

[Value of using dietary factors in the prevention and treatment of ischemic heart disease]. / Znachenie primeneniia alimentarnogo faktora v pofilaktike i lechenii ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa.

Influence of differentiated use of the alimentary factors on the lipemia level, hemocoagulation activity, arterial pressure level, carbohydrate tolerance and catecholamine content in the blood plasma of CHD patients was shown under the conditions of controlled dietotherapy. Incorporation of diet in multimodality therapy and prevention of this disease under inpatient, sanatorium-prophylactic and outpatient conditions was emphasized.

[Cholesterol metabolism in patients with ischemic heart disease with varying supplies of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]. / Obmen kholesterina u bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa pri razlichnom obespechenii polinenasyshchennymi zhirnymi kislotami semeistva omega-3.

Patients with ischemic heart disease and with hyperlipidemia of the IIa, IIb and IV types as well as not exhibiting any pronounced alterations in cholesterol metabolism were treated with various amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) introduced into the basic antiatherosclerotic diet: 1 group--content of the essential factor 0.2 g/day, 2 group--increased content of natural products with PUFA up to 1 g/day, 3 group--increased PUFA content due to the drug "euconol" 5 g/day. Administration of the PUFA omega-3 into the basic antiatherosclerotic diet contributed to development of adequate clinico-biochemical alterations; under these conditions content of alpha-cholesterol in blood correlated directly to concentration of polyunsaturated cholesterol esters and PUFA omega-3 (eicosapentaenate and docosahexaenate) as well as reverse correlation was found between content of total cholesterol and these molecular forms of cholesterol esters studied. Enrichment of the diet with PUFA omega-3 did not cause any alterations in content of primary bile acids in blood thus suggesting that PUFA omega-3 did not affect the cholesterol catabolism. These data enabled us to plot the graph for individual evaluation of cholesterol metabolism in patients with ischemic heart disease involving alterations in the spectrum of esterified cholesterols in blood before and after the treatment course.

[Changes in the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte and platelet membranes after diet therapy in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia type II]. / Izmenenie sostava zhirnykh kislot membran éritrotsitov i trombotsitov pod vliianiem dietoterapii u bol'nykh giperlipoproteidemiei II tipa.

Fatty acid spectrum of blood plasma, erythrocyte, and thrombocyte membranes as well as its alterations after diet therapy, containing polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids at the ratio of I and less than 350 mg of cholesterol per a day, was studied in patients with hereditary hypercholesterolemia using gas chromatography. Content of linoleic acid was increased and that of oleic and arachidonic acids--decreased in lipids of the patients blood plasma as compared with healthy persons; an increase of linoleic acid was also detected in thrombocyte lipids. Alterations in fatty acid spectrum of erythrocyte membranes were less pronounced. After the course of diet therapy within I month a further increase in content of linoleic acid was observed in blood plasma. Under these conditions efficiency of essential fatty acids incorporation into lipid structures of thrombocyte membranes was higher and of erythrocytes--lower in the patients as compared with healthy persons. Possible alimentary correction of fatty acid spectrum in blood lipids is discussed.

[The effect of diets containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on biochemical indicators and the fatty acid composition of the cell membranes in patients with ischemic heart disease and hereditary hyperlipidemia]. / Vliianie diety, soderzhashchei polinenasyshchennye zhirnye kisloty semeistva omega3, na biokhimicheskie pokazateli i zhirno-kislotnyi sostav kletochnykh membran bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa i semeinoi giperlipidemiei.

A decrease in content of total cholesterol, triglycerides, fibrinogen, and atherogeneity index as well as increase in fibrinolytic activity and prolongation of the hemorrhage time were observed in blood serum of 20 patients with ischemic heart disease and hyperlipidemia of the IIa and IIb types maintained on anti-atherosclerotic diet containing 20 g of ichthyenic oil within 4 weeks. Relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega 6 was decreased while the content of omega 3 fatty acids was distinctly increased in erythrocytes and blood platelets membranes, thus demonstrating the high efficiency of ichthyenic oil.

[Characteristics of the humoral immune system and lipid peroxidation processes in people living in territories contaminated with radionuclides]. / Kharakteristika sistemy gumoral'nogo immuniteta i protsessov perekisnogo okisleniia lipidov u lits, prozhivaiushchikh na territoriakh, zagriaznennykh radionuklidami.

Among 33 patients with Stage II hypertension, 25 persons were inhabitants of the Russian radionuclide-contaminated areas and 8 patients had no prior contacts with ionizing radiation (control). All the patients examined were maintained within 4 weeks on a diet, radioprotective effect of which was realized due to the elevated content of sulfur containing amino acids, antioxidants and complexes. In the patients who lived in the radionuclide-contaminated areas, a moderate activation of lipid peroxidation was detected simultaneously with marked alterations in the humoral component of the immunity system, which involved a considerable increase in the levels of IgG and complements C3 and C4. A decrease in content of malonic dialdehyde and diene conjugates as well as normalization of IgG and decrease in content of IgA, IgM and C3 were observed in blood plasma of the patients on diet. Supplementation of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega 3-PUFA), 5 g/day and alpha-tocopherol, 12.5 mg/day, to the diet elevated the serum concentrations of all lg classes, which suggests the presence of an immunomodulating effect of omega 3-PUFA. Moreover, the content of malonic dialdehyde was not increased in blood plasma if 3-PUFA was used. Hence, increased alpha-tocopherol levels should be used in the treatment of these patients with omega 3-PUFA (up to 5-7 mg per g PUFA) in order to stabilize lipid peroxidation.

[The effect of a soy protein isolate and sources of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids in an anti-atherosclerotic diet on the lipid spectrum of blood serum and immunological indicators in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension]. / Vliianie izoliata soevogo belka i istochnikov polinenasyshchennykh zhirnykh kislot omega3 v sostave protivoateroskleroticheskoi diety na lipidnyi spektr syvorotki krovi i immunologicheskie pokazateli u bol'nykh ishemicheskoi bolezn'iu serdtsa i gipertonicheskoi bolezn'iu.

Blood serum lipid spectra and immunologic spectra were studied in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension maintained on antiatherosclerotic diet containing either soy bean protein isolates or ichthyenic oil. The ichthyenic oil-containing diet decreased distinctly the level of cholesterol, triglycerides and the atherogenicity coefficient simultaneously with an increase of cholesterol content in high density lipoproteins in blood of 37 patients with these diseases. The diet with soy bean protein isolates exhibited less pronounced effects on lipid metabolism patterns in blood serum as compared with the ichthyenic oil-containing diet; however, the former diet contributed to normalization of the immunologic reactions in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension.

[Therapeutic nutrition and sparing diet therapy in the combined treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. / Lechebnoe pitanie i razgruzochno-dieticheskaia terapiia v kompleksnom lechenii bol'nykh revmatoidnym artritom.

93 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were given diet therapy and unloading diets (ULD). Adjuvant diets appeared beneficial for RA patients, allowed reduction in antirheumatic drug dosages. ULD are recommended as an alternative treatment of RA dependent on the process activity and pattern.

[Nutrition factor in the treatment and prevention of ischemic heart disease under ambulatory care]. / Faktor pitaniia v lechenii i profilaktike IBS pri dispansernom nabliudenii.

Study of the influence of a long-term staged use of diet therapy during prophylactic medical observation of post-myocardial infarction patients has shown that the anti-sclerosis diet used under clinical conditions was effective for relieving the angina pectoris syndrome and obtaining favourable dynamic changes in a number of metabolic parameters. Among the out-patients the diet was used by only 76 per cent. A comparative study of the results of diet therapy during the 3-year medical observation has shown a clear tendency to a gradual reduction of hyperlipoproteinemia and excessive body weight in patients who adhered to the diet. The parameters under study in the group of patients who violated the diet returned to the original level. The incidence of recurrent myocardial infarctions in patients on a diet was twice as low as in those who violated it. Prolonged diet therapy considerably improved parameters of IHD patients' working capacity. A special model has been elaborated for adequate use of the nutritional factor at all stages of the rehabilitation program.

[System approach and system analysis in dietology]. / Sistemnyi podkhod i sistemnyi analiz v dietologii.

There is analysis of using of two variants of the auto-program of dietotherapy in the article: numeric system and basis system. They belong the same kind of building type, but are different in the type of functioning principle. Numeric system is built upon nosological principle taking into consideration the clinicopathogenetic features of disease. The basic diets built upon metabolic principle that a matter is adaptation of chemical content, alimentary and food value of diet for concrete mechanism of metabolic disturbance. At the same time metabolic conveyor is considered as system organization of the separate functional systems that are in the permanent dynamic and the interacting with each other. This organization is combined on the principle of auto regulation and set in correction and recovery of disturbed homeostasis as a whole. Selection of practical using of mentioned principles of diets is a right of the specialist-dieitian. Auto-program of diet building should help him in that and simplify the organization of dietotherapy.

[Readaptive mechanisms arising during diet therapy]. / Osobennosti readaptivnykh mekhanizmov, voznikaiushchikh v protsesse dieticheskoi terapii

Results of clinical observations and special investigations characterizing peculiar features of readaptive mechanisms emerging under the effect of dietetic therapy are reported. The most favourable shifts in the metabolic status of the patients are shown to occur under the influence of dietetic therapy by the end of the 2nd and at the beginning of the 3d week of the treatment. Toward the end of the treatment there is seen stabilization of readaptive reactions which can be later regulated by a prolonged outpatient treatment.

[Concept of balanced nutrition and it's significance in studying the mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of food]. / Kontseptsiia sbalansirovannogo pitaniia i ee znachenie v izuchenii mekhanizmov lechebnogo deistviia pishchi.

In the article the data of study of mechanism of remedial effect of food are presented. The main attention is given to the concept of the balanced nutrition as the basic theory of modern nutritionogy, including a diet treatment.

[Effect of diet therapy on the serum immunoglobulin level in chronic eczema]. / Vliianie dieticheskoi terapii na uroven' syvorotochnykh immunoglobulinov u bol'nykh khronicheskoi ékzemoi.

A group of 23 patients with acute chronic eczema received hypoallergenic diet providing for maximal exclusion of obligate allergens, extractive and aromatizing substances and food additives, with this diet being full value as to the chemical, vitamin and trace element content. In the diet applied, sugar was completely replaced by xylite, table salt was excluded and liquid restricted. The dietetic management was carried out under the control over the clinical picture of the skin status and the time course of changes in serum concentrations of IgA, IgM, IgG and IgE. The results indicate that adequate dietetic management of patients with acute chronic eczema leads to a significant decrease in serum concentrations of IgE, stabilization and partial regression of skin manifestations.

[Juices in therapeutic-prophylactic nutrition]. / Soki v lechebno-profilakticheskom pitanii.

The main aspects of using juices with therapeutic and prophylactic purposes are demonstrated. Multifactorial influence of vegetable and fruit juices on the organism, primarily depends on their chemical composition. The necessity of their differentiated use basing not only nosological unity, but also on the degree of functional and metabolic disorders taking place in certain pathology is emphasized. Different juices are characterized in respect to the effect on different functional systems of the body. The new line in research is the ability of juices to change pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medicines given with juices. The importance of juices as a necessary element of therapeutic and healthy nutrition in case of their using in adequate amounts is emphasized.